考研考博-英语-信阳师范学院考试押题三合一+答案详解1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-信阳师范学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Ⅲ.ConstitutionalandAdministrativeLaw

RobertPostnotesthatthreeinterestshavetraditionallybeenadvancedtojustifycampaignfinancereform:equality,anti-distortion,andtheeliminationofcorruption.Eachofthesethreeinterestsisfundamentalwithinasystemofrepresentativegovernment.Eachconstituentisentitledtoequalinfluenceintheselectionofherrepresentative;electionresultsshouldtransparentlyrepresent,withoutdistortion,theviewsofthepeople;andelectedrepresentativesshouldperformtheirappropriateroles,withoutcorruption.

Noneofthesethreeinterests,however,makessensewithinthediscursivedemocracyestablishedandprotectedbyFirstAmendmentrights.Indiscursivedemocracy,asdistinctfromdirectdemocracy,publicopinionisalwaysevolving;itdoesnotmakedecisionswithrespecttowhichcitizenscanexerciseanequalinfluence.Indiscursivedemocracy,publicopinionisneverrepresented,sothatthereisnobaselinefromwhichdistortionscanbemeasured.Andthestate’sinterestinpreservingtherolemoralityofrepresentativesfromcorruptioncanatmostcountasaconstitutionalinteresttobeweighedagainstFirstAmendmentinterestsinpreservingtheintegrityofself-governmentthroughdiscursivedemocracy.ItisnowonderthattheconstitutionaljurisprudenceofcampaignfinancereformhasbeenamuddlesincethedaysofBuckleyv.Valeo.

CitizensUnitedconcludesthatneitherequality,nordistortion,noreliminatingcorruption,cancountasconstitutionallycompellinginterestscapableofjustifyinglegislationprohibitingcorporationsfrommakingindependentcampaignexpendituresdirectlyfromtheircorporatetreasuries.Butinleapingtothisconclusion,CitizensUnitedfailstoengageinasufficientlydeepanalysisofrelevantFirstAmendmentrights.FirstAmendmentrightsprotectfreedomofspeechinordertopreservethepossibilityofself-government.TheFirstAmendmentassumesthatpersonsshouldbefreetoinfluencethecontentofpublicopinionandthatthegovernmentwillberesponsivetopublicopinion.Weassumethatelectionswillensurethatgovernmentisresponsivetopublicopinion.Ifelectionsdonotselectforrepresentativeswhoareattentivetopublicopinion,however,thelinkbetweenFirstAmendmentrightsandthevalueofself-governmentwilldisappear.Ifwedenominatethecapacityofelectionstoselectrepresentativeswhoareresponsivetopublicopinionaselectoralintegrity,legislationaimingtopreserveelectoralintegrityservesacompellingconstitutionalinterestforpurposesofFirstAmendmentanalysis.CitizensUnitedfailedtoaskwhetherthecampaignfinancelegislationitwasconsideringservedthepurposeofmaintainingelectoralintegrity.

1.WhichofthefollowingisNOTaninteresttojustifycampaignfinancereform,accordingtoRobotPost?

2.Whatisthemajordifferencebetweendiscursivedemocracyanddirectdemocracy?

3.WhatcausesthelinkbetweenFirstAmendmentrightsandthevalueofself-governmenttodisappear?

4.WhatwasthemajorfailureofCitizensUnitedaccordingtotheauthor?

问题1选项

A.Eachpersonhasanequalopportunitytoberepresented.

B.Theelectionresultshouldbepublished.

C.People’sviewshouldbepresentedwithoutalteration.

D.Theelectedrepresentativesshouldperformtheirroleswith“cleanhands”.

问题2选项

A.Peopledonotvotedirectly.

B.Itdoesnotmatterwhetherarepresentativecorrupts.

C.Thereisnobenchmarktomeasurewhetherpublicopinionisdistorted.

D.TheFirstAmendmentinterestsaremoreimportant.

问题3选项

A.Whenelectionsdonotselectforrepresentativeswhoareattentivetopublicopinion.

B.Agovernmentisresponsivetopublicopinion.

C.Legislationprohibitscorporationsfrommakingindependentcampaignexpendituresdirectlyfromtheircorporatetreasuries.

D.Whenpersonsarefreetoinfluencethecontentofpublicopinion.

问题4选项

A.Itsconclusionthatnoneofthethreeinterestsjustifiesthelegislationprohibitingcorporationsfrommakingindependentcampaignexpenditures.

B.ItmadenoanalysisofrelevantFirstAmendmentrights.

C.Itdidnotaskwhetherthecampaignfinancelegislationwascorrect.

D.Itjumpedtoitsconclusionwithoutanalyzingthelegislativepurpose.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:B

【解析】1.事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第一段Eachconstituentisentitledtoequalinfluenceintheselectionofherrepresentative;electionresultsshouldtransparentlyrepresent,withoutdistortion,theviewsofthepeople;andelectedrepresentativesshouldperformtheirappropriateroles,withoutcorruption.（每一位选民有权在选举其代表方面具有同等的影响力；选举结果应透明、不扭曲人民的意见；选举产生的代表应该发挥适当的作用，不能有腐败）可知A选项“每个人都有平等的机会被代表”，B选项“选举结果应该公布”，C选项“人们的观点应该不加改变地提出”原文都有提及；D选项“当选的代表应该以‘清白的双手’履行他们的职责”原文未涉及。因此D选项符合题意。

2.推理判断题。定位到原文第二段Indiscursivedemocracy,asdistinctfromdirectdemocracy,publicopinionisalwaysevolving;itdoesnotmakedecisionswithrespecttowhichcitizenscanexerciseanequalinfluence.（在话语民主中，与直接民主不同，舆论总是在演变；它没有做出公民可以对其施加平等影响的决定）以及对比第一段Eachconstituentisentitledtoequalinfluenceintheselectionofherrepresentative;electionresultsshouldtransparentlyrepresent,withoutdistortion,theviewsofthepeople;andelectedrepresentativesshouldperformtheirappropriateroles,withoutcorruption.（每一位选民有权在选举其代表方面具有同等的影响力；选举结果应透明、不扭曲人民的意见；选举产生的代表应该发挥适当的作用，不能有腐败）可知公民可以对其施加平等影响意味着公民能够直接投票，以及这两者之间的区别在于是否直接投票，选A选项“人们不直接投票”；根据第二段Indiscursivedemocracy,publicopinionisneverrepresented,sothatthereisnobaselinefromwhichdistortionscanbemeasured.（在话语民主中，公众舆论从来没有代表性，因此没有衡量扭曲的基准）可知先是公众舆论从来没有代表性，导致没有衡量扭曲的基准，公众舆论从来没有代表性是主要原因，C选项“没有基准来衡量民意是否被扭曲”逻辑关系错误；根据原文Andthestate’sinterestinpreservingtherolemoralityofrepresentativesfromcorruptioncanatmostcountasaconstitutionalinteresttobeweighedagainstFirstAmendmentinterestsinpreservingtheintegrityofself-governmentthroughdiscursivedemocracy.（而国家保护代表角色道德不受腐败侵害的利益最多可以算作宪法利益，与第一修正案通过话语民主保护自治完整性的利益相权衡）可知B选项“代表是否腐败并不重要”，C选项“第一修正案的利益更重要”和原文相悖。因此A选项正确。

3.事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文最后一段Ifelectionsdonotselectforrepresentativeswhoareattentivetopublicopinion,however,thelinkbetweenFirstAmendmentrightsandthevalueofself-governmentwilldisappear.（然而，如果选举不选出关注公众意见的代表，那么第一修正案的权利和自治价值之间的联系就会消失）可知选A选项“当选举不选择关注公众意见的代表时”；根据最后一段TheFirstAmendmentassumesthatpersonsshouldbefreetoinfluencethecontentofpublicopinionandthatthegovernmentwillberesponsivetopublicopinion.Weassumethatelectionswillensurethatgovernmentisresponsivetopublicopinion.（《第一修正案》假定，个人应自由影响公众舆论的内容，政府将对公众舆论做出反应。我们认为，选举将确保政府对公众舆论做出反应。）可知B选项“政府对公众舆论做出反应”和D选项“当人们可以自由地影响公众舆论的内容时”能确保《第一修正案》权利和自治价值之间的联系；定位到最后一段开头CitizensUnitedconcludesthatneitherequality,nordistortion,noreliminatingcorruption,cancountasconstitutionallycompellinginterestscapableofjustifyinglegislationprohibitingcorporationsfrommakingindependentcampaignexpendituresdirectlyfromtheircorporatetreasuries.（“联合公民”得出的结论是，无论是平等、扭曲还是消除腐败，都不能被视为具有宪法强制性的利益，足以证明立法禁止公司从其公司财务中直接进行独立竞选支出是正当的）可知C选项“立法禁止公司直接从他们的公司财务中进行独立的竞选支出”不符合题意。因此A选项正确。

4.事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文最后一段Butinleapingtothisconclusion,CitizensUnitedfailstoengageinasufficientlydeepanalysisofrelevantFirstAmendmentrights.（但是，“联合公民”在得出这一结论时，未能对《第一修正案》的相关权利进行足够深入的分析）可知选B选项“它没有分析相关的第一修正案权利”，同时可知D选项“它没有分析立法目的就妄下结论”过度推断，干扰项；根据最后一段最后一句CitizensUnitedfailedtoaskwhetherthecampaignfinancelegislationitwasconsideringservedthepurposeofmaintainingelectoralintegrity.（“联合公民”没有询问它正在考虑的竞选资金立法是否有助于维持选举的完整性）可知C选项“它没有问竞选财务法案是否正确”错误，是否正确和是否有助于维持选举的完整性是有区别的；CitizensUnitedconcludesthatneitherequality,nordistortion,noreliminatingcorruption,cancountasconstitutionallycompellinginterestscapableofjustifyinglegislationprohibitingcorporationsfrommakingindependentcampaignexpendituresdirectlyfromtheircorporatetreasuries.（“联合公民”得出的结论是，无论是平等、扭曲还是消除腐败，都不能被视为具有宪法强制性的利益，足以证明立法禁止公司从其公司财务中直接进行独立竞选支出是正当的）可知A选项“它的结论是，这三种利益中没有一种能证明禁止公司进行独立竞选支出的立法是正当的”和原文相悖。因此B选项正确。

2.翻译题

很多人认为没有兄弟姐妹的孩子很幸运，因为他们可以得到物质享受和别人的注意。但是想一想独生子女没有隐私父母总是感觉自己有权知道发生在他或她生活中的一切。身为独生子女的第二个缺点是缺少某些优势，而这恰恰是有兄弟姐妹的孩子所拥有的。独生子女无法因为事情出错而责备兄弟姐妹，或是索要哥哥姐姐以前曾被给予的特权。此外，独生子女也失去了兄弟姐妹的陪伴。结果就是孤独，以及在日后的生活中交朋友也会遇到麻烦，因为他们从未学过与兄弟或姐妹相处。

【答案】Manypeoplebelievethatchildrenwithoutsiblingsareverylucky,becausetheyhaveaccesstohighermaterialcomfortandmoreattentions.However,singlechildren,generallyspeaking,arenotentitledtoprivacyrightbecauseparentsalwaysthinktheymustlearnaboutwhattheirchildrenhavemetanddone.Beingsinglechildren,theywillbelackofsomeadvantagesthatthosehavingsiblingspossess,suchasblamingsiblingsforhavingdonewrongandclaimingsomeprivilegeswhichelderbrothersorsistershaveaswellasbeingaccompaniedbythem.Asaresult,fortheyfeellonelyandhavenoexperiencesgettingalongwithsiblings,singlechildrenwillencounterdifficultyinmakingfriendsinthefuture.

3.单选题

TherearemanytheoriesaboutthebeginningofdramainancientGreece.Theonemostwidelyacceptedtodayisbasedontheassumptionthatdramaevolvedfromritual.Theargumentforthisviewgoesasfollows.Inthebeginning,humanbeingsviewedthenaturalforcesoftheworld,eventheseasonalchanges,asunpredictable,andtheysought,throughvariousmeans,tocontroltheseunknownandfearfulpowers.Thosemeasureswhichappearedtobringthedesiredresultswerethenretainedandrepeateduntiltheyhardenedintofixedrituals.Eventuallystoriesarosewhichexplainedorveiledthemysteriesoftherites.Astimepassed,someritualswereabandoned,butthestories,latercalledmyths,persistedandprovidedmaterialforartanddrama.

Thosewhobelievethatdramaevolvedoutofritualalsoarguethatthoseritescontainedtheseedoftheaterbecausemusic,dance,masks,andcostumeswerealmostalwaysused.Furthermore,asuitablesitehadtobeprovidedforperformances,andwhentheentirecommunitydidnotparticipate,acleardivisionwasusuallymadebetweenthe“actingarea”andthe“auditorium”.Inaddition,therewereperformers,and,sinceconsiderableimportancewasattachedtoavoidingmistakesintheenactmentofrites,religiousleadersusuallyassumedthattask.Wearingmasksandcostumes,theyoftenimpersonatedotherpeople,animals,orsupernaturalbeingsandmimedthedesiredeffect—successinhuntorballet,thecomingrain,therevivalofthesun—asanactormight.Eventuallysuchdramaticrepresentationswereseparatedfromreligiousactivities.

Anothertheorytracesthetheater'soriginfromthehumaninterestinstorytelling.Accordingtothisview,tales(aboutthehunt,war,ofother-feats)aregraduallyelaborated,atfirstthroughtheuseofimpersonation,action,anddialoguebyanarratorandthenthroughtheassumptionofeachoftherolesbyadifferentperson.Acloselyrelatedtheorytracestheatertothosedancesthatareprimarilyrhythmicalandgymnasticorthataretheimitationofanimalmovementsandsounds.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.Whataspectofdramadoestheauthordiscussinthefirstparagraph?

3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasacommonelementoftheatreandritual?

4.Theword“considerable”underlinedinparagraph2isclosestinmeaningto“（

）".

5.Accordingtothepassage,whatisthemaindifferencebetweenritualanddrama?

问题1选项

A.Theoriginsoftheatre.

B.Theroleofritualinmodemdance

C.Theimportanceofstorytelling

D.Thevarietyofearlyreligiousactivities.

问题2选项

A.Thereasondramaisoftenunpredictable.

B.Theseasonsinwhichdramaswereperformed.

C.Theconnectionbetweenmythsanddramaticplots.

D.Theimportanceofcostumesinearlydrama.

问题3选项

A.Dance.

B.Costumes.

C.Music

D.Magic.

问题4选项

A.thoughtful

B.substantial

C.relational

D.ceremonial

问题5选项

A.Ritualusesmusicwhereasdramadoesnot.

B.Ritualisshorterthandrama.

C.Ritualrequiresfewerperformersthandrama.

D.Ritualhasareligiouspurposeanddramadoesnot.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.主旨大意题。题干询问‘这篇文章主要讨论什么?’。文章前两段介绍了一种被广泛接受的一个理论，即戏剧是从仪式演变而来的。在最后一段还介绍了两种有关戏剧起源的不同理论，一个是认为戏剧起源于人类对讲故事的兴趣，另一个将戏剧的起源追溯到舞蹈。所以全文围绕着“戏剧的起源”这一主题展开，A选项‘戏剧的起源’正确。

2.细节事实题。题干询问‘作者在第一段中讨论了戏剧的哪些方面?’。根据文章第一段中的最后一句“Astimepassed,someritualswereabandoned,butthestories,latercalledmyths,persistedandprovidedmaterialforartanddrama.随着时间的推移，一些仪式被废弃了，但这些后来被称为神话的故事流传下来，为艺术和戏剧提供了素材。”确定作者在文章第一段讨论了神话和戏剧情节之间的关系，所以C选项‘神话和戏剧性情节之间的联系’正确。

3.细节事实题。题干询问‘以下哪一项不被提及为戏剧和仪式的共同元素?’。根据文章第二段第一句“Thosewhobelievethatdramaevolvedoutofritualalsoarguethatthoseritescontainedtheseedoftheaterbecausemusic,dance,masks,andcostumeswerealmostalwaysused.那些相信戏剧是由仪式演变而来的人也认为，这些仪式包含了戏剧的种子，因为音乐、舞蹈、面具和服装几乎总是被使用。”确定A‘舞蹈’、B‘服装’和C‘音乐’都有提及，D选项的“巫术”没有提及，符合题意。

4.词汇题。题干询问‘第2段下划线的“considerable”一词在意义上最接近…’。“considerable”出现在文章第二段第三句话中，修饰名词“importance重要性”，句意是‘由于在仪式的制定过程中避免错误的发生受到了……重视，宗教领袖通常承担这项任务。’根据“avoidingmistakes避免错误”以及“religiousleadersusuallyassumedthattask通常是宗教领袖来承担该项任务”可以确定B选项‘大量的’。正确

5.推理判断题。题干询问‘根据这篇文章，仪式和戏剧的主要区别是什么?’。根据第二段第一句“Thosewhobelievethatdramaevolvedoutofritualalsoarguethatthoseritescontainedtheseedoftheaterbecausemusic,dance,masks,andcostumeswerealmostalwaysused.那些相信戏剧是由仪式演变而来的人也认为，这些仪式包含了戏剧的种子，因为音乐、舞蹈、面具和服装几乎总是被使用。”确定A选项‘仪式用音乐，而戏剧不用’不正确。B项“宗教仪式比戏剧短”与C项“宗教仪式相比戏剧有更少的表演者”在文中没有提及；根据倒数第二段中“Eventuallysuchdramaticrepresentationswereseparatedfromreligiousactivities.最终，这种戏剧性的表现形式从宗教活动中分离了出来。”确定D项“宗教仪式有一个宗教目的，而戏剧没有”正确。

4.单选题

Themostfrustratingperiodsofanydietaretheinevitable_____,whenweightloss_____ifnotstops.

问题1选项

A.moods...accelerates

B.feasts...halts

C.holidays...contracts

D.plateaus...slows

【答案】D

【解析】名词和动词词义辨析。mood“情绪，语气”；feast“筵席，宴会”；holiday“度假”；plateaus“高原，停滞时期”。accelerate“加速，促进”；halt“停止”；contract“感染，订约”；slow“放慢，阻碍”。句意：任何节食中最令人沮丧的时期是不可避免的停滞时期，如果不停止，体重下降会放慢。选项D符合题意。

5.单选题

TheAmericanCivilWarwasafour-yeararmed（1）betweennorthernandsouthernsectionsoftheUnitedStates.ThefightingbeganonApril12,1861,and（2）untilMay1865.

Foralongtime（3）theCivilWar,theNorthandSouthhad（4）eachotheronmanyissues.Mostpeopleinthe（5）wantedtoabolishslavery,oratleasttostopitsspreadtonewstates,（6）theslaveownersoftheSouthheldthat（7）shouldbeallowedeverywhere.

AnotherissuethatdividedtheNorthandSouthwasa（8）one.TheNorthbelievedinastrongcentralgovernment,（9）,thefederalgovernmentshouldhavemorepowerthanthestategovernments.Mostsoutherners,（10）,regardedthenationasaunionofseparateandmoreorless（11）states.Theyheldthatastatehadtherightto（12）or“secede”fromtheUnionwhenitfeltitsintereststobethreatened.

InNovember,1860,AbrahamLincolnwas（13）the16thPresidentoftheUnitedStates.SinceLincolnhadbecomewell-known（14）thecountryforhisanti-slaveryviews,hiselectioncausedapanicamongthe（15）intheSouth.Onemonthlater,SouthCarolinasecededfrom（16）.ByFebruary1,1861,sixotherstates—Mississippi.Florida,Alabama,Georgia,Louisiana,andTexas—hadtaken（17）steps.

PresidentLincolnknewthatifthese（18）stateswereallowedtoleavetheUnion,itwouldsoon（19）.Soshortlyafterhehadtakenoffice,itwasdecidedbyhiscabinetthattheUnionwastobepreserved（20）.

问题1选项

A.conflict

B.quarrel

C.battle

D.struggle

问题2选项

A.established

B.preserved

C.founded

D.lasted

问题3选项

A.after

B.before

C.until

D.to

问题4选项

A.disagreedwith

B.agreedto

C.agreedwith

D.disagreedto

问题5选项

A.North

B.South

C.CivilWar

D.Country

问题6选项

A.as

B.so

C.and

D.while

问题7选项

A.freedom

B.slavery

C.plantation

D.revolution

问题8选项

A.political

B.economical

C.educational

D.artificial

问题9选项

A.sotosay

B.however

C.thatis

D.forexample

问题10选项

A.asaresult

B.however

C.yet

D.in

问题11选项

A.dependent

B.independent

C.complete

D.incomplete

问题12选项

A.succeed

B.erect

C.establish

D.withdraw

问题13选项

A.elected

B.selected

C.chosen

D.appointed

问题14选项

A.for

B.throughout

C.among

D.during

问题15选项

A.laborparty

B.factoryowners

C.slaveowners

D.presidents

问题16选项

A.theUnion

B.theNorth

C.theSouth

D.theState

问题17选项

A.alike

B.likely

C.similar

D.related

问题18选项

A.six

B.two

C.live

D.seven

问题19选项

A.gettogether

B.burstinto

C.breakout

D.breakup

问题20选项

A.byforce

B.bypersuading

C.bytalking

D.byeducation

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:A

第6题:D

第7题:B

第8题:A

第9题:C

第10题:B

第11题:B

第12题:D

第13题:A

第14题:B

第15题:C

第16题:A

第17题:C

第18题:A

第19题:D

第20题:A

【解析】1.考查名词辨析。A选项conflict“冲突，矛盾”；B选项quarrel“吵架，争论”；C选项battle“战役，斗争”；D选项struggle“斗争，奋斗”。根据句意“美国内战是美国北部和南部地区之间长达四年的武装冲突。”选项A最符合语境。

2.考查动词辨析。A选项establish“建立”；B选项preserve“保存”；C选项found“创立”；D选项last“持续”。根据原文可知，这里是说战争从1861年4月12持续到了1865年5月，所以选项D符合原文。

3.考查介词辨析。原文是说在美国内战爆发之前的很长一段时间里，南北双方在很多问题上就已经存在分歧了。所以选项B符合原文。

4.考查上下文语义。根据下文的描述可以推断出双方应该是存在分歧，由此可首先排除选项B和选项C；当表示双方意见不一致的时候用介词with，所以选项A正确。

5.考查上下文语义。本段主要是讲南北之间的矛盾，下文提到了南方的奴隶主，那这里指的应该是北方的大多数人想要取消奴隶制。所以选项A符合原文。

6.考查逻辑关系词。前后形成对比并且是相反的情况，应使用连词while表转折，所以选项D正确。

7.考查上下文语义。上文提及北方大多数人想要取消奴隶制，然而南方的奴隶主们认为奴隶制在任何地方都应该被允许，所以选项B符合原文。

8.考查形容词辨析。A选项political“政治的”；B选项economical“经济的”；C选项educational“教育的”；D选项artificial“人造的”。根据原文可知，分裂南北方属于政治问题，所以选项A符合原文。

9.考查连接词。A选项sotosay“可以这么说，打个比方说”；B选项however“然而”；C选项thatis“也就是说，换言之”；D选项forexample“例如”。根据句意“北方相信一个强大的中央政府，（），联邦政府应该比州政府拥有更多的权力。”句子的后半部分是对前半部分的进一步解释，所以选项C更符合语境。

10.考查逻辑连接词。上文提及北方相信一个强大的中央政府，而下文讲到南方认为这个国家是一个独立的，或者或多或少独立的州组成的联盟，前后形成转折关系，所以选项B符合语境。

11.考查上下文语义。这里是由and连接的两个并列成分，根据上一句“regardedthenationasaunionofseparate把国家看作是一个独立的联合体”可知，后半句表示或多或少独立的州。所以选项B符合句意。

12.考查动词辨析。A选项succeed“继承，接替”；B选项erect“竖立，建造”；C选项establish“建立”；D选项withdraw“撤退，离开”。根据句意“他们认为，当一个州感到自己的利益受到威胁时，它有权退出或“脱离”联邦。”选项D符合原文语境。

13.考查动词辨析。A选项elect“选举”；B选项select“选择”；C选项choose“挑选”；D选项appoint“任命，委派”。根据原文可知，这里是说林肯当选为美国第16任总统，选项A符合句意。

14.考查介词辨析。根据句意“林肯反奴隶制的观点闻名于全国”，贯穿全国用介词throughout，选项B正确。

15.考查上下文语义。根据句意“他（林肯）的当选在南部引起了恐慌。”林肯反对奴隶制，损害的是南方奴隶主的利益，所以选项C符合原文语境。

16.考查上下文语义。根据最后一段第一句可知，这里指脱离的是联邦政府，所以选项A符合原文语境。

17.考查形容词辨析。A选项alike“相似的，相像的”，强调两个人长得相像；B选项likely“可能的，合适的”；C选项similar“相似的”；D选项related“有关联的”。根据原文可知，这里是说其他六个州也采取了类似的措施，选项C符合语境。

18.考查上下文语义。南卡罗来纳州已经脱离了联邦政府，所以这里是说“如果这六个州也被允许脱离联邦政府的话”，选项A符合语境。

19.考查词组辨析。A选项gettogether“聚集，积累”；B选项burstinto“闯入”；C选项breakout“爆发，突发”；D选项breakup“解散，衰落”。根据句意“如果这六个州也被允许脱离联邦政府的话，联邦很快就会分裂。”选项D符合原文语境。

20.考查短语辨析。A选项byforce“强迫地，靠武力”；B选项bypersuading“通过劝说”；C选项bytalking“通过谈判”；D选项byeducation“通过教育”。根据句意“因此，在他就职后不久，他的内阁决定通过武力来维护联邦。”选项A符合原文语境。

6.单选题

Ⅳ.MichaelBrown’s2014deathinFerguson,Missourithrustpolice-officerinvolvedhomicidesintothepopularconsciousness.Aseriesofsubsequentofficer-involvedhomicideshaskepttheissuepoliticallyandlegallysalient.Despitethis,officialdatasourcesarethinandunreliable.Asinotherlargecities,shootingvictimsareoverwhelminglyminorities,withBlackpersonsconstitutingover80%ofvictims.Contrarytointuition,manyoftheofficershootersareminoritiesaswell.Theanalysisheresuggeststhatneitherracistmalevolencenorunconsciousbiasaffordcompleteexplanationsforwhyofficer-involvedshootingsoccur.Bothoftheseexplanatoryframeworksfocustoointensivelyuponindividualofficers’decision-makingattheexpenseofinstitutionalandsituationaldynamics.Scholarsandpolicymakersshouldfocusfarmoreintensivelyonregulatingbadpractices,ratherthanjustondiscipliningbadofficersfollowingegregiousincidents.Shiftingfocusinthiswaywillhelpidentifyconnectionsbetweeneverydaypolicingtacticsinminorityneighborhoods—suchasplainclothespolicingandaggressivestopandfrisk—andofficerinvolvedshootings.Thearticlealsoconcludesthatevidentiarychallengesmarposthocreviewofofficer-involvedshootings,whetheritisintheformofjudicialorcivilianreview.Thisalsounderscorestheimportanceofpreventiveregulation.

Thereisnoquantitativebenchmarkthatallowsonetoneatlyandobjectivelyproblematize(orrationalize)thehighnumbersofBlackandHispanicofficer-involvedshootingvictims.Claimingdisproportionalityrequiressignificantnormativejudgments.TheracialprofileofofficerinvolvedshootingvictimsintheIPRAReportsisdramaticallydisproportionatetothatofChicagoresidents.ComparableifnotquitesodramaticracialdisproportionalityholdsforothermunicipalitiesandtheUnitedStatesasawhole.ButtheIPRAReportssuggestthatthemajorityofshootingvictimswerearmedwhenshot.Thisshouldleadonetoaskwhetherthecity’soveralldemographicprofileistheproperbenchmarkformeasuringwhethershootingsareinordinatelyvisiteduponBlackandHispanicmen.Relatedisthequestionofwhatreferencepointshouldbeusedtoassesshowmanyshootingsaretoomany?Thesetwoquestionswillbefamiliartoanyonewhostudiesantidiscriminationlaw—establishingthefactofracialdisparityrequiresanappropriatecomparisongroup.Forexample,aplaintiffsuingamedicalemployerforracialdiscriminationinhiringofdoctorscouldnotpointtotheemployers’havinghiredfewerminoritiesthantheirshareofthegeneralpopulation.

1.Theunderlinedword“salient”isclosestinmeaningwith___inthesentence.

2.Whatcouldbetheintuitionreferredtobytheauthor?

3.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theauthorthinksthat___.

4.Inthelastsentence,theauthorgivesanexampleofmedicalemploymenttoillustratethat___.

问题1选项

A.noticeable

B.significant

C.outwards

D.jumpingout

问题2选项

A.ManyofthevictimsareBlack.

B.Manyoftheofficershootersareminorities.

C.ManyoftheofficershootersareWhite.

D.Manyofthevictimsareminorities.

问题3选项

A.badofficersfollowingegregiousincidentsarenotthecauseofofficer-involvedhomicides

B.racistmalevolenceandunconsciousbiashavenothingtodowithofficer-involvedhomicides

C.individualofficers’decision-makingisthecauseofofficer-involvedhomicides

D.scholarsandpolicymakersshouldnotfocusjustondiscipliningbadofficersfollowingegregiousincidents

问题4选项

A.thecity’soveralldemographicprofileistheproperbenchmarkformeasuring

B.establishingthefactofracialdisparityrequiresanappropriatecomparisongroup

C.Thereisnoquantitativebenchmarkthatallowsonetoproblematize(orrationalize)thehighnumbersofBlackandHispanicofficer-involvedshootingvictims

D.ComparabledramaticracialdisproportionalityholdsforothermunicipalitiesandtheUnitedStatesasawhole

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:B

【解析】1.词义辨析题。根据题干定位到第一段划线部分句子Aseriesofsubsequentofficer-involvedhomicideshaskepttheissuepoliticallyandlegallysalient.（随后发生的一系列与警官有关的杀人案使这个问题在政治上和法律上都很重要）此处的salient表示“很突出，很重要”；A选项“显而易见的，显著的”；B选项“重大的（大的，重要的足以产生影响或引起注意的）；有效的；有意义的；值得注意的；意味深长的”；C选项“向外地”；D选项“跳出”，C选项和D选项排除，和原文词义不匹配，noticeable侧重所描绘的事物引人注意，significant侧重某事物由于特别优秀或特别有意义而显得重要与突出，此处significant更符合salient在句中的含义。因此B选项正确。

2.推理判断题。根据题干定位到第一段Contrarytointuition,manyoftheofficershootersareminoritiesaswell.（与直觉相反，许多枪击警察的人也是少数族裔）推测出直觉为许多枪击警察的人会是白人，选C选项“许多射击警察的人是白人”；A选项“许多受害者是黑人”，D选项“许多受害者是少数民族”和受害者有关，而直觉是和枪击警察的人有关，不匹配；B选项“许多枪击警察的人都是少数民族”属于原文中的内容，和直觉相反，排除。因此C选项正确。

3.事实细节题。根据题干定位到第一段Scholarsandpolicymakersshouldfocusfarmoreintensivelyonregulatingbadpractices,ratherthanjustondiscipliningbadofficersfollowingegregiousincidents.（学者和政策制定者应该更加集中精力规范不良行为，而不是仅仅在发生恶劣事件后惩戒不良官员）可知选D选项“学者和政策制定者不应该只关注在恶劣事件发生后惩罚坏官员”；A选项“糟糕的警官在发生令人震惊的事件后并不是涉及警官的杀人案的原因”第一段未明确指出；第一段Theanalysisheresuggeststhatneitherracistmalevolencenorunconsciousbiasaffordcompleteexplanationsforwhyofficer-involvedshootingsoccur.（这里的分析表明，无论是种族主义的恶意，还是无意识的偏见，都不能完全解释与警察有关的枪击事件发生的原因）只是说不能完全解释，而不是没有任何关系，B选项“种族主义的恶意和无意识的偏见与警官参与的杀人案没有任何关系，只是不能完全解释”错误；Bothoftheseexplanatoryframeworksfocustoointensivelyuponindividualofficers’decision-makingattheexpenseofinstitutionalandsituationaldynamics.（这两种解释框架都过于集中于个别军官的决策，而牺牲了制度和情境的动态）可知个人警官的决策并不能完全解释与警察有关的枪击事件发生的原因，C选项“个人警官的决策是涉及警官的杀人案的原因”太过片面。因此D选项正确。

4.事实细节题。根据题干定位到第二段最后一句Forexample,aplaintiffsuingamedicalemployerforracialdiscriminationinhiringofdoctorscouldnotpointtotheemployers’havinghiredfewerminoritiesthantheirshareofthegeneralpopulation.（例如，一名原告起诉一名医疗雇主在雇用医生时存在种族歧视，但不能指出该雇主雇用的少数族裔人数少于其在总人口中所占比例）结合上一句话Thesetwoquestionswillbefamiliartoanyonewhostudiesantidiscriminationlaw—establishingthefactofracialdisparityrequiresanappropriatecomparisongroup.（这两个问题对任何研究反歧视法的人来说都很熟悉——建立种族差异的事实需要一个适当的对照组）可知举例是为了说明建立种族差异的事实需要一个适当的对照组，选B选项“建立种族差异的事实需要一个适当的比较组”；A选项“城市的总体人口概况是衡量的适当基准”，C选项“没有定量的基准允许人们质疑（或合理化）大量的黑人和西班牙裔警察参与的枪击受害者”以及D选项“其他城市和整个美国都存在类似的戏剧性的种族不均衡现象”和原文不符合。因此B选项正确。

7.单选题

GettingtotheheartofKuwaitidemocracyseemshilariouslyeasy.Armedonlywithadog-earedNEWSWEEKID,IambledthroughthegatesoftheNationalAssemblylastweek.Unscanned,unsearched,mysatchelcouldeasilyhaveheldtheoddgrenadeorananthrax-stuffedlunchbox.Theonlypersonwhostoppedmewasaguardwhogrinnedandinvitedmetotakeaswigoforangejuicefromhisplasticbottle.

WereIaKuwaitiwomanwieldingaballot,Iwouldhavebeenaclearerandmorepresentdanger.ThatverydayParliamentblockedabillgivingwomenthevote;29M.P.svotedinfavorand29against,withtwoabstentions.Unabletodecidewhetherthebillhadpassedornot,thegovernmentscheduledanothervoteintwoweeks—toolateforwomentoregisterforJune’smunicipalelections.Thenextsuchelectionsaren’tuntil2009.Insidetheelegant,marbledParliamentitself,aseaofmustachioedmeninwhiterobessatingreenseats,debatingfuriously.Therulingemirhaspushedforwomen’spoliticalrightsforyears.Ironically,thedemocraticallyelectedlegislaturehasthwartedhim.Traditionalistsandtriballeadersareopposed.Liberalsfret,too,thatIslamistswilllettheirmultiplewivesvote,swellingconservativeranks.“WhenIcametoParliamenttoday,peoplewhovotedyesdidn’tevenshakehandswithme,”saidoneShiaclerc.“Whycan’twerespecteachotherandworktogether?”

Whynotindeed?ByGulfstandards,Kuwaitisademocraticsuperstar.Itscitizensenjoyfreespeech(aslongastheydon’tinsulttheiremir,naturally)andboastaParliamentthatcanactuallypasslaws.UnliketheirSaudisisters,Kuwaitiwomendrive,workandtravelfreely.Theyrunmultibillion-dollarbusinessesandserveasambassadors.Theiracademicsuccessissuchthatcollegeshaveactuallyloweredthegradesrequiredformakestudentstogetintomedicalandengineeringcourses.Eventhen,70