考研考博-英语-大连东软信息学院考试押题三合一+答案详解1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-大连东软信息学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Thebannersarepacked,theticketsbooked.Theglitterandwhiteoverallshavebeenbought.Thegasmasksjustfitandthemobilephonesareready.Allthatremainsistogettotheparties.

Thisweekwillseeafeastofpan-Europeanprotests.ItstartedonBastilleDay,lastSaturday,withtheFrenchunionsandimmigrantsonthestreetsandthefirstdemonstrationsinBritainandGermanyaboutclimate.ItwillcontinuetomorrowandThursdaywithenvironmentalandpeaceralliesagainstPresidentBush.ButthebigoneisinGenoa,onFridayandSaturday,wheretheG8leaderswillmeetbehindthelinesof18.000heavilyarmedpolice.UnlikePrague,Gothenburg,CologneorNice,GenoaisexpectedtobeEurope’sSeattle,thecomingtogetherofthedisparatestrandsofresistancetocorporateglobalization.

Neithertheprotestersnortheauthoritiesknowwhatwillhappen,butsomethingsarepredictable.Yes,therewillbeviolenceandyes,themassmediawillfocusonit.WhatshouldseriouslyconcerntheG8isnotsomuchtheviolence,thenumbersinthestreetsoreventhattheythemselveslooklikeidiotshidingbehindthebarricades,butthatthedeeprootsofagenuinenewversionofinternationalismaregrowing.

Forthefirsttimeinageneration,theinternationalpoliticalandeconomicconditionisinthedock.Moreover,theprotestersareunlikelytogoaway,theirconfidenceisgrowingratherthanwaning,theiragendasaremerging,theprotestsarespreadinganddrawinginallagesandconcerns.

Nosingleanalysishasdrawnallthestrandsofthedebatetogether.Inthemeantime,theglobalprotest“movement”isdevelopingitsownlanguage,texts,agendas,myths,heroesandvillains,justastheG8leaders,worldbodiesandbusinessestalkincreasinglyfromthesamescript,sotheprotesters’oncedisparatepoliticalandsocialanalysesareconverging.Thelong-termprojectofgovernmentsandworldbodiestoglobalizecapitalanddevelopmentisbeingmirroredbytheglobalizationofprotest.

Butwhathappensnext?Governmentsandworldbodiesareunsurewhichwaytoturn.Howeverwelltheyarepoliced,majorprotestsreinforcetheimpressionofindifferentelites,repressionofdebate,overreactiontodissent,injusticeandunaccountablepower.

Theiroptions―apartfromactuallyembracingthebroadagendabeingputtothem—aretoretreatbehindevenhigherbarricades,repressdissentfurther,abandonglobalmeetingsaltogetheror.morelikely,meetonlyinplacesabletophysicallyresistthemasses.

Brusselsisconsideringbuildingasuperfortressforinternationalmeetings.GenoamaybethelastoftheEuropeansuper-protests.

1.Accordingtothecontext,theword“parties”attheendofthefirstparagraphrefersto（

）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,economicglobalizationisparalleledby

（

）.

3.Accordingtothelastparagraph,whatisBrusselsconsideringdoing?

问题1选项

A.themeetingoftheG8leaders

B.theprotestsonBastilleDay.

C.thecomingpan-Europeanprotests

D.thebigprotesttobeheldinGenoa

问题2选项

A.theemergingdifferencesintheglobalprotestmovement

B.thedisappearingdifferencesintheglobalprotestmovement

C.thegrowingEuropeanconcernaboutglobalization

D.theincreaseinthenumberofprotesters

问题3选项

A.Meetinginplacesdifficulttoreach

B.Furtherrepressingdissent

C.Acceptingtheprotesters'agenda.

D.Abandoningglobalmeetings

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。结合上下文可知，这里的“parties”指的是第二段首句提及的“Thisweekwillseeafeastofpan-Europeanprotests.本周将有一场全欧洲的抗议盛宴。”选项C与原文表述一致，所以正确。

2.判断推理题。根据第五段的最后一句“Thelong-termprojectofgovernmentsandworldbodiestoglobalizecapitalanddevelopmentisbeingmirroredbytheglobalizationofprotest.各国政府和世界机构使资本和发展全球化的长期项目正在抗议的全球化中得到反映。”这句话的意思是对上文的总结，即全球抗议运动正在发展自己的语言、文字、议程、神话、英雄和坏人，就像G8领导人一样，世界各地的机构和企业越来越多地用同一套说辞进行对话。因此，抗议者曾经迥然不同的政治和社会分析正在合并。也就是说，他们之间的差异分歧正在逐步消除，因此选项B符合原文。

3.判断推理题。根据原文最后一段第一句“Brusselsisconsideringbuildingasuperfortressforinternationalmeetings.布鲁塞尔正在考虑为国际会议建造一座超级堡垒。”这里的超级堡垒即上一段所提及的“retreatbehindevenhigherbarricades.退到更高的街垒后面去。”也就是在难以到达的地方见面。选项A符合原文。

2.单选题

Plasticsheetingshouldbewrappedaroundthetreeinwinnerto（）itfromthewindandthefrost.

问题1选项

A.recover

B.shield

C.shade

D.rescue

【答案】B

【解析】recoverfrom恢复;shield与from庇护,使免遭……;shade不与from搭配,rescuefrom从...中营救。句意：应该用塑料布把树裹起来,以防止风和霜冻。选项B符合句意。

3.单选题

Thereseemstobeno（

）thereadingpublic’sthirstforbooksaboutthe1960’s；indeed,thenormallevelofinteresthasincreasedrecentlybecauseofaspateofpopulartelevisiondocumentaries.

问题1选项

A.slaking

B.reference

C.decoration

D.soporific

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。slaking消散，消化；reference参考，提及；decoration装饰；soporific催眠剂。句意：阅读群众对20世纪60年代的书籍的渴望并没有减少；事实上，由于受一连串的通俗电视纪录片的影响，普遍的兴趣还增加了。根据句意及前后关系可知A项正确。

4.翻译题

写给未来的自己一封信当你10年、20年或更多年后回顾过去时，你会吃惊地发现，随着时光的流逝，你也发生了很大的变化。你的经历、朋友、家庭和工作造就了现在的你。但是再过几年你会在哪里呢？你会如何变化呢？这样反思性的写作，会是思考未来你想要什么的一种好的方式。

你也许以前试过给过去的自己写信，向年轻时的自己传授一些人生的智慧和观点，你希望那时候的自己就能知道这些。现在我们换个角度看问题，如果让你给未来的自己写封信，你会写点什么？

想象一下，给5年后的自己写一封信，当5年后你打开那封信时，你会产生多少共鸣。这是实现目标的一种有用的辅助工具，因为当你给未来的自己写信时，你会慢慢理清希望自己在人生旅途的那个特定时刻变成什么样子。

当你在未来读这封信时，你可以看看有多少事情是像你过去期望的那样，你也会思考为什么会这样。很多时候，我们设定目标在实现的过程中会受到沿途中各种因素的影响，因为会遇到各种各样的困难、各种意外情况并需要不断调整优先级。

这封信能让你从宏观的角度上去看自己最初的愿景，让你意识到自己现在的想法和过去相比有多么不同。

当你以后看信时，你会把过去的自己和现在的自己进行比较。这会让你看清从写信时起你发生了哪些变化，这种体验是非常有趣的。光看看从你写信开始发生了哪些变化就很有趣了。

现在就拿出笔和纸，开始给未来的自己写封信吧。找个合适的时间，想象你在那段时间内会是什么样子，然后开始写信。想一想你想成为哪种人，你在生活中的位置、那时你的成就、你会有什么样的想法和感觉，诸如此类的内容。

写完信，把它装到信封里，在信封的封面上写上日期，把它妥善保管起来。在自己的日历中标记一下打开这封信的日期。当你以后打开信时，你可能会更好地洞察自己以及自己过去的生命历程。

【答案】Whenyoulookbackonyourselfinthepast10,20,30ormoreyearsagoit’ssurprisingtoseehowmuchyouhavechangedovertime.Yourexperiences,yourfriends,yourfamilyandyourworkhaveallshapedwhoyouarerightnow.

Itisausefulsupplementarytooltobeusedingoalachievement,becausewhenyouwritethelettertoyourfutureself,ithelpscrystallizeexactlyhowyouanticipateyourselftobecomeatthatspecificmomentdowntheroad.

Oftentimes,thegoalswesetandourgoalachievementprocessaresubjectedtoalotofchangesalongtheway,duetovaryingobstacles,unanticipatedcircumstancesandchangingpriorities.

Thelettergivesyouamacro-viewofyourinitialvisionandletsyourecognizehowyourcurrentvisiondiffersfromthepast.

Whenyouopenthislettersometimeinthenearfuture,youmightgainadditionalinsightsaboutyourselfandyourjourneyinthepastfewyearsthatyouwereobliviousto.

5.单选题

Agreatamountofworkhasgoneinto（）theCathedraltoitsprevioussplendor.

问题1选项

A.refreshing

B.restoring

C.renovating

D.renewing

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项refresh“振作，恢复活力”；B选项restore“恢复，修复”，强调恢复原貌；C选项renovate“更新，修复”，强调整修一新；D选项renew“使更新，使修复”。句意：为了使大教堂恢复昔日的辉煌，进行了大量的工作。由选项意思和句意可知，B选项符合句意。

6.单选题

Itcanbearguedthatmuchconsumerdissatisfactionwithmarketingstrategiesarisesfromaninabilitytoaimadvertisingatonlythelikelybuyersofagivenproduct.Therearethreegroupsofconsumerswhoareaffectedbythemarketingprocess.First,thereisthemarketsegment—peoplewhoneedthecommodityinquestion.Second,thereistheprogramtarget—peopleinthemarketsegmentwiththe“bestfit”characteristicsforaspecificproduct.Lotsofpeoplemayneedtrousers,butonlyafewqualifyaslikelybuyersofveryexpensivedesignertrousers.Finallythereistheprogramaudience—allpeoplewhoareactuallyexposedtothemarketingprogramwithoutregardtowhethertheyneedorwanttheproduct.

Thesethreegroupsarerarelyidentical.Anexceptionoccursoccasionallyincaseswherecustomersforaparticularindustrialproductmaybefewandeasilyidentifiable.Suchcustomers,allsharingaparticularneed,arelikelytoformameaningfultarget,forexample,allcompanieswithaparticularapplicationoftheproductinquestion,suchashigh-speedfillersofbottlesatbreweries.Insuchcircumstances,directselling(marketingthatreachesonlytheprogramtarget)islikelytobeeconomicallyjustified,andhighlyspecializedtrademediaexisttoexposemembersoftheprogramtargetandonlymembersoftheprogramtarget—tothemarketingprogram.

Mostconsumer-goodsmarketsaresignificantlydifferent.Typically,therearemanyratherthanfewpotentialcustomers.Eachrepresentsarelativelysmallpercentageofpotentialsales.Rarelydomembersofaparticularmarketsegmentgroupthemselvesneatlyintoameaningfulprogramtarget.Therearesubstantialdifferencesamongconsumerswithsimilardemographiccharacteristics.Evenwithallthepastdecade’sadvancesininformationtechnology,directsellingofconsumergoodsisrare,andmassmarketing—amarketingapproachthataimsatawideaudience—remainstheonlyeconomicallyfeasiblemode.Unfortunately,therearefewmediathatallowthemarketertodirectamarketingprogramexclusivelytotheprogramtarget.Inevitablypeoplegetexposedtoagreatdealofmarketingforproductsinwhichtheyhavenointerestandsotheybecomeannoyed.

1.Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingabouthighlyspecializedtrademedia?

2.Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutdirectselling?

3.Whichofthefollowingbestexemplifiesthesituationdescribedinthelasttwosentencesofthepassage?

4.Thepassagesuggeststhatwhichofthefollowingistrueaboutthemarketingofindustrialproductslikethosediscussedinthesecondparagraph?

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingistrueformostconsumer-goodsmarkets?

问题1选项

A.Theyareusedonlyforveryexpensiveproducts.

B.Theyshouldbeusedonlywhendirectsellingisnoteconomicallypossible.

C.Theycanbeusedtoexcludefromtheprogramaudiencepeoplewhoarenotpartoftheprogramtarget.

D.Theyarerarelyusedintheimplementationofmarketingprogramsforindustrialproducts.

问题2选项

A.Itisusedinthemarketingofmostindustrialproducts.

B.Itisoftenusedincaseswherethereisalargeprogramtarget.

C.Itisnoteconomicallyfeasibleformostmarketingprograms.

D.Itisusedonlyforproductsforwhichtherearemanypotentialcustomers.

问题3选项

A.Aproductsuitableforwomenage21-30ismarketedatmeetingsattendedonlybypotentialcustomers.

B.Acompanydevelopsanewproductandmustdevelopanadvertisingcampaigntocreateamarketforit.

C.Anideaforaspecializedproductremainsunexploredbecausemediaexposureoftheproducttoitsfewpotentialcustomerswouldbetooexpensive.

D.Aproductsuitableformenage60andoverisadvertisedinamagazinereadbyadultsofallages.

问题4选项

A.Themarketsegmentandprogramtargetareidentical.

B.Massmarketingistheonlyfeasiblewayofadvertisingsuchproducts.

C.Themarketingprogramcannotbedirectedspecificallytotheprogramtarget.

D.Morecustomerswouldbeneededtojustifytheexpenseofdirectselling.

问题5选项

A.Theprogramaudienceissmallerthanthemarketsegment.

B.Theprogramaudienceandthemarketsegmentareusuallyidentical.

C.Themarketsegmentandtheprogramtargetareusuallyidentical.

D.Theprogramtargetandtheprogramaudiencearenotusuallyidentical.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】1.判断推理题。根据文章第一段，“Therearethreegroupsofconsumerswhoareaffectedbythemarketingprocess.First…peoplewhoneedthecommodityinquestion.Second…peopleinthemarketsegmentwiththe‘bestfit’characteristicsforaspecificproduct…Finally…allpeoplewhoareactuallyexposedtothemarketingprogram…”，可知有三种消费者受到市场营销的影响。第一种是真正需要商品的人，第二种是适合某种特殊商品的人，第三种是接触到营销项目的所有人。根据文章第二段最后一句，“…highlyspecializedtrademediaexisttoexposemembersoftheprogramtargetandonlymembersoftheprogramtarget—tothemarketingprogram.”，高度专业化的行业媒体的存在是为了让营销项目的目标成员和只有接触营销目标的成员了解营销方案。可判断出高度专业化的行业媒体可以用来把不属于营销目标的人排除在营销计划之外。选项C符合题意。

2.判断推理题。根据文章第三段，“Evenwithallthepastdecade’sadvancesininformationtechnology,directsellingofconsumergoodsisrare,andmassmarketing—amarketingapproachthataimsatawideaudience—remainstheonlyeconomicallyfeasiblemode.”，尽管在过去的十年里，信息技术取得了很大的进步，但直接销售消费品还是很少见的，而大众营销——一种针对广大受众的营销方式——仍然是唯一经济上可行的模式。可判断出直接销售目前仍然不是经济上可能的模式。选项C符合题意。

3.判断推理题。根据文章最后两句，“Unfortunately,therearefewmediathatallowthemarketertodirectamarketingprogramexclusivelytotheprogramtarget.Inevitablypeoplegetexposedtoagreatdealofmarketingforproductsinwhichtheyhavenointerestandsotheybecomeannoyed.”，不幸的是，很少有媒体允许营销人员将营销计划完全针对计划目标。不可避免地，人们会接触到大量的营销产品，而他们对这些产品并不感兴趣，而且会感到厌烦。可判断出一种适合60岁以上男性的产品在各年龄段的成年人都能阅读的杂志上登广告，这种现象刚好反映了这一问题。选项D符合题意。

4.判断推理题。根据文章第二段，“Anexceptionoccursoccasionallyincaseswherecustomersforaparticularindustrialproductmaybefewandeasilyidentifiable.Suchcustomers,allsharingaparticularneed,arelikelytoformameaningfultarget…”，在特定工业产品的客户可能很少且很容易识别的情况下，偶尔会出现例外。这些共有特定需求的客户很可能形成一个有意义的目标，可判断出特定工业产品的细分市场和营销目标是一致的。选项A符合题意。

5.判断推理题。根据文章第三段，“Mostconsumer-goodsmarketsaresignificantlydifferent.Typically,therearemanyratherthanfewpotentialcustomers.”，大多数消费品的市场都有很大的区别。通常，这些市场的潜在客户很多。可判断出大多数消费品市场的市场目标和营销受众是不一致的，存在区别。选项D符合题意。

7.单选题

Acompleteinvestigationintothecausesoftheaccidentshouldleadtoimprovedstandardsandshould（

）newoperatingprocedures.

问题1选项

A.resultin

B.matchwith

C.subjectto

D.proceedwith

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。resultin意为“引起，导致”；matchwith意为“与……相配，与……一致”；

subjectto意为“使服从，使遭受”；proceedwith意为“继续做……”。

句意：对事故原因进行全面调查会导致标准改善和操作新程序的产生。

8.单选题

Shewassoabsorbedinreadingthatnoisecouldnot______her.

问题1选项

A.dismiss

B.dispatch

C.disperse

D.distract

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项dismiss“解散，解雇，开除”，B项dispatch“派遣，发送，迅速处理”，C项disperse“分散，使散开”，D项distract“转移，分心”。由beabsorbedin（全神贯注于）和so…that…（如此……以至于……）可知，D项符合。句意：她全神贯注地读书，喧闹声不能使她分心。因此，该题选择D项。

9.单选题

Everyonehasamomentinhistory,whichbelongsparticularlytohim.Itisthemomentwhenhisemotionsachievetheirmostpowerfulswayoverhim.andafterwardwhenyousaytothisperson“theworldtoday”or“life”or“reality”，hewillassumethatyoumeanthismoment,evenifitisfiftyyearspast.Theworld,throughhisunleashedemotions,imprinteditselfuponhim,andhecarriesthestampofthatpassingmomentforever.

Forme,thismoment—fouryearsinamomentinhistory一wasthewar.Thewarwasandisrealityforme,Istillinstinctivelyliveandthinkinitsatmosphere.Thesearesomeofitscharacteristics:FranklinDelanoRooseveltisthepresidentoftheUnitedStates,andhealwayshasbeen.TheothertwoeternalworldleadersareWinstonChurchillandJosephStalin.Americaisnot,neverhasbeen,andneverwillbewhatthesongandpoemscallit,alandofplenty.

Nylon,meat,gasoline,andsteelarerare.Therearetoomanyjobsandnotenoughworkers.Moneyisveryeasytoearnbutratherhardtospend,becausethereisn'tverymuchtobuy.Trainsarealwayslateandalwayscrowdedwith“servicemen".ThewarwillalwaysbefoughtveryfarfromAmerica,anditwillneverend.NothinginAmericastandsstillforverylong,includingthepeoplewhoarealwayseitherleavingoronleave.PeopleinAmericacryoften.Sixteenisthekeyandcrucialandnaturalageforahumanbeingtobe,andpeopleofallotheragesarerangedinanorderlymanneraheadofandbehindyouasaharmonioussettingforthesixteen-year-oldsoftheworld.Whenyouaresixteen,adultsareslightlyimpressedandalmostintimidatedbyyou.Thisisapuzzlefinallysolvedbytherealizationthattheyforeseeyourmilitaryfuture:fightingforthem.Youdonotforeseeit.TowasteanythinginAmericaisimmoral.Stringandtinfoilaretreasures,Newspapersarealwayscrowedwithstrangemapsandnamesoftowns,andeveryfewmonthstheearthseemstolurchfromitspathwhenyouseesomethinginthenewspapers,suchasthetimeMussolini,whoalmostseemedoneoftheeternalleaders,isphotographedhangingupsidedownonameathook.

1.Whichstatementbestdepictsthemainideaofthefirstparagraph?

2.Theauthorstillclearlyremembersthewarbecause（

）.

3.Whichstatementbestdescribestheauthor'sfeelingsaboutthewar?

4.Theauthorthinksthatadultsareimpressedwithsixteen-year-oldsbecause（

）.

问题1选项

A.Realityiswhatyoumakeofit.

B.Timeislikeariver.

C.Emotionsarepowerful.

D.Everypersonhasaspecialmoment.

问题2选项

A.FranklinDelanoRooseveltwasPresident.

B.itwashispersonalrealityandpartofhislife.

C.therewasnotmuchtobuy

D.thewarwouldneverend.

问题3选项

A.Itwaseverrealforhim,yethewasnotactivelyinvolved.

B.Itwasrealforhimbecausehewasasoldieratthattime.

C.Itwasveryunrealtohim.

D.Thewarwasverydisruptivetothepeopleathome.

问题4选项

A.adultswouldliketobeyoung

B.sixteen-year-oldsdonotwastethings

C.sixteen-year-oldsreadnewspapers

D.theywillbefightingsoonforadults.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:D

【解析】第1题:主旨大意题。由第一段第一句“Everyonehasamomentinhistory,whichbelongsparticularlytohim.每个人都有属于自己的历史时刻。”后文提到了一场战争，因为在该战争中有属于作者的历史时刻。答案D

第2题:细节事实题。由第二段“Forme,thismoment—fouryearsinamomentinhistory—wasthewar.Thewarwasandisrealityforme,Istillinstinctivelyliveandthinkinitsatmosphere.对我来说，四年的历史时刻是战争。对我来说，战争过去和现在都是现实，我仍然本能地在战争的氛围中生活和思考。”可知B项“战争对作者来说是个人经历也是生活的一部分”正确，答案B。

第3题:判断推理题。根据第二段第二句“Thewarwasandisrealityforme,Istillinstinctivelyliveandthinkinitsatmosphere.对于我来说，战争过去和现在都是真实的，我仍然本能地想起和生活在那种环境里。”A项“战争对于作者来说是真实的，尽管他没有积极投身战争中。”符合题意。答案A

第4题:细节事实题。由第三段“Whenyouaresixteen,adultsareslightlyimpressedandalmostintimidatedbyyou.Thisisapuzzlefinallysolvedbytherealizationthattheyforeseeyourmilitaryfuture:fightingforthem.当你16岁时，成年人会对你有轻微的印象，甚至会被你吓倒。他们预见到你们的军事未来，最终解决了这个难题：为他们而战。”可知成年人对16岁的孩子有印象是因为他们期待16岁的人能够为他们而战。故D项正确。答案D

10.单选题

Nowscientistscannotrealize（）soonthatexistingscientificknowledgeisnotnearlysocomplete,certainandunalterableasmanytextbooksseemtoimply.

问题1选项

A.so

B.very

C.too

D.as

【答案】C

【解析】cannot...too...“无论怎样……也不过分”“越……越好”。本句意为：“现有的科学知识并不像课本中所说的那么完善、肯定、不可改变，对于这一点科学家认识得越早越好。”其他选项均无此搭配。

11.填空题

MakingEveryDropCount

AThehistoryofhumancivilizationisentwinedwiththehistoryofthewayswehavelearnedtomanipulatewaterresources.Astownsgraduallyexpanded,waterwasbroughtfromincreasinglyremotesources,leadingtosophisticatedengineeringeffortssuchasdamsandaqueducts.AttheheightoftheRomanEmpire,ninemajorsystems,withaninnovativelayoutofpipesandwell-builtsewers,suppliedtheoccupantsofRomewithasmuchwaterperpersonasisprovidedinmanypartsoftheindustrialworldtoday.

BDuringtheindustrialrevolutionandpopulationexplosionofthe19thand20thcenturies,thedemandforwaterrosedramatically.Unprecedentedconstructionoftensofthousandsofmonumentalengineeringprojectsdesignedtocontrolfloods,protectcleanwatersupplies,andprovidewaterforirrigationandhydropowerbroughtgreatbenefitstohundredsofmillionsofpeople.Foodproductionhaskeptpacewithsoaringpopulationsmainlybecauseoftheexpansionofartificialirrigationsystemsthatmakepossiblethegrowthof40%oftheworld’sfood.Nearlyonefifthofalltheelectricitygeneratedworldwideisproducedbyturbinesspunbythepoweroffallingwater.

CYetthereisadarksidetothispicture,despiteourprogress,halfoftheworld’spopulationsstillsuffers,withwaterservicesinferiortothoseavailabletotheancientGreeksandRomans.AstheUnitedNationsreportonaccesstowaterreiteratedinNovember2001,morethanonebillionpeoplelackaccesstocleandrinkingwater,sometwoandahalfbilliondonothaveadequatesanitationservices.Preventablewater-relateddiseaseskillanestimated10,000to20,0000childreneveryday,andthelatestevidencesuggeststhatwearefallingbehindineffortstosolvetheseproblems.

DTheconsequencesofourwaterpoliciesextendbeyondjeopardizinghumanhealth.Tensofmillionsofpeoplehavebeenforcedtomovefromtheirhomes—oftenwithlittlewarningorcompensation—tomakewayforthereservoirsbehinddams.Morethan20%ofallfreshwaterfishspeciesarenowthreatenedorendangeredbecausedamsandwaterwithdrawalshavedestroyedthefree-flowingriverecosystemswheretheythrive.Certainirrigationpracticesdegradesoilqualityandreduceagriculturalproductivity.GroundwateraquifersarebeingpumpeddownfasterthantheyarenaturallyreplenishedinpartsofIndia,China,theUSAandelsewhere.Anddisputesoversharedwaterresourceshaveledtoviolenceandcontinuetoraiselocal,nationalandeveninternationaltensions.

EAttheoutsetofthenewmillennium,however,thewayresourceplannersthinkaboutwaterisbeginningtochange.Thefocusisslowlyshiftingbacktotheprovisionofbasichumanandenvironmentalneedsastoppriorityensuring‘someforall’，insteadof‘moreforsome’.Somewaterexpertsarenowdemandingthatexistinginfrastructurebeusedinsmarterwaysratherthanbuildingnewfacilities,whichisincreasinglyconsideredtheoptionoflast,notfirst,resort.Thisshiftinphilosophyhasnotbeenuniversallyaccepted,anditcomeswithstrongoppositionformsomeestablishedwaterorganizations.Nevertheless,itmaybetheonlywaytoaddresssuccessfullythepressingproblemsofprovidingeveryonewithcleanwatertodrink,adequatewatertogrowfoodandalifefreefrompreventablewater-relatedillness.

FFortunately—andunexpectedly—thedemandforwaterisnotrisingasrapidlyassomepredicted.Asaresult,thepressuretobuildnewwaterinfrastructureshasdiminishedoverthepasttwodecades.Althoughpopulation,industrialoutputandeconomicproductivityhavecontinuedtosoarindevelopednations,therateatwhichpeoplewithdrawwaterfromaquifers,riversandlakeshasslowed.Andinafewpartsoftheworld,demandhasactuallyfallen.

GWhatexplainsthisremarkableturnofevents?Twofactors:peoplehavefiguredouthowtousewatermoreefficiently,andcommunitiesarerethinkingtheirprioritiesforwateruse.Throughoutthefirstthree-quartersofthe20thcentury,thequantityoffreshwaterconsumedperpersondoubledonaverage;intheUSA，waterwithdrawalsincreasedtenfoldwhilethepopulationquadrupled.Butsince1980,theamountofwaterconsumedperpersonhasactuallydecreased,thankstoarangeofnewtechnologiesthathelptoconservewaterinhomesandindustry.In1965,forinstance,Japanusedapproximately13milliongallonsofwatertoproduce$1millionofcommercialoutput;by1989thishaddroppedto3.5milliongallons(evenaccountingforinflation)—almostaquadruplingofwaterproductivity.IntheUSA,waterwithdrawalshavefallenbymorethan20%fromtheirpeakin1980.

HOntheotherhand,dams,aqueductsandotherkindsofinfrastructurewillstillhavetobebuilt,particularlyindevelopingcountrieswherebasichumanneedshavenotbeenmet.Butsuchprojectsmustbebuilttohigherspecificationsandwithmoreaccountabilitytolocalpeopleandtheirenvironmentthaninthepast.Andeveninregionswherenewprojectsseemwarranted,wemustfindwaystomeetdemandswithfewerresources,respectingecologicalcriteriaandtoasmallerbudget.

【答案】1.xi

2.vii

3.v

4.i

5.ix

6.ii

7.x

【解析】1.根据文章第一段，“Thehistoryofhumancivilizationisentwinedwiththehistoryofthewayswehavelearnedtomanipulatewaterresources.”，人类文明史与我们学会如何运用水资源的历史交织在一起。第一段最后列举了罗马帝国时期对水资源的控制，建立了发达的水利系统，给罗马人提供了充足的水。可判断出A段的主要内容为古代的供水系统。选项xi符合题意。

2.根据文章第三段，“morethanonebillionpeoplelackaccesstocleandrinkingwater,sometwoandahalfbilliondonothaveadequatesanitationservices.Preventablewater-relateddiseaseskillanestimated10,000to20,0000childreneveryday”，超过10亿人缺乏干净的饮用水，约25亿人没有足够的卫生净水设备。据估计，每天1万至2万名儿童死于与水有关的可预防疾病。可判断出C段的主要内容为水和健康之间的关联。选项vii符合题意。

3.根据文章第四段，“Morethan20%ofallfreshwaterfishspeciesarenowthreatenedorendangeredbecausedamsandwaterwithdrawalshavedestroyedthefree-flowingriverecosystemswheretheythrive.”，超过20%的淡水鱼物种现在受到威胁或濒临灭绝，因为大坝和取水破坏了它们赖以生存的自由流动的河流生态系统。本段还列举了更多因为修建水利系统而带来的环境影响，可判断D段的主要内容为环境问题。选项v符合题意。

4.根据文章第五段，“Somewaterexpertsarenowdemandingthatexistinginfrastructurebeusedinsmarterwaysratherthanbuildingnewfacilities”，一些水资源专家现在要求以更明智的方式使用现有的基础设施，而不是建设新的设施，下文继续强调了专家们在观念上和措施上提出的转变。可判断出E段的主要内容为科学家们呼吁对政策进行改变。选项i符合题意。

5.根据文章第六段，“Fortunately—andunexpectedly—thedemandforwaterisnotrisingasrapidlyassomepredicted…inafewpartsoftheworld,demandhasactuallyfallen.”，出乎意料的是，对水的需求并没有像一些人预测的那样迅速增长。在世界上的一些地方，对水的需求实际上已经下降。可判断出F段主要提到了人们对水的需求出现了令人惊讶的下降趋势。选项ix符合题意。

6.根据文章第七段，“Whatexplainsthisremarkableturnofevents?Twofactors:peoplehavefiguredouthowtousewatermoreefficiently,andcommunitiesarerethinkingtheirprioritiesforwateruse.”，如何解释对水资源的需求下降（上一段已提及）的这一显著的转变？两个因素：人们已经知道如何更有效地用水，并且正在重新考虑他们用水的优先次序。可判断出G段主要对上一段提到的水资源需求下降的解释。选项ii符合题意。

7.根据文章第八段，“Butsuchprojectsmustbebuilttohigherspecificationsandwithmoreaccountabilitytolocalpeopleandtheirenvironmentthaninthepast.”，与过去相比，这些项目必须按照更高的标准建造，必须考虑到当地居民及其环境影响。可判断出人们对水资源基础设施的建设提出了更高的标准。选项x符合题意。

12.问答题

Manygovernmentsaregrowingincreasinglydeterminedtostampoutthathasbeenreferred

A

B

C

toasthe“corruptioneruption”.

D

【答案】试题答案：C;what

【解析】考查关系代词。that不能充当宾语从句中的主语，分析句子可知从句中缺少主语，因此将that改为what。

13.翻译题

Directions:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglishandputyouranswersonAnswerSheet.

皮影戏（ShadowPlay）是中国民间广为流传的傀儡戏之一，两千年前的西汉时期诞生在中国陕西，清代在河北盛极一时。皮影戏的人物道具用兽皮或纸板剪成，演员在一块隔亮布后操纵道具进行表演。中国的不少地方戏曲剧种都是从皮影戏中派生而来。如今，中国皮影被世界各国的博物馆收藏，还是中国政府与其他国家领导人相互往来时的馈赠佳品。

【答案】AsoneoftheearliestoperaformsandasortofwidespreadpuppetplayinChina,ShadowpuppetrywasborninShaanxi,China,duringtheWesternHanDynasty2,000yearsago,andflourishedinHebeiduringtheQingDynasty.Itscharactersandpropsaremadeofanimalskinsorpaperboardsandthestorywasperformedbyilluminatingtheseimageswiththehelpoflamplight.Whileperforming,theperformersmanipulatethecharactersbehindthewhitecurtain.ManylocaloperasinChinaarederivedfromshadowplay.Nowadays,Chineseshadowpuppetsarecollectedinmuseumsaroundtheworld,andareoftenpresentedasgiftsbytheChinesegovernmenttoleadersofothercountrieswhentheyinteractwitheachother.

14.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingpassagefromChineseintoEnglish.

谁能否