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书山有路勤为径,学海无涯苦作舟!住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-商丘工学院考试押题三合一+答案详解(图片大小可自由调整)全文为Word可编辑,若为PDF皆为盗版,请谨慎购买!第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Bysigningtheleasewemadea(

)topayarentof$200aweek.

问题1选项

A.conception

B.commission

C.commitment

D.confinement

【答案】C

【解析】名词辨析题。A选项conception“概念,设想”;B选项commission“委员会;佣金”;C选项commitment“承诺,保证”;D选项confinement“限制,监禁”。句意:通过签订租约,我们承诺每周支付200美元的租金。选项C符合句意。

2.填空题

Shesenthima(wool)()sweaterashisbirthdaygift.

【答案】woolen

【解析】放在名词前,应该用形容词。 

3.单选题

Whenwedrovealong,wesawheavywispsofsmokefromfactorychimneys()upintotheair.

问题1选项

A.ascending

B.fluctuating

C.spiraling

D.charging

【答案】A

【解析】ascendupinto...为固定搭配,表示“上升,升向”。这里指烟囱里的烟升向天空,选项A正确。

4.单选题

Theproperty-richbutcredit-starvedhomeownersareeasytargetsforsecond-mortgagecompanies,whosesalespeopleusephonedirectoriesor()door-to-doorintargetedzipcodes.

问题1选项

A.fickle

B.canvass

C.boon

D.deride

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词和动词辨析。A选项fickle“浮躁的,易变的”;B选项canvass“游说,推销”;C选项boon“愉快的,慷慨的”;D选项deride“嘲笑,嘲弄”。句意:那些拥有大量房产但缺乏信贷的房主很容易成为次级抵押贷款公司的目标,这些公司的销售人员利用电话号码簿或在目标邮政编码地区挨家挨户进行推销。本句表示向目标房主进行推销。因此B选项正确。

5.单选题

______isgenerallyaccepted,economicgrowthisdeterminedbythesmoothdevelopmentofproduction.

问题1选项

A.What

B.As

C.It

D.That

【答案】B

【解析】考查定语从句。句意:人们普遍认为,经济增长取决于生产的顺利发展。as引出非限定性定语从句时,代替整个主句,对其进行说明,通常均由逗号将其与主句隔开。B选项As符合题意,其余选项语法错误。因此B选项正确。

6.单选题

Mostcharismatic(有魅力的)leadersmakeextensiveuseofanecdotes(趣闻轶事).Message-sendinganecdotesrelatetosuchsubjectsasacompanypresidentgoingoutofhiswaytohelpanindividualcustomer,oralower-rankingemployeewhodefiedhigherauthorityinordertomeetherjobresponsibilities.Inthelatterinstance,areceptionistatIBMdeniedadmissiontothecompanychairman,TomWatson,becausehewasnotwearingasecuritybadge.Insteadoffiringtheyoungwoman,Watsonpraisedherdevotiontoduty.

Severalyearsago,theFordMotorCompanyannouncedfar-reachingchangesthatwouldaffecthowcarsweremanufacturedandhowemployeeswouldworktogether.AseniorFordexecutivewaschosentodelivertheclosingremarkstoagroupof300Fordmanagersgatheredtolearnaboutthechanges.

Towardthecloseofthespeech,theexecutivetoldastoryaboutWillieB.,agorillawholivedfortwenty-sevenyearsinisolationinadrearyAtlantazoo.Hesaidthathehadraisedmoneyforastate-of-the-artgorillahabitat.WillieB.,forthefirsttimeinhislife,wouldnowliveinagorilla-friendly,close-to-natureenvironment.Yetsomehow,WillieB.wasslowtoadapttohisnewenvironment.

Ittookthegorillaseveraldaystofullyexplorehisnewhabitat.AphotographercaughtthemomentwhenWillieB.testedthegrasswithatoe.TheFordexecutivehangsaframedphotographofthisincidentinhisoffice.“It'sthere,”hesaid,“toremindmethatnomatterhowattractivethenewsurroundingsmightappear,ittakestimeandcouragetoleavethecomfortablesecurityofaplace—evenanuglycramped(狭窄的)spacethatyouknowwell.”

Atthemomentthemeetingended,meetingparticipantscameovertothespeakertoexpresshowmuchthespeechhadtouchedthem.Thestoryaboutthegorillabroughttearstotheeyesofmany.Ofsignificancetotheorganization,manyprobablylefttheconferencewithanunderstandingofhowdifficultthecoiningchangesweregoingtobeforemployees.

Becominganeffectivestorytellerrequirespractice.However,theskilliswellworthdevelopingbecauseofitscontributiontoaperson’smagnetismandleadershipability.Createausefulanecdotefileofyourown.Collectanecdotesaboutthingsyouobservepersonally,thoseyouhearfromothers,andthoseyoureadinbooks,magazines,andnewsletters.Anecdotescanalsobefoundinbooksandnewslettersaboutspeechmaking.Attempttoscreenoutthoseanecdotesthatarewidelyusedbecausestaleanecdotesboreaudiences.

1.WhydidTomWatsonpraisethefemaleemployeeinthesecondexamplecitedinthefirstparagraph?

2.ThelifeofWillieB.usedtobe(

).

3.ThestoryofWillieB.showsthat

).

4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothepassage?

5.WecansafelyconcludefromthepassagethattheFordseniorexecutive(

).

问题1选项

A.Becauseshealwaysreceivesthecompanychairmanwarmly.

B.Becauseshedefied,lower-rankingemployees.

C.Becauseshewasaresponsibleemployee.

D.Becausesheneverforgetstowearasecuritybadge.

问题2选项

A.interesting

B.morecomfortable

C.closetonature

D.isolated

问题3选项

A.ittakestimeandcouragetofaceandadapttoanewenvironment

B.animalsarequitereluctanttochangetheirhabitats

C.WillieB.likestotestgrasswithonetoe

D.peoplearealwaysreadytomeetthedifficultiesresultingfromchanges

问题4选项

A.Manyacharismaticleadertendstomakethemostofanecdotesandstories.

B.Itisalwaysagoodideatocollectanecdotesthatarewidelyused.

C.Personalmagnetismisbuiltupbyreadingbooks,magazinesandnewsletters.

D.Tobecomeaneffectivestory-telleronehasonlytocreateausefulanecdotefile.

问题5选项

A.wasaneffectiveleaderwhoalwaystoldstoriestohisemployees

B.wasapersonwhooftencitedwidely-usedanecdotestoinfluenceothers

C.wasabletohelpmeetingparticipantsunderstandthecomingchangesbetter

D.alwaysusedanecdotestohelpemployeesunderstandcompanypolicies

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。第一段第二句指出:...alower-rankingemployeewhodefiedhigherauthorityinordertomeetherjobresponsibilities(一个低职位员工违抗高级别领导,是为了履行其工作职贵),由此可知答案选C“因为她是一个有责任心的员工”。

2.细节事实题。第三段指出:...agorillawholivedfortwenty-sevenyearsinisolationinadrearyAtlantazoo(在亚特兰大一个被隔离且沉闷的动物园内生活27年的大猩猩),可知D项“隔离的”正确。

3.判断推理题。第四段:nomatterhowattractivethenewsurroundingsmightappear,ittakestimeandcouragetoleavethecomfortablesecurityofaplace(无论新环境多么有吸引力,都得花时间,且需要勇气离开舒适安全的地方)。由此可知选A项“面对与适应新的环境是花时间且需要勇气的”。

4.细节事实题。根据第一段第一句Mostcharismaticleadersmakeextensiveuseofanecdotes(大部分有魅力的领导人都懂得充分利用轶事)推断A项“许多有魅力的领导会充分利用各类奇闻轶事与故事”正确。根据文章最后一句话Attempttoscreenoutthoseanecdotesthatarewidelyusedbecausestaleanecdotesboreaudiences(尽量排除那些被广泛引用的轶事,因为它们会让听众感到乏味)推断B“收集被广泛运用的轶事是一个很不错的主意”与原文不符。根据文章最后一段的theskilliswellworthdevelopingbecauseofitscontributiontoaperson’smagnetismandleadershipability(这项技能是非常值得学习的,因为它能帮助打造个人魅力和领导才能)推断C项“通过阅读书籍、杂志和时事新闻,可以打造个人魅力”与原文不符。文章并没有说要想成为一个高效的讲故事者,只需制作一个有用的奇闻轶事记录册。故D项没有根据。因此选A。

5.判断推理题。第二段指出:manyprobablylefttheconferencewithanunderstandingofhowdifficultthecomingchangesweregoingtobeforemployees(在离会时很多人可能都了解了接下来的改变对员工来说意味着多大的困难),因此C项“能够帮助与会人员更好理解即将到来的变化”正确。而A项“是个高效率的领导,且习惯于向员工讲故事”和B项“是个经常喜欢引经据典影响他人的人”在原文中并没有体现。D项“习惯于引经据典帮助员工理解公司政策的人”,文章中也找不到根据。

7.单选题

Whenitworks,itcanbefantastic,butcanveryeasily()intoanightmareofthemostseriousproportions.

问题1选项

A.backwash

B.backdate

C.backlash

D.backfire

【答案】D

【解析】考查词义辨析。A项backwash“回流、反响”,B项backdate“回溯”,C项backlash“强烈反对”,D项backfire“产生出乎意料及事与愿违的结果”;句意:当它发挥作用时,可能是非常奇妙的,但也很容易事与愿违,变成最严重的噩梦。因此D选项正确。

8.单选题

Thebuildingcollapsedbecauseitsfoundationwasnotstrongenoughto()theweightofthebuilding.

问题1选项

A.subside

B.idealize

C.initiate

D.sustain

【答案】D

【解析】动词词义辨析。Subside平息,减退;idealize使理想化;initiate开始,发起;sustain支撑,支持。句意:根据句中collapsed判定空格应填入与strong同向的词。选项中,sustain支撑,支持。句意:建筑物倒塌因为地基不够牢固,无法()它的重量。选项D符合句意。

9.单选题

EstherwantedtogotoPhiladelphiabyherself,butherparentswouldnotgivetheir().

问题1选项

A.contest

B.consent

C.convenience

D.control

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项contest“比赛,争论”;B选项consent“同意,准许”;C选项convenience“便利”;D选项control“控制,管理”。根据句意“Esther想自己去费城,但她的父母不同意”。选项B符合句意。

10.单选题

Doyouthinkthisjacketandtrouserswill______asuit?

问题1选项

A.passoff

B.passover

C.passup

D.passfor

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词词组辨析。passoff“停止”;passover“忽略”;passup“升起,拒绝”;passfor“被认为,当作”。句意:你认为这件夹克和裤子可以看作是一套吗?选项D符合题意。

11.单选题

TheBenefitsofNewUrbanism

(1)Newurbanismisthemostimportantplanningmovementinthiscentury,andisaboutcreatingabetterfutureforusall.Itisaninternationalmovementtoreformthedesignofthebuiltenvironment,andisaboutraisingourqualityoflifeandstandardoflivingbycreatingbetterplacestolivein.Newurbanismistherevivalofourlostartofplace-making,andisessentiallyare-orderingofthebuiltenvironmentintotheformofcompletecities,towns,villages,andneighborhoods—thewaycommunitieshavebeenbuiltforcenturiesaroundtheworld.Newurbanisminvolvesfixingandinfillingcities,aswellasthecreationofcompactnewtownsandvillages.Thebenefitsofnewurbanismareasfollows:

BenefitstoResidents

(2)Higherqualityoflife;betterplacesinwhichtolive,work,andplay;morestablepropertyvalues;lesstrafficcongestionandlessdriving;healthierlifestylewithmorewalkingandlessstress;closeproximitytomainstreetretailandservices;closeproximitytobiketrail,parks,andnature;pedestrianfriendlycommunitiesoffermoreopportunitiestogettoknowothersintheneighborhoodandtown,resultinginmeaningfulrelationshipswithmorepeople,andfriendliertown;morefreedomandindependencetochildren,theelderly,andthepoorinbeingabletogettojobsrecreation,andserviceswithouttheneedforacarorsomeonetodrivethem;greatsavingstoresidentsandschoolboardsinreducedbusingcostsfromchildrenbeingabletowalkorbicycletoneighborhoodschools;morediversityandsmaller,uniqueshopsandserviceswithlocalownerswhoareinvolvedincommunity;bigsavingsbydrivingless,andowninglesscars;lessugly,congestedsprawltodealwithdaily;bettersenseofplaceandcommunityidentitywithmoreuniquearchitecture;moreopenspacetoenjoythatwillremainopenspace;moreefficientuseoftaxmoneywithlessspentonutilitiesandroadsusedforthesprawl.

BenefitstoBusinesses

(3)Increasedsalesduetomorefoottrafficandpeoplespendinglessoncarsandgas;moreprofitsduetospendinglessonadvertisingandlargesigns;betterlifestylebylivingnearworkunitssavesthestressfulandcostlycommute;economiesofscaleinmarketingduetocloseproximityandcooperationwithotherlocalbusinessincubation;lowerrentsduetosmallerspacesandsmallerparkinglots;healthierlifestyleduetomorewalkingandbeingnearhealthierrestaurants;morecommunityinvolvementfrombeingpartofcommunityandknowingresidents.

(4)BenefitstoDevelopers.Moreincomepotentialfromhigherdensitymixed-useprojectsduetomoreleasablesquarefootage,moresalespersquarefoot,andhigherpropertyvaluesandsellingprices;fasterapprovalsincommunitiesthathaveadoptedsmartgrowthprinciplesresultingincost/timesayings:costsavingsinparkingfacilitiesinmixed-usepropertiesduetosharingofspacesthroughoutthedayandnight,resultinginlessduplicationinprovidingparking;lessneedforparkingfacilitiesduetomixofresidencesandcommercialuseswithinwalkingdistanceofeachother;lessimpactonroads/traffic,whichcanresultinlowerimpactfees;lowercostofutilitiesduetocompactnatureofnewurbanistdesign;fasterselloutduetogreateracceptancebyconsumersfromawiderproductrangeresultinginwidermarketshare.

BenefitstoMunicipalities

(5)Stable,appreciatingtaxbase;lessspentpercapitaoninfrastructureandutilitiesthantypicalsuburbandevelopmentduetocompacthigh-densitynatureofprojects;increasedtaxbaseduetomorebuildingspackedintoatighterarea;lesstrafficcongestionduetowalkabilityofdesign;lesscrimeandlessmoneyspentonpoliceduetothepresenceofmorepeopledayandnight;betteroverallcommunityimageandsenseofplace;lessincentivetosprawlwhenurbancoreareaisdesirable;easytoinstalltransitwhereit’snot,andimproveitwhereitis;greatercivicinvolvementofpopulationleadingtobettergovernance.

(6)Themosteffectivewaytoimplementnewurbanismittoplanforit,andwriteitintozoninganddevelopmentcodes.Thisdirectsallfuturedevelopmentintothisform.

(7)Increasingly,regionalplanningtechniquesarebeingusedtocontrolandshapegrowthintocompact,high-density,mixed-useneighborhoods,villages,towns,andcities.Planningnewtrainsystems(insteadofmoreroads)deliversthebestresultswhendesignedinharmonywithregionallandplanningknownasTransitOrientedDevelopment(TOD).Atthesametime,therevitalizationofurbanareasdirectsandencouragesinfilldevelopmentbackintocitycenters.

(8)Planningforcompactgrowth,ratherthanlettingitsprawlout,hasthepotentialtogreatlyincreasethequalityoftheenvironment.Italsopreventscongestionproblemsandtheenvironmentaldegradationnormallyassociatedwithgrowth.

(9)Therearesomeobstaclesinimplementationofnewurbanism.Themostimportantobstacletoovercomeistherestrictiveandincorrectzoningcodescurrentlyinforceinmostmunicipalities.Currentcodesdonotallownewurbanismtobebuilt,butdoallowsprawl.

(10)AnequallyimportantobstacleisthecontinuousroadbuildingandexpansiontakingplaceineverycommunityacrossAmerica.Thisencouragesmoredrivingandmoresprawlwhichhasadominoeffectonincreasingtrafficcongestionacrosstheregion.Haltingroadprojectsandbuildingnewtrainsystemcanhelpreversethisproblematictrend.

1.Apedestrianstreetisastreet().

2.Accordingtothepassagenewurbanismemphasizes().

3.WhichofthefollowingcanBESTsummarizethebenefitsofnewurbanismtoresidents?

4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?

5.Topreservetheenvironment,newurbanismlaysstresson().

问题1选项

A.suitableforbicycling

B.suitableforwalking

C.designedforpedals

D.designedforscooters

问题2选项

A.theexpansionofurbanareas

B.theartisticdecorationofnewly-builtbuildings

C.theimprovementofthebuiltenvironment

D.theenvironmentalpreservation

问题3选项

A.Compactnessincivicstructure,conveniencesandeconomiesinlife.

B.Betterrelationshipswithmorepeopleandafriendliertown.

C.Easyshoppingandmoreservicesthatreducebusingcosts.

D.Walkability,healthierlifestyleandmorefreedom.

问题4选项

A.Newurbanismlikestodesignmoreroadsinordertofacilitatethetraffic.

B.Newurbanismfavorsthetransportationwithnewrailwaysystems.

C.Newurbanistplannersopposetopedestrianfriendlydesign.

D.Newurbanistplannersdonotsupporttheinfilldevelopment.

问题5选项

A.thereductionoffactories

B.thesprawlofthecity

C.thelesseningoftrafficjams

D.thecompactgrowthoftheurbanarea

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.客观细节题。由题干关键词“pedestrian”可以定位到文章第二段pedestrianfriendlycommunitiesoffermoreopportunitiestogettoknowothersintheneighborhoodandtown(行人友好型社区提供了更多的机会去认识邻里和城镇中的其他人),说明pedestrianstreet是对行人友好的社区。因此B选项“适合行走”正确。A选项“适合骑自行车”,C选项“为脚踏车设计”和D选项“为小型摩托车设计”都不是指步行,所以A,C,D错误。

2.推理判断题。由题干可以定位到文章第一段第二句Itisaninternationalmovementtoreformthedesignofthebuiltenvironment,andisaboutraisingourqualityoflifeandstandardoflivingbycreatingbetterplacestolivein.(它是一场改革建筑环境设计的国际运动,是通过创造更好的居住场所来提高我们的生活质量和生活水平。),说明新城市主义强调对居住环境的改善。因此C选项“改善建筑环境”正确。A选项“城市地区的扩张”,B选项“新建筑的艺术装饰”和D选项“环境保护”在文中均没有提及,所以A,B,D错误。

3.主旨大意题。根据题干关键词“residents”可以定位到文章第二段,healthierlifestylewithmorewalkingandlessstress(更健康的生活方式,更多的步行和更少的压力)说明新城市主义对居民健康生活方式的好处;pedestrianfriendlycommunitiesoffermoreopportunitiestogettoknowothersintheneighborhoodandtown(行人友好型社区提供了更多的机会去认识邻里和城镇中的其他人)说明了新城市主义注重人的步行友好性;morefreedomandindependencetochildren,theelderly,andthepoorinbeingabletogettojobsrecreation,andserviceswithouttheneedforacarorsomeonetodrivethem(让孩子、老人和穷人有更多的自由和独立,他们有能力去工作、娱乐和服务,而不需要搭乘汽车或别人给他们开车)说明了新城市主义为居民带来了更多的自由。因此D选项“适合步行,更健康的生活方式和更多的自由。”最能概括新城市主义为居民带来的好处。A选项“城市结构的紧凑,生活的便利和经济”中城市结构的紧凑是对城市的好处,所以A错误。B选项“更好的人际关系和更友好的城市”,C选项“方便的购物和更多的服务,减少巴士费用”都只是对居民带来好处的一部分,不能完整概括新城市主义为居民带来的好处,所以B,C错误。

4.客观细节题。由B选项关键词“railwaysystems”可以定位到文章第七段第二句Planningnewtrainsystems(insteadofmoreroads)deliversthebestresultswhendesignedinharmonywithregionallandplanningknownasTransitOrientedDevelopment.(规划新的铁路系统——而不是更多的道路——如果设计与区域土地规划相协调,就会产生最好的效果。),说明新城市主义注重于新的铁路系统规划。因此B选项“新城市主义用新的铁路系统促进交通。”正确。由A选项关键词“moreroads”可以定位到文章第七段第二句Planningnewtrainsystems(insteadofmoreroads)deliversthebestresults(规划新的铁路系统——而不是修建更多的公路能带来最好的结果),说明新城市主义不主张修建更多的公路。因此A选项“新城市主义喜欢设计更多的道路,以方便交通。”不符合原文。由C选项关键词“pedestrian”可以定位到文章第二段pedestrianfriendlycommunitiesoffermoreopportunitiestogettoknowothersintheneighborhoodandtown(行人友好型社区提供了更多的机会去认识邻里和城镇中的其他人),说明新城市主义者注重行人友好性。因此C选项“新城市主义规划师反对行人友好的设计。”不符合原文。由D选项关键词“infilldevelopment”可以定位到第七段最后一句Atthesametime,therevitalizationofurbanareasdirectsandencouragesinfilldevelopmentbackintocitycenters.(与此同时,城市地区的振兴引导和鼓励对城市中心的填充式开发。),说明新城市主义者是支持“infilldevelopment”的。因此D选项“新城市主义规划师不支持填充开发。”不符合原文。

5.客观细节题。由题干关键词“environment”可以定位到第八段第一句Planningforcompactgrowth,ratherthanlettingitsprawlout,hasthepotentialtogreatlyincreasethequalityoftheenvironment.(紧凑发展的规划,而不是让它向外扩张,有可能极大地提高环境质量。),说明为了保护环境,新城市主义强调的是紧凑发展的规划。因此D选项“城市区域的紧凑发展”正确。A选项“工厂的减少”,B选项“城市的扩张”和C选项“交通堵塞的减轻”都和保护环境无关,所以A,B,C错误。

12.单选题

______Ihavealreadymentioned,cardiosurgeryisoneoftheamazingnewsurgicaltechniquesthathavebeendevelopedinrecentyears.

问题1选项

A.Which

B.What

C.As

D.This

【答案】C

【解析】考查定语从句。句意:正如我已经提到的,心脏外科手术是近年来发展起来的令人惊奇的外科新技术之一。根据题干中两个完整的句子用逗号连接,以及选项中的引导词,可知考查非限制性定语从句。As引导非限制性定语从句时可放在句首,修饰后面的主句或主句的一部分,意思为“正如,像”,C选项符合题意。A选项which引导非限制性定语从句时放在所修饰部分或主句后面,不放在句首;B选项what不引导非限制性定语从句;D选项this为指示代词,不引导从句。因此C选项正确。

13.单选题

Thechild’sparentswere______intoacceptingthedemandofthekidnappers.

问题1选项

A.pleaded

B.intoxicated

C.intimidated

D.besieged

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项plead“借口,为……辩护,托称”,B项intoxicate“(酒或毒品)(使)麻醉,(使)中毒”,C项intimidate“恐吓,威胁,胁迫”,D项besiege“围困,包围,烦扰”。由kidnappers“绑匪”可知,空格处填入“恐吓”符合语境。句意:孩子的父母受到恐吓而接受了绑架者的要求。因此,该题选择C项正确。

14.单选题

Thehelicopter(

)alightplaneandbothpilotswerekilled.

问题1选项

A.coincidedwith

B.stumbledon

C.tumbledto

D.collidedwith

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。coincidewith意为“与……一致”;stumbleon意为“无意中发现”;tumbleto意为“跌到”;collidewith意为“与……相撞”。句意:直升机与一架轻型飞机相撞,两名飞行员都遇难了。

15.单选题

TheFordFoundationisoneoftheworld'swealthiestphilanthropicorganizations.

问题1选项

A.profligate

B.governmental

C.humanitarian

D.multinational

【答案】C

【解析】福特基金会是世界上最富有的慈善组织之一。philanthropic意为“博爱的,仁慈的”。profligate放荡的;governmental政府的,政治的;humanitarian人道主义的,博爱的;multinational多国的。选项C与之意思相近。

16.单选题

Haveyouafunny()orunusualexperiencethatyouwouldliketoshare?

问题1选项

A.amusement

B.incident

C.accident

D.section

【答案】B

【解析】句意:你有想分享的有趣事情或不同寻常的经历吗?

考查名词辨析。amusement娱乐,快乐;incident事件;accident意外事故;section部分,地区。因此B符合句意。

17.单选题

TheannualreviewofAmericancompanyboardpracticesbyKornFerry,afirmofheadhunters,isausefulindicatorofthehealthofcorporategovernance.Thisyear’sreview,publishedonNovember12th,showsthattheSarbanes-Oxleyact,passedin2002totrytopreventarepeatofcorporatecollapsessuchasEnron’sandWorldCom,hashadanimpactontheboardroom—albeitatanaverageimplementationcostthatKornFerryestimatesat$5.lmperfirm.

Twoyearsago,only41%ofAmericanfirmssaidtheyregularlyheldmeetingsofdirectorswithouttheirchiefexecutivepresent’thisyearthefigurewas93%.Butsomethingshavebeensurprisinglyunaffectedbythebacklashagainstcorporatescandals.Forexample,despiteagrowingfeelingthatformerchiefexecutivesshouldnotsitontheircompany’sboard,thepercentageofAmericanfirmswheretheydohasactuallyedgedup,from23%in2003to25%in2004.

Also,disappointinglyfewfirmshavesplitthejobsofchairmanandchiefexecutive.AnothersurveyofAmericanboardspublishedthisweek,byA.T.Kearney,afirmofconsultants,foundthatin200214%oftheboardsofS&P500firmshadseparatedtheroles,andafurther16%saidtheyplannedtodoso.Butby2004only23%overallhadtakentheplunge.AsurveyearlierintheyearbyconsultantsatMcKinseyfoundthat70%ofAmericandirectorsandinvestorssupportedtheideaofsplittingthejobs,whichisstandardpracticeinEurope.

Anotherdisappointmentistheslowprogressinabolishing‘‘staggered’’boards—oneswhereonlyone-thirdofthedirectorsareupforreelectioneachyear,tothree-yearterms.Inventedasadefenseagainsttakeover,suchboards,accordingtoanewHarvardLawSchoolstudybyLucianBebchukandAlmaCohen,areunambiguously“associatedwithaneconomicallysignificantreductioninfirmvalue”.

Despitethis,thepercentageofS&P500firmswithstaggeredboardshasfallenonlyslightly—from63%in2001to60%in2003,accordingtotheInvestorResponsibilityResearchCentre.Andmanyofthosefirmsthathavebeenforcedbyshareholderstoabolishthesystemaredoingsoonlyslowly.Merck,apharmaceuticalcompanyintroubleoverthepossibleside-effectsofitsarthritisdrugVioxx,isallowingitsdirectorstoruntheirfulltermbeforeintroducingasysteminwhichtheyareallreelected(orotherwise)annually.Othercompanies’staggeredboardsareentrenchedintheircorporatecharters,whichcannotbeamendedbyashareholders’vote.Anyonewhoexpectedthescandalsof2001tobringaboutrapidchangeinthebalanceofpowerbetweenmanagersandownerswas,atbest,naive.

56.TheSarbanes-Oxleyactismostprobablyabout____.

57.Theword“backlash”mostprobablymeans____.

58.Accordingtothetext,separatingtherolesbetweenchairmanandchiefexecutiveis____.

59.Welearnfromthetextthata“staggered”board____.

60.TowardtheboardpracticeofAmericancompanies,thewriter’sattitudecanbesaidtobe____.

问题1选项

A.corporatecost

B.corporatescandal

C.corporategovernance

D.corporatemanagement

问题2选项

A.aviolentforce

B.astrongimpetus

C.afirmmeasure

D.astrongnegativereaction

问题3选项

A.whatmanyEuropeancompaniesdo

B.notapopularideaamongAmericanentrepreneurs

C.acommonpracticeinAmericancompanies

D.amusttokeepthehealthofacompany

问题4选项

A.canbevotedownbyshareholders

B.givesitsboardmemberstoomuchpower

C.hasbeenabolishedbymostAmericancompanies

D.isadversetotheincrementoffirmvalue

问题5选项

A.objective

B.pessimistic

C.biased

D.critical

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】56.判断推理题。题干“Sarbanes-Oxley法案最有可能是关于____的”,可定位到第1段第2句Thisyear’sreview,publishedonNovember12th,showsthattheSarbanes-Oxleyact,passedin2002totrytopreventarepeatofcorporatecollapsessuchasEnron’sandWorldCom,hashadanimpactontheboardroom…(今年11月12日公布的审查结果显示,Sarbanes-Oxley法案对董事会产生了影响。Sarbanes-Oxley法案于2002年通过,旨在防止像Enron和WorldCom这样的公司倒闭事件重演。)由此可知,审查发现,该法案防止公司倒闭的措施对董事会产生了影响。根据此句前一句TheannualreviewofAmericancompanyboardpracticesbyKornFerry,afirmofheadhunters,isausefulindicatorofthehealthofcorporategovernance.(猎头公司KornFerry对美国公司董事会做法的年度评估,是衡量公司治理健康与否的有用指标。)由此可知,该审查是衡量corporategovernance(企业管治)的,由此推断,该法案是关于corporategovernance(企业管治)的,C选项“corporategovernance(企业管治)”与原文表述一致。干扰选项D“corporatemanagement(企业管理经营)”,与原文表述有出入,由于原文使用的是corporategovernance,所以,C选项比D选项更合适;A选项“企业成本”、B选项“企业丑闻”不符合语境,排除。因此,本题最佳选项为C。

57.词义推测题。根据题干关键词定位到第2段第2句Butsomethingshavebeensurprisinglyunaffectedbythebacklashagainstcorporatescandals.(但令人惊讶的是,一些事情没有受到对企业丑闻的____的影响。)后文有针对该观点进行举例。Forexample,despiteagrowingfeelingthatformerchiefexecutivesshouldnotsitontheircompany’sboard,thepercentageofAmericanfirmswheretheydohasactuallyedgedup,from23%in2003to25%in2004.(例如,尽管越来越多的人认为前首席执行官不应该进入他们公司的董事会,但他们进入董事会的美国公司的比例实际上已经从2003年的23%上升到2004年的25%。)由案例可知,前首席执行官进入董事会的比例并没有受到越来越多人反对的影响。由此推断“越来越多人持反对观点”是一种backlash,所以backlash的意思应该是负面的。另外,根据单词backlash中的back推断,该词的词义是“反—,往回—”,综合而言,D选项“一种强烈的负面反应”更符合语境。A选项“一种强烈的力量”、B选项“一个强大的动力”的情感基调不对,排除;C选项“一个强力的措施”,没有依据说明是“措施”,排除。因此,本题最佳选项为D。

58.判断推理题。题干“根据文章,拆分董事长和首席执行官的职位____”,可定位到第3段。A、B选项,可定位到第3段最后一句AsurveyearlierintheyearbyconsultantsatMcKinseyfoundthat70%ofAmericandirectorsandinvestorssupportedtheideaofsplittingthejobs,whichisstandardpracticeinEurope.(今年早些时候,麦肯锡咨询公司(McKinsey)的一项调查发现,70%的美国董事和投资者支持拆分职位的想法,这在欧洲是一种标准做法。)由此可知,拆分董事长和首席执行官的做法在欧洲是一种标准做法,所以A选项“许多欧洲公司这样做”表述符合原文。另外,70%的美国董事和投资者支持拆分职位的想法,说明这个观点还是比较受美国董事和投资者欢迎的,B选项“在美国企业家中并不受欢迎”表述不符合原文,排除;C选项“是美国公司的惯例”,可定位到第3段第1句Also,disappointinglyfewfirmshavesplitthejobsofchairmanandchiefexecutive.(同样令人失望的是,很少有公司将董事长和首席执行官的职位分开。)由此可知,虽然不少美国的董事和投资者支持拆分职位,但是很少有公司真正这么做,选项表述与原文不符,排除;D选项“公司的健康发展是必不可少的”,原文并未提及,排除;因此,本题最佳选项为A。

59.事实细节题。题干“我们从课文中得知,一个‘交错’董事会____”,可定位到第4、5段。A选项“可以被股东投票否决”,可定位到第5段倒数第2句Othercompanies’staggeredboardsareentrenchedintheircorporatecharters,whichcannotbeamendedbyashareholders’vote.(其他公司的分级董事会制度在公司章程中根深蒂固,股东投票无法修改公司章程。)由此可知,“交错”董事会无法被股东投票否决,选项表述与原文不符,排除;B选项“给予董事会成员过多的权力”,可定位到第4段第1句…‘staggered’’boards—oneswhereonlyone-thirdofthedirectorsareupforreelectioneachyear,tothree-yearterms.(……“交错”董事会——每年只有三分之一的董事改选,任期为三年。)由此可知,按照“交错”董事会的规定,每年三分之一的董事需要改选,其实是限制了董事会成员的权力的,选项表述不符合原文,排除;C选项“已经被大多数美国公司废除了”,可定位到第5段第1句Despitethis,thepercentageofS&P500firmswithstaggeredboardshasfallenonlyslightly—from63%in2001to60%in2003(尽管如此,标准普尔500指数的公司实行分级董事会的比例仅略有下降——从2001年的63%下降到2003年的60%)由此可知,到2003年还有60%(大多数)的公司实行“交错”董事会,选项表述与原文不符,排除;D选项“不利于企业价值的增长”,可定位到第4段最后一句…suchboards…areunambiguously“associatedwithaneconomicallysignificantreductioninfirmvalue”.(这样的董事会无疑“与公司价值在经济上的显著下降有关”。)由此可知,“交错”董事会使公司经济价值下降,选项表述符合原文。因此,本题最佳选项为D。

60.观点态度题。题干“对于美国公司的董事会实践,作者的态度可以说是____。”本题询问的是作者对于美国公司董事会实践的态度,可以从文中表达情感的词推断,第3段Also,disappointinglyfewfirmshavesplitthejobsofchairmanandchiefexecutive.(同样令人失望的是,很少有公司将董事长和首席执行官的职位分开。)由此定位到前一段,找到前一个令人失望的点,Butsomethingshavebeensurprisinglyunaffectedbythebacklashagainstcorporatescandals.(但令人惊讶的是,一些事情没有受到对企业丑闻的强烈反对的影响。)第4段Anotherdisappointmentistheslowprogressinabolishing‘‘staggered’’boards…(另一个令人失望的是,在废除“交错”董事会方面进展缓慢……)由此可知,作者对美国公司董事会的实践非常失望;最后一段最后一句Anyonewhoexpectedthescandalsof2001tobringaboutrapidchangeinthebalanceofpowerbetweenmanagersandownerswas,atbest,naive.(如果有人认为2001年的丑闻会迅速改变经理和老板之间的权力平衡,往好了说,那也只是一种天真的想法。)由此可知,作者认为美国董事会改革比较难,综合而言,B选项“悲观的”最符合作者的观点。A选项“客观的”(一般要从正反两方阐述观点)、C选项“带有偏见的”没有依据,排除;干扰选项,D选项“批判的,不赞成的”,作者并没有不赞成美国董事会的改革实践,只是觉得它进行比较难,比较慢;另外critical也可指有判断力的,公正的,充分考虑优缺点,而文章中只是表达作者的失望,从这一层意思来看,D选项也不合适。因此,本题最佳选项为B。

18.单选题

Theyoungapplicantisundergreat___atthethoughtofup-comingjobinterview.

问题1选项

A.comprehension

B.apprehension

C.miscomprehension

D.concern

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项comprehension“理解(理解某事的能力);包含”;B选项apprehensio

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