(新高考)高考英语二轮提分秘籍专题一：阅读理解（第二讲）第四节 主旨大意题-逆转思维 (含详解)

21世纪教育网精品试卷·第2页（共2页）第四节主旨大意题——逆转思维近3年高考主旨大意题题量统计考纲解读年份卷别2021202020191.主旨大意题考查的是考生对文章内容的深层次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。2．主旨大意题分为标题类和主题类。(1)标题类，要求考生选出文章的最佳标题；(2)主题类，考查文章或段落的主旨大意。新高考卷Ⅰ1段落大意＋1最佳标题1文章大意全国卷Ⅰ(全国乙卷)1段落大意＋1最佳标题1段落大意＋1最佳标题1段落大意＋1最佳标题全国卷Ⅱ1最佳标题1文章大意＋1最佳标题1文章大意＋1最佳标题全国卷Ⅲ1段落大意＋1文章大意＋1最佳标题1最佳标题主旨大意题主要考查形式有三种：文章大意类、段落大意类及标题归纳类。主旨大意题在近三年全国卷中每套题均有涉及，虽然比重不大，但是难度较高，是大部分学生容易失分的题目类型，应给予足够的重视，争取阅读得满分。命题方式解题捷径选项特征1.Thebesttitleofthepassageis________．2．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?3．Thepassageismainlyabout________．4．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?5．Themainideaofthesecondparagraphprobablyis________．6．Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout？1.首先找出文章的主题句，然后根据文章主题句确定文章大意。2．如果没有主题句再寻找全文重复性强的关键词或者概括全文。3．解题时我们可以利用逆转思维，即如果我们作为作者按这个大意或标题写这一篇文章或这一段文章该写哪方面内容，然后对比原文和选项，从而做出正确的判断。eq\a\vs4\al()正确选项特征1．涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。2．范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。3．精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。eq\a\vs4\al()干扰选项特征1．以偏概全2.主题过大3．断章取义4.无中生有微技能一文章大意题——定位主旨知文意文章大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章的深层理解程度以及在速读中准确定位文章主旨大意的能力。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结。eq\a\vs4\al()eq\a\vs4\al(主题句法)解答文章大意题，找准文章的主题句是关键。下面介绍两种快速找出主题句的方法。(1)根据文体和写作手法来定位主题句(2)根据行文标志来定位主题句转折词句中如有but，however，infact，actually等时，其后的内容往往是作者真正想要表达的观点。总结词如therefore，thus，inshort，conclude等，其后的内容往往是文章的主题。疑问句若首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答可能是文章的主题。eq\a\vs4\al()eq\a\vs4\al(高频词法)全文中无明显主题句时，我们可以利用文章中的高频词。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。eq\a\vs4\al()eq\a\vs4\al(逆向思维法)在两个选项看上去都十分正确无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有哪些内容，然后把它与文章的内容比较，接近的即为正确选项。21世纪教育网版权所有【典例1】(2020·全国卷Ⅱ阅读B)Someparentswillbuyanyhigh－techtoyiftheythinkitwillhelptheirchild，butresearcherssaidpuzzleshelpchildrenwithmath－relatedPsychologistSusanLevine，anexpertonmathematicsdevelopmentinyoungchildrenattheUniversityofChicago，foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4laterdevelopbetterspatialskills.Puzzleplaywasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorofcognition(认知)aftercontrollingfordifferencesinparents’income，educationandtheamountofparenttalk，LevineTheresearchersanalyzedvideorecordingsof53child－parentpairsduringeverydayactivitiesathomeandfoundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetween26and46monthsofagehavebetterspatialskillswhenassessedat54monthsofage.“Thechildrenwhoplayedwithpuzzlesperformedbetterthanthosewhodidnot，ontasksthatassessedtheirabilitytorotate(旋转)andtranslateshapes，”Levinesaidinastatement.21·世纪*教育网Theparentswereaskedtointeractwiththeirchildrenastheynormallywould，andabouthalfofthechildreninthestudyplayedwithpuzzlesatonetime.Higher－incomeparentstendedtohavechildrenplaywithpuzzlesmorefrequently，andbothboysandgirlswhoplayedwithpuzzleshadbetterspatialskills.However，boystendedtoplaywithmorecomplexpuzzlesthangirls，andtheparentsofboysprovidedmorespatiallanguageandweremoreactiveduringpuzzleplaythantheparentsofgirls.ThefindingswerepublishedinthejournalDevelopmentalScience.27．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Amathematicalmethod.B．Ascientificstudy.C．Awomanpsychologist.D．Ateachingprogram.【分析】第一步读文章，概括文意：本文介绍了芝加哥大学的一项科学研究，该研究表明，对于2到4岁的孩子来说，玩拼图游戏对他们今后空间技能的提高有益；高收入家庭的孩子接触拼图游戏的时间更长，而且男孩子比女孩子玩的拼图更复杂。第二步利用关键词法定主旨：文章多次出现了researchers，expert，study，findings等词，主要介绍的是一项科学研究。【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】第三步排除错误选项：选项A、D无中生有曲解文意；选项C以偏概全主次不分。故选B。微技能二段落大意题——首尾兼顾定段意段落大意题主要考查段落的主要意思，是对一个段落的基本内容的简缩和概括。概括、总结、归纳段落大意就是用准确的、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确而完整地表达出来。【版权所有：21教育】做题时要特别注意“首尾兼顾”，即所问段落的首句和尾句。一是因为它们往往体现主旨要义，二是因为利用这些信息可以迅速提炼段落结构框架，在框架下的主旨判断，其准确性更高。【典例2】(2021·新高考卷Ⅰ阅读D)Althoughthecontinuingpopularappealofemotionalintelligenceisdesirable,wehopethatsuchattentionwillexciteagreaterinterestinthescientificandscholarlystudyofemotion.Itisourhopethatincomingdecades,advancesinsciencewilloffernewperspectives(视角)fromwhichtostudyhowpeoplemanagetheirlives.Emotionalintelligence,withitsfocusonbothheadandheart,mayservetopointusintherightdirection.21教育网35．Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytalkaboutconcerningemotionalintelligence?A．Itsappealtothepublic.B．Expectationsforfuturestudies.C．Itspracticalapplication.D．Scientistswithnewperspectives.【分析】第一步找出段落主旨句：分析可知，最后一段中第一句“Althoughthecontinuingpopularappealofemotionalintelligenceisdesirable,wehopethatsuchattentionwillexciteagreaterinterestinthescientificandscholarlystudyofemotion.”为主旨句。第二步对比选项，确定答案：由文章主旨句可知，虽然情商的持续流行吸引力是可取的，但我们希望这种关注能引起人们对情感的科学和学术研究的更大的兴趣。又根据下文的Itisourhopethatincomingdecades,advancesinsciencewilloffernewperspectives(视角)fromwhichtostudyhowpeoplemanagetheirlives.可知，我们希望在未来的数十年后，科学的进步提供新的视角来研究人们如何管理他们的生活。由此可知，这些是对未来研究的期望。故选B。21教育名师原创作品微技能三标题归纳题——文章主题定标题该类题目要求考生在理解文章的基础上，结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给选项中选出适合文章的标题。注意最佳标题的特点：精准性强(不改变原文的意义和感情色彩)；覆盖性强(能概括全文并体现文章的主旨)；有吸引力(能吸引读者眼球)。要首先找出文章的主题句，然后根据文章主题句确定文章标题，如果没有主题句再寻找全文重复性强的关键词或者概括全文。eq\a\vs4\al()利用4大技巧解题关键词法反复出现的词语，多次重复的观点就是体现主旨的关键词主题句法根据文章主题句，确定中心词充当标题穿珠连串法分析文章细节，确定共同点，如同穿珠般，串联细节共同点，确定标题逆向法根据四个选项，考虑其可能内容，对照原文，最相似者为最佳选项eq\a\vs4\al()结合3大特点解题eq\a\vs4\al()排除3种错误选项

【典例3】(2021·新高考卷Ⅰ阅读C)WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimatealargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverlyambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever－increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat(栖息地)．In1934,withthepassageoftheMigratoryBirdHuntingStampAct(Act),anincreasinglyconcernednationtookfirmactiontostopthedestructionofmigratory(迁徙的)waterfowlandthewetlandssovitaltotheirsurvival.UnderthisAct,allwaterfowlhunters16yearsofageandovermustannuallypurchaseandcarryaFederalDuckStamp.TheveryfirstFederalDuckStampwasdesignedbyJ．N.“Ding”Darling,apoliticalcartoonistfromDesMoines,Iowa,whoatthattimewasappointedbyPresidentFranklinRooseveltasDirectoroftheBureauofBiologicalSurvey.Hunterswillinglypaythestamppricetoensurethesurvivalofournaturalresources.About98centsofeveryduckstampdollargoesdirectlyintotheMigratoryBirdConservationFundtopurchasewetlandsandwildlifehabitatforinclusionintotheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystem—afactthatensuresthislandwillbeprotectedandavailableforallgenerationstocome.Since1934,betterthanhalfabilliondollarshasgoneintothatFundtopurchasemorethan5millionacresofhabitat.LittlewondertheFederalDuckStampProgramhasbeencalledoneofthemostsuccessfulconservationprogramseverinitiated.31．Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?A．TheFederalDuckStampStoryB．TheNationalWildlifeRefugeSystemC．TheBenefitsofSavingWaterfowlD．TheHistoryofMigratoryBirdHunting【分析】本文主要讲述的是美国鸭票的故事(TheFederalDuckStampStory)，全文都是围绕着这个主旨展开的。·首段介绍了美国鸭票发行的背景；·第二段介绍了美国鸭票发行的经过；·第三段讲述了美国鸭票发行带来的种种好处。最后一句“LittlewondertheFederalDuckStampProgramhasbeencalledoneofthemostsuccessfulconservationprogramseverinitiated.”更是点明了主题。故选A。精做模拟考题(2021·济南市高三模拟考试)Facemasksandprotectivesuitscansavelives.Butwhathappensafterpeoplearedoneusingthem?BinishDesai,thefounderofEco－EclecticTechnologiesfromWesternIndia,sawtheimpactbroughtbytherisinguseofanddemandforsingle－usemasksandkitsduetothecoronaviruspandemic,sohecreatedBrick2.0topreventtonsofsingle－usepersonalprotectiveequipment(PPE)frombeingthrownawayandendingupinlandfillsorwaterstreams.AlthoughPPEisessentialformedicaluse,itisextremelynecessarytoassessnewalternativesandtoraiseawarenessregardingitsproperuseanddisposal(处理)．AstudypublishedbytheAmericanChemicalSocietysuggeststhat129billionfacemasksareusedmonthlyduringthecoronaviruspandemic,whichcausesgreatenvironmentalpollution.InIndiaalone,over18，000Britishtonnesofcoronavirus－relatedbiomedicalwastewasgeneratedinjustfourmonthsbetweenJuneandSeptember.Thewastewouldtakehundredsofyearstobreakdown,accordingtothemagazineWasteAdvantage.Brick2.0isanewversionofthebrickmadefromindustrialwaste,nowalsoincludingusedfacemasksandprotectivesuits.TheprocessstartswiththecollectionofPPEwastethroughgarbagecansplacedinsmallshopsandapartmentbuildings,witheasyaccessforpeopletothrowawaytheiruseditems.Onceinthefactory，thecollectionsarekeptfor72hoursforsafetyreasons.Thentheyarecleanedandtornintopiecesbeforebeingmixedwithotherwaste.Finally,thematerialisshaped,andoncedry，eachbrickisreadytouse.Itisthreetimesstrongerthanconventionalbricksattwicethesizeandhalftheprice.www-2-1-cnjy-comInacomplexsituationliketheonewearelivinginthesedays,thissolutionisnotonlyrelativelyeasytooperate,butalsoveryachievableintheshortterm,whichcanreallyhelpovercometoday’sglobalenvironmentalchallenges.【语篇解读】本文是说明文。新冠肺炎疫情导致防护服、口罩等一次性医疗防护垃圾日增，造成了严重的环境污染隐患。Eco－EclecticTechnologies的创始人BinishDesai看到了商机，他回收这些医疗垃圾，用作砖头的原料，制成的砖头强度大、价格低。1．WhydidDesaicreateBrick2.0?A．TorecyclethePPEwaste.B．Toreduceproductioncost.C．Toprotectwaterresource.D．Topreventseriousdisease.答案A[细节理解题。根据第一段尾句中的“sohecreatedBrick2.0to...orwaterstreams.”可知，Desai制作砖头2.0旨在将一次性个人防护垃圾回收再利用，故A项正确。]2．WhatdothefiguresinParagraph2indicate?A．Thestudylackssufficientevidence.B．Thepandemicisdifficulttocontrol.C．Thedemandforfacemasksisindecline.D．Theenvironmentisfacingseverechallenges.答案D[推理判断题。根据第二段第二、三句可知，该段提及的数据说明一次性医疗防护垃圾日增，造成了严重的环境污染隐患。故D项正确。]3．WhatismainlydiscussedaboutBrick2.0inParagraph3?A．Itsfunction. B．Itsadvantage.C．Itsmaincharacteristic. D．Itsproductionprocess.答案D[段落大意题。通读第三段可知，该段中的“Theprocessstartswith...Then...Finally”说明了砖头2.0的生产过程，故D项正确。]4．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．InnovationneverendsB．EnvironmentalissuescountC．TransformwasteintotreasureD．Defendyourlifewithfacemasks答案C[主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了印度西部的Eco－EclecticTechnologies的创始人BinishDesai回收利用防护服、口罩等一次性医疗防护垃圾，用作砖头的原料，制成强度大、价格低的砖头。据此可知，“变废为宝”最适合作为本文标题，故C项正确。]2·1·c·n·j·y挑战外刊阅读Whilethenovelcoronavirus(新冠病毒)outbreakforcedmanyChinesetostayathome,theycontinuedonlineconsumptionandturnedtonewformsofentertainment,whichisprovidingpowertotheChineseeconomy.【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】Althoughtheepidemic(传染病)hadahugeimpactontheservice，manufacturingandtradesectors,especiallyconsumerindustriessuchastourism,cateringandentertainment,italsobenefitedindustriessuchase－commerce,onlinegamesandentertainment,aswellasmedicalservices.【出处：21教育名师】Sincemanypeoplehavecontinuedonlineshoppingathome,thedeliverysectorhasremainedbusy.OnlinefooddeliveryplatformssuchasMeituanDianpinghaveintroducedspecialservicesforuserstopickuptheirfoodincontainerswithoutface－to－facecontactswithdeliverymen.TheStatePostBureauofChinareportedthatChina’spostalindustrycollected81.25millionparcelsfromJanuary24to29(in2020),ayear－on－yearincreaseof76.6percent.Inthesameperiod,itdelivered78.17millionparcels,up110.34percentyearonyear.Besidesshoppingonline,manypeoplealsoenjoyedplayinggamesandwatchingvideosandlivestreamingathomeduringthefestival.DatashowsthatHonorofKings,oneofitsvideogameproducts,receivedaround2billionyuanfromitsgameplayersonJanuary24,2020,theLunarNewYear,upfrom1.3billiononthesamedaylastyear.Industriessuchasonlineentertainmentcangreatlybenefitduringtheepidemiccontrolasmanypeoplestayathome.Thecateringindustrymayalsoshifttoaninnovative(创新的)mode,wherefoodcookedincentralkitchensisdeliveredtooutlets(零售)oronlineordersforsale.Traditionalindustrieswillneedtofurtherimprovequalitytodealwiththedifficultperiod.(FromBeijingReview)【语篇解读】本文是说明文。新冠疫情暴发后，云购物、云办公、云学习等方式不断出现，这些不断衍生、形态各异的线上产品和服务逐渐受到大众的青睐。如此背景下催生的“宅经济”以破竹之势暴发了。21*cnjy*com1．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“they”meaninParagraph1?A．Thenewviruses.B．TheChinesestayingathome.C．Theconsumerindustries.D．Thenewformsofentertainment.答案B[代词指代题。根据第一段第一句可知，由于新冠疫情，很多中国人不得不宅在家里，即“他们”指的是宅在家的中国人，因此选B。]2．Whyweretheconsumerindustriesaffectedhugely?2-1-c-n-j-yA．Peoplepreferredonlineservices.B．Peoplecouldnotbenefitfromtheconsumerindustries.21*cnjy*comC．Peopleworkingintheseindustriesgotsick.D．Peoplewerenotallowedtogooutdoorstospendmoney.答案D[细节理解题。根据文章第一段第一句及第三段第一句，可知因为疫情的原因，人们不得不待在家中依靠网络进行消费，即无法外出消费，因此选D。]3．WhatisParagraph5mainlyabout?A．Manypeopleenjoyedonlineconsumptionduringthisperiod.B．MorepeoplelikedtoplaygamesontheLunarNewYear.C．HonorofKingshelpedthecompanyearnalot.D．Shoppingonlineisthemostpopular