草坪病害发生生态及防治

Etiology

and

Ecology

of

Turfgrass

Diseaseand

Their

Control

in

Golf

Course草坪病害发生生态及防治Shim,

Gyu

Yul

Ph.D/Director沈揆烈博士Korea

TurfgLraossgRoesearch

Institute韩国草坪•Ⅳ•Ⅰ한국

골프장

현황韩国

球场现状병해

발생원인病害发生原因•Ⅱ주요

병해의

생태

및 방제主要病害的状态及防治褐斑病，腐霉病，夏季斑•Ⅲ여름철

벤트그래스

쇠퇴현상의

원인과대책스관리

비용

절감방안用减少方案夏季本特草

现象的原因及场地향후

코스관리의

전망韩国场地管理的前景•ⅤChinaJapan首都Metropolis

169忠清Chungcheong

75江源Gangwon

69岭南YoungnamProv.108全罗道Jeolla

Province

79济州岛Jeju

45No.

of

golf

courses

:

545球场总数：545Golf

population:4.7

million

470万annual

visitor

:

31

million18

hole

annual

visitor

:64,000人口:470万人年客流量:3100万人18洞年客流量：64,,000人次Turfgrass

speciesGreen——Bentgrass(100%)FairwayZoysiagrass(82%)Kentucky

bluegrass(15%)Bentgrass(1.7%)Bermudagrass(0.6%)Seashore

paspalum(2)草坪种类–

果岭——翦股颖(100%)–

球道结缕草(82%)草地早熟禾(15%)翦股颖(1.7%)百慕大草(0.6%)海滨雀稗(2个球场)Provider-driven

market卖方市场Consumer-driven

market买方市场Green

fees

reduction

Declining

revenue果岭费下降

营业收入下降Competitive

differentiation

between

golf

courseshigh

quality

management球场之间展开差异化竞争提高草坪质量For

management

rationalization

and

restructuringCost

reductionOut-soursing

for

golf

course

management合理化管理及结构重组降低成本场地管理外包Climate

changeSummer

bentgrass

declineDrought

injury(Cool-seasongrass)Winter

kill(Zoysiagrass)DiseaseDifficult

large

patch

controlChemical against

dollarspot– Summer

patch

increaseWeed– Difficult

Poaannua

control

in

cool-season

grassDevelopment

“Poa

Cure”

in

Korea– Mixed

different

turfgrass

in

cool-season

grass气候变化夏季本特草干旱(冷地型草坪)冬季冻害(结缕草)病害防治疑难Large

Patch(大斑病）币斑病耐药性夏季斑枯病增加杂草冷季型草坪一年生早熟禾难以控制韩国开发“Poa

Cure”防治药剂在冷季型草坪中混合不同草种Economic

lossIncrease

of

cost

for

Control–Turf

quality

decreaseInfectious

Environmental

problemscaused

by

pesticides

useChemical

problemsDiversity

of

disease

occurrencedue

to

climate

changeReported

disease

speciesAbout

60

species

inworldwideAbout

20

species

in

Korea经济损失–

防治成本增加–草坪质量下降具有传染性的使用环境问题耐药性问题气候变化病害多样性病害种类报告–

世界范围内大约60种–

韩国大约有20种Infectiousdisease– Major

pathogenFungi– Minor

pathogenBacteria•NoninfectiousdiseaseBiotic

agentAlgae,

Moss,Insect

pestsAbiotic

agentChemical

agentPhysical

agentMechanicalagent传染

害–主要病原体真菌–次要病原体细菌•非传染

害–生物介质藻类，苔藓，害虫–非生物介质药害物理因素机械因素Pathogen病原体Environment环境Host寄主DiseaseDevelopmentChange

pathogenicity病原性改变Population

of

pathogen病原菌密度Environmental

adaptability环境适应能力Disease抗病性Maturity成熟性Genetical

uniformity遗

一性Climate

change气候变化Soil

condition土壤条件The

proper

solutionPrevent

recurrenceControl

costs合理解决防止复发控制成本What

is

it?Is

it

abiotic

or

biotic?Is

it

a

disease

orphysiological

stress?Combination

of

factors?害还是害？What

is

it?–是生物非生物–是病害？还是生理压力？还是综合因素？Foliar

diseases叶部病害Crown,

root

diseases冠，根部病害Rootdiseases根部病害Dollar

spot

币斑病BlastRust

锈病Yellow

tuft

黄色草坪病Typhula

blight核瑚菌疫病Brown

patch褐斑病Large

patch

纹枯病Yellotch

黄斑病Pythium

blight腐霉枯萎病ose炭疽病Springdeadspot春坏死病

Summer

patch

夏季斑枯病Take-all

patch全蚀病Necrotic

ring

spot坏死的环状斑病Snow

mold雪腐病Typhula核瑚菌Fusarium

镰刀菌Pythium腐霉菌Dollar

spot币斑病Brotch褐斑病Summer

patch,

Pythium,ose夏季斑病，腐霉病，炭疽病Dollar

spot币斑病Yellotch黄斑病Yellotch黄斑病Large

patch纹枯病SpringDeadspot春枯病Rust锈病Large

patch纹枯病Causal

agent–

Rhizoctonia

solani

AG1-1A,

AG2-2(ⅢB)Host– All

cool-season

grassesEpidemiologyWarm

and

rainyseason(June~Sept.)Susceptible

under

high

nitrogenfertilizationSecondary

infection

of

algae

to

patchControlApplication

to

2

week

intervalDMIs

injury

on

hotand

humidconditionCyproconazole,

Diniconazole,Fenarimol,

Fenbuconazole,Hexaconazole,Iminoconazole,Nuarimol

Metconazole,

Triadimenol,ebuconazole,

MyclobutanilPropiconazole,

TriadimefonDifenoconazole病原菌–立枯丝核菌AG1-1A，AG2-2（ⅢB）寄主–所有冷季型草坪发病条件高温多雨的季节（六月〜九月）氮肥过量情况下易藻类2次

成斑防治间隔两周施药预防高温潮湿的环境下使用DMIs杀菌剂会发生药害–环丙唑醇，烯唑醇，氯苯嘧啶醇，腈苯唑，己唑醇，Iminoconazole，氟苯嘧啶醇叶菌唑，三唑醇，益康唑，腈菌唑丙环唑，三唑酮苯醚甲环Cottony

mycelium

of

Pythiumblight

in

the

morning.清晨，腐霉枯萎病出现棉絮状菌丝体.

Leaves

appear

water-soaked

and

darkin

the

early

morning

and

then

discolorbrown

rapidly

in

the

sunny

day在清晨，叶面呈水浸状且颜色较深，在阳光照耀下颜色迅速褪变为褐色。Oosporeof

Pythium

spp.

in

root根部腐霉属卵孢子

Running

water

can

transport

mycelium,sporangia,

zoospore,

and

oospore.以水为媒介 菌丝体，孢子囊，游动孢子和卵孢子。Causal

agent–

Pythium

ultimum,P.

aphanidermatumHost–

Bentgrass,

Kentuckybluegrass,

PerennialryegrassEpidemiologyIn

hot(>21℃)

andhumid(90%)Susceptible

under

highnitrogen

fertilizationPoor

drainage病原菌终极腐霉,P.aphanidermatum霉菌寄主–本特草，草地早熟禾，多年生黑麦草发病条件–

高温(>21℃)，多湿（90％）环境氮肥过量情况下易排水不良区域Avoid

overwateringDethatching

if

the

thatch

depthexceeds

1cmDon’t

overfertilize

with

nitrogenChemical

controlApplication

2

week

intervalfrom

July

to

septemberFungicide

should

berotatedor

applied

-mixcombination.Etridiazol,

Azoxystrobin,Metalaxyl,

Propamocarb-HCL,

Pyraclostrobin,

Fosetyl-al避免过度灌溉清除枯草层，不超过1cm过度施用氮肥化学防治7月至9月期间施用，周期为2周。为防止耐药性，杀菌剂应轮流使用或混合使用土菌灵，嘧菌酯，甲霜灵，霜霉威-HCl，唑菌胺，乙磷铝Root-rot根腐Runner

hyphae内生菌丝匍匐菌丝Causal

agentMagnaporthe

poaeHostKentucky

bluegrass,

fine

Fesc-ueEpidemiologyInfection

in

late

spring(Soiltemp.

18~20℃)Symptom

develop

in

hot,

rainyweatherDrought

stress,

thatchaccumulation

enhance

theseveritySusceptible

under

highnitrogen

fertilization病原菌Magnaporthe

poae稻瘟病菌寄主草地早熟禾，fine

Fescue发病条件晚春易

(土壤温度18~20℃)炎热多雨天气病情发展干燥，枯草层会加重病情氮肥施用过多时，容易发病Increase

mowing

height

in

hot

weather.Deeply

irrigation

but

infrequently.Fertilizer

with

slow-release

nitrogen.DethatchingApply

acropetal

penetrant

fungicide(benzimidazole)

three

times

at

20dayinterval

from

late

spring–

Benzimidazole,

Strobilurins,DMIs(propconazole,

tebuconazole,mycrobutanil)高温天气增加剪草高度深度灌溉，减少灌溉频率施用缓效性氮肥清除枯草层晚春开始施用先端移行性杀菌剂<acropetal

penetrant>（苯并咪唑），20天为周期，共施用3次–

苯并咪唑,甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂，DMIs(丙环唑,戊唑醇,mycrobutanil)Causal

agent–

Sclerotinia

homoeocarpaHost– All

turfgrass

speciesEpidemiologyProlonged

periods

of

highhumidity

in

nightOccurrence

temp.

:

15~30℃Susceptible

in

nitrogendeficiencyMore

severe

in

dry

soil,

eventhough

high

humidity

in

canopy.病原菌–

Sclerotinia

homoeocarpa寄主–

所有草种发病条件湿度较高天气持续时间长时，夜间易发生发病温度：15~30℃氮素缺乏时草叶湿润，而土壤干燥时Water

deeply

and

infrequentlyDon’t

irrigate

turf

in

the

lateafternoon

or

evening.Removal

dewMowing

early

in

the

morningUtilize

fan

and

wetting

agentRemoval

cree yield

duringdollar

spot

occur.Manage

low

population

ofdollar

spot

pathogen.Preventive

application

beforemycelial

germination

in

springManage

chemical深度灌溉，减少灌溉次数避免在傍晚或晚间灌溉除去露水清晨剪草使用通风扇或表面活性剂币斑病发病期间，用水桶搜集草屑管理时降低币斑病

密度–

春季菌丝发芽前预防化学药剂耐药性管理Fungicidefor

dollarspot币斑病杀菌剂Carboximides甲酰胺(FRAC

#7)BoscalidThifluzamideMepronilFlutolanilDicarboximide二甲酰亚胺(FRAC

#2)IprodioneVinclozolinNitrile

腈化物(FRAC

#M5)-

ChlorothalonilBenzimidazole苯并咪唑(FRAC

#1)CarbendazimThiophanate-methylDMI

(FRAC

#3)Bitertanol,

CyproconazoleDiniconazole,

TriflumizoleFenarimol,

FenbuconazoleFlusilazole,

HexaconazoleIminoconazole,

MetconazoleMyclobutanil,

NuarimolPropiconazole,

TebuconazoleTriadimefon,

TriadimenolDifenoconazolePGRFlurprimidolPaclobutrazol综合原因导致的夏季本特草

现象–生理因素>病理因素环境压力管理作业不当间掌握各种潜在因的复杂关系Bengrass

declines

by

thecomplex

factor

in

summer–

Physiological

>

PathologicalDiagnosis

is

difficultEnvironmental

stressImproper

managementpracticesRecognize

the

complicatedinterrelationship

of

themany

potential

stressfactorsTurf

quality

declineGrowth

declineTurf

density

reduceTraffic

injury

increase草坪质量下降生长减退草坪草密度下降践踏危害增多Root

growth

declineLoss

of

water

and

mineralabsorptionWet

wiltingYellowing根部生长水、矿物质吸收能力降低枯萎泛黄Summer

stressTemperature温度Light光照Shading

背阴Amount

of

sunlight

日照量High

temperature高温Moisture湿度Wet过湿Heat

stress高温压力Excessively

wet

soil-Root

decline-Predispose

disease土壤过湿根部生长病害Poor

of

sunlightPhotosynthesisreduction日照量不足，光合作用减少High

air

or

soiltemperatureExcessively

wet

soilDense

thatchShadeMechanical,

physicalstressImproper

managementpracticesMisuse

of

chemicalPathogen气温或土壤温度过高土壤过湿枯草层过密日照不足机械、物理压力管理作业方法不当使用不当病原菌Heat

stress

高温胁迫Deathhigh

temp.over30℃以上高温Decline

of

carbohydrate

storage

forgrowth，为生长

碳水化合物降低The

consumption

of

carbohydrateincreases

for

life为维持生命而消耗碳水化合物A

long

rainy

season,

constructional

shade持续阴雨天气，建造性背阴High

temp.+

wet高温+多湿Deficiency

ofoxygen,increaseofco2

缺氧，二氧化碳增多

•Increase

of

soil

temp.土壤温度增高Root

cannot

absorb

water

fast

enough

to

meet

toevapotranspiration蒸散作用过快，根部吸收水分小于蒸散量July

2011.Temperature(℃)Precipitation(mm)Wet

wilt

occuranceAir

temp.

30℃

&

soil

temp.25℃

afterlong

rainy

days12

days

ofrainfallRoot

growth

affected

bytemperature10~18℃

:

Optimum

temp.

forroot

growth27

℃

:

New

root

initiationceases30

℃

:

Root

growth

stop35

℃

:

Root

hairs

die,

turnbrown

and

fail

to

function(root

dysfunction)Wet

soilSlow

heat

but

longer

retainAir

temp.

32

℃

→

Soiltemp.(1.2cm)

38

℃Deficiency

of

oxygen温度影响根部生长10~18℃:根部生长最佳温度27

℃:新根停止发育30

℃:根部停止生长35

℃

:

根须

，变褐，失去功能(根功能

)土壤过湿温度升高速度慢，下降速度也慢气温32

℃→土壤温度(1.2cm)38℃缺氧Increase

photosynthesisIncrease

mowing

heightApply

chelated

iron,

Epsonsalt(MgSO4)Apply

cytokinine

–

promoteshoot

growth,

delay

leafsenescenceMinimizing

carbohydrateconsumptionAvoid

applying

high

level

ofnitrogen

in

summer(spoon