考研考博-英语-华北电力大学考试押题卷含答案详解3

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-华北电力大学考试押题卷含答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题

Ⅵ.(Jurisprudence)

Greenbergpronouncesmyuseofthephrase“theoryofadjudication”“unusual”,andIamafraidIcanonlyreturnthecompliment,withonequalification:“theoryofadjudication”hasnostandardusageatall,sowritingasthoughthereisausualmeaningis,itself,“unusual”.Iwasquiteclear,asGreenberg’sdiscussionreveals,aboutwhatImeantbyit,andsotherealquestioniswhetheranyoneiscommittedtoaFoundationalistStoryaboutthetheoryofadjudication.Greenberg,however,makesthesurprisingclaimthatnooneissocommitted.RecognizingthatDworkinisonepossibletargetoftheRealistcritiqueasIreconstructit,Greenbergclaimsthat“theright-answerthesisisnotcentraltoDworkin’sproject.”Theright-answerthesis—theideathateverycasehasarightanswerasamatteroflaw—wouldbeanexampleofaFoundationalistStoryaboutadjudication,andsotheRealistcritiquewouldthenhaveapotent,livingtarget.WhenGreenbergclaimstheFoundationalistaspectofDworkin’stheoryisn’tcentralheisnotmakingaclaimabouttheamountofeffortDworkindevotestodefendingtheright-answerthesis,whichisobviouslysubstantial.Greenberg’srealclaimisthattheDworkinofLaw’sEmpireisnotnecessarilycommittedtotheright-answerthesis.IratheragreewithGreenbergthatDworkin“ismostconcernedtoestablish...thatlawdependsinaparticularwayonmorality”andthat“theright-answerthesis...isadownstreamconsequenceofhisoveralltheoryoflawinconjunctionwithhisviewaboutmorality”.Sofar,thisisjustacomplicatedadmissionthatDworkinacceptsaFoundationalistStoryaboutadjudication;thebestGreenbergcandoistoassert“thatmostofDworkin’sargumentscouldsucceedconsistentwiththefalsityoftheright-answerthesis.”GreenbergdoesnotshowthatthisisDworkin’sview,anditiscertainlynotDworkin’sviewinhisearlywork,sincethe“retroactivity”objectiontolegalpositivismturns,quiteclearly,onthetruthoftheright-answerthesis.GreenbergmaybecorrectthatonecouldhaveaviewaboutthenatureofmoralitydifferentthanDworkin’sandgiveuptheright-answerthesis:JohnMackiewouldbeacaseinpoint,thoughnottheoneGreenberghasinmind,andnotoneDworkinwouldbehappywith.ButnoneofthischangesthefactthattheactualRonaldDworkinholdsatheoryofadjudicationinvolvingtheFoundationalistStorybecauseheholdsaparticularviewaboutlawandmorality.

71.Greenbergpronouncestheuseofthephrase“theoryofadjudication”“unusual”.Theauthorrebutthecomment____.

72.Theessenceoftheright-answerthesisisthat___.

73.Fromtheunderlinedsentence,onecanknowthat___.

74.Readingthewholeparagraph,whichofthefollowingstatementsiswrong?

问题1选项

A.cynically

B.byfightingback

C.withdisagreement

D.withagreement

问题2选项

A.nooneiscommittedtoaFoundationalistStoryaboutthetheoryofadjudication

B.itisnotcentraltoDworkin’sproject

C.itisapotent,livingtargetoftheRealistcritique

D.everycasehasarightanswerasamatteroflaw

问题3选项

A.GreenburgdidnotthinkofJohnMackie

B.JohnMackiegaveuptheright-answerthesis

C.DworkinwasnothappywithJohnMackie

D.JohnMackiedecidedacase,whichreflectsGreenburg’stheory

问题4选项

A.Theauthorisbasicallyafoundationalistscholar.

B.TheauthorisarguingwithMr.Greenburg.

C.TheauthordoesnotagreewithDworkingtheory.

D.Greenburgmaybecorrectinoneaspect.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:A

【解析】71.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干定位到原文开头Greenbergpronouncesmyuseofthephrase“theoryofadjudication”“unusual”,andIamafraidIcanonlyreturnthecompliment,withonequalification:“theoryofadjudication”hasnostandardusageatall,sowritingasthoughthereisausualmeaningis,itself,“unusual”.（格林伯格宣布我使用的短语“审判理论”是“不寻常的”，恐怕我只能用一个限定词来回敬：“审判理论”根本没有标准用法，因此，似乎有通常意义的写作本身就是“不寻常的”）可知作者是通过提出自己的观点来反驳格林伯格的观点，选B选项“通过反击”；A选项“冷笑”，C选项“与之有分歧”以及D选项“与之协议”都不符合原文。因此B选项正确。

72.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干关键字“theright-answer”定位到原文Theright-answerthesis—theideathateverycasehasarightanswerasamatteroflaw—wouldbeanexampleofaFoundationalistStoryaboutadjudication,andsotheRealistcritiquewouldthenhaveapotent,livingtarget.（正确答案命题——即每个案例在法律问题上都有正确答案的想法——将是一个关于裁决的基础主义故事的例子，因此现实主义批判就有了一个有力的、活生生的目标）可知选D选项“作为一项法律问题，每个案例都有正确答案”，同时可知A选项“没有人致力于一个关于裁决理论的基础主义故事”，C选项“它是现实主义批判的一个有力的、活生生的目标”错误，并不是正确答案命题的本质；B选项“这不是德沃金项目的中心”也不能回答正确答案命题的本质这个问题，排除。因此D选项正确。

73.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干定位到划线句子部分GreenbergmaybecorrectthatonecouldhaveaviewaboutthenatureofmoralitydifferentthanDworkin’sandgiveuptheright-answerthesis:JohnMackiewouldbeacaseinpoint,thoughnottheoneGreenberghasinmind,andnotoneDworkinwouldbehappywith.（格林伯格可能是正确的，人们可以有一个不同于德沃金的关于道德本质的观点，并放弃正确答案的论点：约翰•麦凯将是一个恰当的例子，尽管不是格林伯格心目中的那个，也不是德沃金会满意的）可以判断出德沃金对约翰•麦凯不太满意，选C选项“德沃金对约翰•麦基不满意”；A选项“格林伯格没有想到约翰•麦基”和原文相悖；B选项“约翰•麦基放弃了正确答案的论点”划线句子未涉及，排除；D选项“约翰•麦基决定了一个案件，这反映了格林伯格的理论”和原文相悖。因此C选项符合题意。

74.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】推理判断题。阅读原文可知作者只是在客观的评价各个学者的观点，而不是基础主义方法论者，选A选项“作者基本上是一位基础主义学者”；根据原文Greenbergpronouncesmyuseofthephrase“theoryofadjudication”“unusual”,andIamafraidIcanonlyreturnthecompliment,withonequalification:“theoryofadjudication”hasnostandardusageatall,sowritingasthoughthereisausualmeaningis,itself,“unusual”.（格林伯格宣布我使用的短语“审判理论”是“不寻常的”，恐怕我只能用一个限定词来回敬：“审判理论”根本没有标准用法，因此，似乎有通常意义的写作本身就是“不寻常的”）可知B选项“作者正在和格林伯格先生争论”符合原文；由原文IratheragreewithGreenbergthatDworkin“ismostconcernedtoestablish...thatlawdependsinaparticularwayonmorality”andthat“theright-answerthesis...isadownstreamconsequenceofhisoveralltheoryoflawinconjunctionwithhisviewaboutmorality”.（我相当同意格林伯格的观点，即德沃金“最关心的是确定……法律以一种特定的方式依赖于道德”，“正确答案理论……是他整体法律理论和他关于道德的观点的下游结果”）可知C选项“作者不同意德沃金理论”，作者认为德沃金的理论是下游结果，以及D选项“在某一方面，格林伯格可能是正确的”符合原文。因此A选项符合题意。

2.单选题

___,Mr.Wellsisscarcelyinsympathywiththeworkingclass.

问题1选项

A.Althoughheisasocialist

B.Evenifheisasocialist

C.Beingasocialist

D.Sinceheisasocialist

【答案】A

【解析】考查逻辑关系。A选项Althoughheisasocialist“虽然他是一个社会主义者”；B选项Evenifheisasocialist“即使他是一个社会主义者”；C选项Beingasocialist“作为一个社会主义”；D选项Sinceheisasocialist“因为他是一个社会主义者”。句意：___，威尔斯先生几乎不同情工人阶级。本句表达“虽然他是一个社会主义者，但是他不同情工人阶级”，因此A选项正确。

3.单选题

Idon'tthinkheistoblame,（）?

问题1选项

A.doI

B.ishe

C.isn’the

D.doeshe

【答案】B

【解析】复合反意疑问句中,主句是Ithink,Isuppose,Ibelieve,Isuspect,Iimagine等时,对that从句中主语与谓语之间的关系提问,所以首先排除选项A和D。还要注意否定转移的情况,所以选项B正确。

4.不定项选择题

Hurricanesareviolentstormsthatcausemillionsofdollarsinpropertydamageandtakemanylives.Theycanbeextremelydangerous,andtoooftenpeopleunderestimatetheirfury.

HurricanesnormallyoriginateasasmallareaofthunderstormsovertheAtlanticOceanwestoftheCapeVerdeIslandsduringAugustorSeptember.Forseveraldays,theareaofthestormincreasesandtheairpressurefallsslowly.Acenteroflowpressureforms,andwindsbegintowhirlaroundit.Itisblownwestward,increasinginsizeandstrength.

Hurricanehuntersthenflyouttothestorminordertodetermineitssizeandintensityandtotrackitsdirection.Theydropinstrumentsforrecordingtemperature,airpressure,andhumidity（湿度）,intothestorm.Theyalsolookatthesizeofwavesontheocean,theclouds,andtheeyeofthestorm.Theeyeisaregionofrelativecalmandclearskiesinthecenterofthehurricane.Peopleoftenlosetheirlivesbyleavingshelterwhentheeyehasarrived,onlytobecaughtintremendouswindsagainwhentheeyehaspassed.

Oncetheforecastershavedeterminedthatitislikelythehurricanewillreachshore,theyissueahurricanewatchforalarge,generalareathatmaybeinthepathofthestorm.Later,whentheprobablepointoflandfallisclearer,theywillissueahurricanewarningforasomewhatmorelimitedarea.Peopleintheseareasarewisetostockuponnonperishablefoods,flashlightandradiobatteries,candles,andotheritemstheymayneedifelectricityandwaterarenotavailableafterthestorm.Theyshouldalsotrytohurricane-prooftheirhousesbybringinginlight-weightfurnitureandotheritemsfromoutsideandcoveringwindows.Peoplelivinginlow-lyingareasarewisetoevacuatetheirhousesbecauseofthestormsurge,whichisalargerushofwaterthatmaycomeashorewiththestorm.Hurricanesgenerallylosepowerslowlywhiletravelingoverland,butmanymoveouttosea,gatherupforceagain,andreturntoland.Astheymovetowardthenorth,theygenerallylosetheiridentityashurricanes.

46.Theeyeofthehurricaneis（）.

47.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

48.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?

49.Thelow-lyingareasrefertothoseregionsthat（）.

50.WhichofthefollowingisNOTamethodofprotectingone’shousefromahurricane?

问题1选项

A.thepowerfulcenterofthestorm

B.thepartthatdeterminesitsdirection

C.therelativelycalmcenterofthestorm

D.thecenteroflowpressure

问题2选项

A.Astormsurgeisadramaticincreaseinwindvelocity.

B.Ahurricanewatchismoreseriousthanahurricanewarning.

C.Fallingairpressureisanindicatorthatthestormisincreasinginintensity.

D.Itissafetogooutsideoncetheeyehasarrived.

问题3选项

A.HowtoAvoidHurricanedamage

B.ForecastingHurricanes

C.ThedangerousHurricane

D.AtlanticStorms

问题4选项

A.closetothegroundlevel

B.one-storeyflat

C.flathouses

D.neartothelowestlevelofhurricane

问题5选项

A.takingoutheavythings

B.movinginlight-weightfurniture

C.equippingthehousewithstones

D.coveringwindowsHurricanesareviolentstormsthatcausemillionsofdollarsinpropertydamageandtakemanylives.Theycanbeextremelydangerous,andtoooftenpeopleunderestimatetheirfury.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】46.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】细节事实题。从第三段倒数第二句Theeyeisaregionofrelativecalmandclearskiesinthecenterofthehurricane.（飓风眼是飓风中心相对平静和晴朗的天空区域）可知C项“风暴相对平静的中心”正确。A项“强大的风暴中心”与文意相反，排除；B项“决定其方向的部分”文中未提及；D项“低压中心”定位到原文第一段可知低压中心是飓风形成前的表现，故错误。

47.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。从最后一段倒数第三句Peoplelivinginlow-lyingareasarewisetoevacuatetheirhousesbecauseofthestormsurge,whichisalargerushofwaterthatmaycomeashorewiththestorm.（生活在低洼地区的人们明智地撤离他们的房屋，因为风暴潮是一股巨大的水流，可能会随着风暴上岸。）可知stormsurge是指水而不是风，所以A项“风暴潮是风速的急剧增加。”不正确。根据最后一段开头的描述，飓风可能登陆时先在一个较大的可能范围内进行hurricanewatch,然后在可能着陆点hurricanewarning，可以看出hurricanewarning比hurricanewatch更严重,所以B项“飓风监视比飓风警报更严重。”不正确。根据第二段最后一句Peopleoftenlosetheirlivesbyleavingshelterwhentheeyehasarrived,onlytobecaughtintremendouswindsagainwhentheeyehaspassed.（当风眼来临时，人们如果走出房间会被风眼过去后的大风吹死），所以说在风眼来临时走出房间是不安全的）D项“风眼来临，出去是安全的”也不正确。通过排除法可知只有C项“气压下降表明风暴的强度在增加”正确。

48.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】主旨大意题。阅读全文，分别讲了飓风的形成、飓风的预报、面对飓风的防范措施、飓风的消亡，C项“危险的飓风”可以作为标题概括文章内容。A项“如何避免飓风的破坏”；B项“飓风预报”；D项“大西洋风暴”都只涉及到文章的一个方面。

49.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】语义推测题。题干low-lyingareas是指地势低平的地区，A项“接近地面”；B、C是指一层平房，D项“接近最低级别的飓风”。所以只有A项符合。

50.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】判断推理题。从第三段第六行Theyshouldalsotrytohurricane-prooftheirhousesbybringinginlightweightfurnitureandotheritemsfromoutsideandcoveringwindows.（他们还应尝试从外部带入轻巧的家具和其他物品并遮盖窗户，以防飓风袭击他们的房屋）可知将轻的家具、物品带入房内，盖住窗户是预防飓风的措施，所以B和D正确，其中也暗含了选项A“取出重物”，因为将轻的物品放入房内也就意味着将重的物品带出房间，所以A也符合。C选项文中未提及。

5.单选题

Youarenotallowedtotakeasecondjob（）youremployergivesyoupermission.

问题1选项

A.unless

B.solongas

C.otherwise

D.whereas

【答案】A

【解析】连接词的运用。unless“除非,如果不”;solongas“只要”;otherwise“否则,不然”;whereas“然而,鉴于,反之”。句意:除非你的雇主允许,否则你不能从事第二份工作。选项A符合句意。

6.翻译题

我的导师是亚裔美国人，嗜烟好酒，脾气暴躁。但他十分欣赏亚裔学生勤奋与扎实的基础知识，也特别了解亚裔学生的心理。因此，在他实验室所招的学生中，除有一名来自德国外，其余5位均是亚裔学生。他干脆在实验室的门上贴一醒目招牌：“本室助研必须每周工作7天，早10时至晚12时，工作时间内必须全力以赴。”这位导师的严格及苛刻是全校有名的，在我所待的3年半中，共有14位学生被招进他的实验室，最后博士毕业的只有5人。

【答案】MysupervisorisofAsianorigin.Heisaddictedtoalcoholsandcigarettes,withairritabletemper.Nevertheless,hehighlyappreciatestheindustryandthesolidfoundationalknowledgeofAsianstudentsandhasaparticularlykeeninsightintowhatAsianstudentshaveontheirmind.Hence,ofallthestudentsrecruitedintohislaboratory,exceptforoneGerman,theotherfivewereallfromAsia.Heevenputaneye-catchingnoticeonthedoorofhislab,whichread,“Alltheresearchassistantsofthislaboratoryarerequiredtowork7daysaweek,from10:00a.m.to12:00p.m..Nothingbutworkduringtheworkinghours.”Thissupervisorisreputedontheentirecampusforhisseverityandharshness.Duringthe3andahalfyearsthatIstayedthere,atotalof14studentswererecruitedintohislaboratoryandonly5ofthemstayeduntiltheygraduatedwiththeirPh.D.degrees.

7.单选题

Weareallforyourproposalthatthediscussion（）.

问题1选项

A.beputoff

B.wasputoff

C.shouldputoff

D.istoputoff

【答案】A

【解析】句意:我们都赞成你关于推迟讨论的提议。

语法题。考查should的用法。名词proposal(提议，建议)引导的同位语从句应该用should(可省略)+动词原形。而且，discussion与putoff之间是被动关系，因此A项符合正确表达。

8.单选题

Withalltheseartsandpursuitsofpracticallife,theintellectualbusinessofthinking—ofsuchthinkingatleastasiscommontomostmen—andofcommunicatingthought,hasasortofaffinityandresemblance.For,unquestionably,itisoneamongthemanyproblemsofphilosophytoestablishawiseeconomyandprudentstewardshipofthatever-shiftingmassofincomingandoutgoingthoughtswhichmakeupourintellectualestateandproperty.Andthisisthemorenecessarythegreaterarethetreasuresofthoughtpossessedbyourage.For,inthehighlyrapidinterchangeofandtrafficinideas,whichiscarryingon,thereceiptsanddisbursementsarenotalwaysdulybalanced.Thereismuchcause,therefore,tofearlestathoughtlessandlavishdissipationofthenoblestmentalendowmentsshouldbecomeprevalent,orafalseandbaselesscredit-systeminthoughtspringupamidanabsolutedeficiencyofasolidandpermanentcapitalsafelyinvestedinfundamentalideasandlastingtruths.Asforthesecondsimile:Ishould,byallmeans,wishtogainavictory,notindeedforyou,butwithyou,oversomeofthemanyerrorsandmanysemblancesofthought,whichare,however,butcheatsandcounterfeitswhichdistractthemindsofthepresentgeneration,disturbtheharmonyoflife,andbanishpeaceevenfromtheintellectualworld.Andasrespectsthethirdillustration:Ishouldindeedrejoiceashaving,inagreatmeasure,attainedmyobject,ifonlyIshallsucceedindirectingyourattentiontosomestarinthehigherregionofintellect,whichhithertowaseithertotallyunknown,or,atleast,neverbeforefullyobserved.Butaboveall,Ithinkitnecessarytoobservefurther,thatinthesamewayasphilosophylosessightofitstrueobjectandappropriatematter,wheneitheritpassesintoandmergesintheology,ormeddleswithexternalpolitics,soalsodoesitmaritsproperformwhenitattemptstomimictherigorousmethodofmathematics.InthemiddleofthelastcenturyscarcelywastheretobefoundaGermanmanualforanyofthesciencesthatdidnotapethemathematicalstyle,andwhereeverysinglepositioninthelongarrayofinterminableparagraphsdidnotconcludewiththesolemnactofdemonstrativephraseology.Butitisalsowellknownthatthephilosophywhichwaspropoundedinthisinappropriateformandmethodwascrammedfoilof,nay,rather,washardlyanythingmorethanatissueofarbitrary,nowforgotten,hypotheses,whichhavenotbroughttheworldatallnearertothetruth—notatleasttothattruthwhichphilosophyisinsearchof,andwhichissomethinghigherthanamereexampleofaccuratecomputation.Andeveninthepresentday—although,indeed,theapplicationismadeinaverydifferentwayfromformerly—Germanphilosophyisanythingbutfreefromthosealgebraicformularies,inwhichallthings,eventhemostopposite,admitofbeingcomprisedandblendedtogether.But,beitasitmay,thiselaboratestructureofmechanicaldemonstrationcanneverproduceatrue,intrinsic,andfullconviction.Themethodwhichphilosophyreallyrequiresisquitedifferent,beingabsolutelyinternalandintellectual(Geistige).Asinacorrectarchitecturalstructureitisnecessarythatallitspartsshouldbeinunison,andsuchastheeyecantakeineasilyandagreeably,soineveryphilosophicalcommunication,thesolidsimplebasisbeinglaid,thearrangementofalltheparts,andthecarefulrejectionandexclusionofallforeignmatter,isthemostessentialpoint,bothforinternalcorrectnessandexternalperspicuity.But,intruth,thematterinhandbearsafarcloserresemblanceandaffinitytonaturalobjectswhichliveandgrow,thantoanylifelessedificeofstone;toagreattree,forinstance,noblyandbeautifullyspreadingoutonallsidesinitsmanyarmsandbranches.Assuchatreestrikesthehastyandpassingglance,itformsasomewhatirregularandnotstrictlyfinishedwhole;thereitstands,justasthestemhasshotupfromtheroot,andhasdivideditselfintoacertainnumberofbranches,andtwigs,andleaves,whichlivinglymovebackwardandforwardinthefreeair.Butexamineitmoreclosely,andhowperfectappearsitswholestructure!Howwonderfulthesymmetry,howminutelyregulartheorganizationofallitsparts,evenofeachlittleleafanddelicatefiber!Inthesamewaywilltheever-growingtreeofhumanconsciousnessandlifeappearinphilosophy,wheneveritisnottornfromitsrootsandstrippedofitsleavesbyapretendedwisdom,butisvividlyapprehendedbyatruescience,andexhibitedandpresentedtothemindinitslifeanditsgrowth.

1.Themainpurposeofthearticleis（

）.

2.Whatistheauthor’sconcernasexpressedthroughthefirstmetaphoricexposition?

3.Thesecondconcernoftheauthorrefersto

（

）.

4.Whatisthefunctionoftheauthor’sfrequentusageofrhetoricalfiguresofspeech?

5.Inthepassage,theauthoroutlinesapleafor（

）.

问题1选项

A.toclarifythesystemofeconomictheory

B.tosuggestanewsystemofphilosophy

C.tocriticizethesystemofmathematics

D.toillustratethesystematicdialectics

问题2选项

A.Randomdisbursementofproposalsandhypothesis.

B.Aconfusionofalgebraicformularies.

C.Anunwarrantedlossofappropriatereference.

D.Violationofintellectualpropertyrights.

问题3选项

A.avariegatedsetoffallacies

B.acantankeroustypeofpessimism

C.unqualifiedquackery

D.theproliferationofmetaphysics

问题4选项

A.Definition.

B.Clarification.

C.Exemplification.

D.Illustration.

问题5选项

A.rigor

B.topicality

C.reliability

D.flexibility

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:1.主旨大意题。文中提到“itisoneamongthemanyproblemsofphilosophytoestablishawiseeconomy”，这是众多关系创建明智经济体的哲学问题之一。其中it是指前面的“theintellectualbusinessofthinking”，后续围绕哲学及思想展开阐述，因此B选项“提出一种新的哲学体系”符合题意。

第2题:2.判断推理题。作者的第一次metaphoricexposition“隐喻性阐述”出现在“…tofearlestathoughtlessandlavishdissipationofthenoblestmentalendowmentsshouldbecomeprevalent,orafalseandbaselesscredit-systeminthoughtspringupamidanabsolutedeficiencyofasolidandpermanentcapitalsafelyinvestedinfundamentalideasandlastingtruths.”即担忧对最高贵的精神天赋的轻率和奢侈的挥霍会成为普遍现象，担忧由于缺乏可靠的资本安全地投资于重要的思想和永恒的真题，虚假和毫无根据的信用体系会涌现出来。所以作者担心的是思想天赋的消耗，C选项“不适当的损失”符合题意。

第3题:3.判断推理题。文中提到“Asforthesecondsimile:Ishould…wishtogainavictory…oversomeofthemanyerrorsandmanysemblancesofthought”，本句说到，作者希望战胜思想中的那些错误和假想。因此A选项“各种错误的见解”符合题意。

第4题:4.写作手法题。文中几处“hasasortofaffinityandresemblance”“Asforthesecondsimile”“andsuchastheeyecantakeineasilyandagreeably”等修辞手法都是为了生动说明文中提出的新哲学体系。因此B选项clarification“说明”符合题意。

第5题:5.作者意图题。在文中，作者由“Germanphilosophyisanythingbutfreefromthosealgebraicformularies…thiselaboratestructureofmechanicaldemonstrationcanneverproduceatrue,intrinsic,andfullconviction”说到德国哲学只是一些代数公式，这种复杂的机械示范永远不会产生真正的、内在的、充分的信念。后又说到“Themethodwhichphilosophyreallyrequiresisquitedifferent,beingabsolutelyinternalandintellectual”，哲学真正需要的方法是与前面提及的德国哲学相反的。通过前后文，作者呼吁的是与“机械示范”相对的“灵活性”，因此D选项符合题意。

9.单选题

Astheworld’slargestgrainexporter,theUnitedStateshas（

）powerovertheworldfooddistributionsystem.

问题1选项

A.assorted

B.unrivaled

C.compounded

D.intrigued

【答案】B

【解析】形容词词义辨析。Assorted“各种各样的”；unrivaled“至高无上的,无敌的”；compounded“复合的,”intrigued“好奇的，被迷住的”。句意：美国作为世界上最大的粮食出口国，对世界粮食分配系统有着最高的权利。选项B符合题意。

10.单选题

Weshouldalwayskeepinmindthat（）decisionsoftenleadtobitterregrets.

问题1选项

A.urgent

B.hasty

C.instant

D.prompt

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A选项urgentadj.紧急的，急迫的；B选项hastyadj.轻率的，草率的，匆忙的；C选项instantadj.立即的，紧迫的；D选项promptadj.敏捷的，迅速的。句意：我们必须谨记仓促的决定常常会导致痛苦的悔恨。因此本题选择B项。

11.单选题

（

）,Idonotlikehimasaman.

问题1选项

A.Iadmirehimasmuchasawriter

B.AsIadmirehimasawriter

C.MuchasIadmirehimasawriter

D.AsmuchIadmireasawriter

【答案】C

【解析】句意:尽管我钦佩他是一名作家，但是我却不喜欢他这个人。

语法题。考查as引导的让步状语从句。As引导让步状语从句表示“尽管,即使”时要使用部分倒装结构:副词+as+主语+谓语,故选C。

12.单选题

X.PoliticalScience

Whatdifferencedoesitmakeifmore,orfewer,peoplevote?Whatdifferencewoulditmakeifthestatemakespeoplevote?Thesequestionsarecentralbothtonormativedebatesabouttherightsanddutiesofcitizensinademocracyandtocontemporarypolicydebatesinavarietyofcountriesoverwhatactionsstatesshouldtaketoencourageelectoralparticipation.Toaddressthem,thispaperfocusesonthephenomenonofcompulsoryvoting—legalrequirementsthatcompelcitizenstoparticipate.Specifically,byfocusingonararecaseofabolishingcompulsoryvotinginVenezuela,weexaminewhethercompulsoryvotingreducesincomeinequality.

Ourresultssupportawell-knownpropositionadvancedbyArendLijphartinhis1996presidentialaddresstotheAmericanPoliticalScienceAssociation.ForLijphart,classbias—“theinequalityofrepresentationandinfluence...notrandomlydistributedbutsystematicallybiasedinfavorofmoreprivilegedcitizens...andagainstlessadvantagedcitizens”—isthecentral“unresolveddilemma”ofdemocracy.Thenormativefoundationofthisargumentisthat,inademocracy,thepreferencesofeverycitizenshouldhaveequalweightinelectingrepresentativesanddeterminingpolicy.Lijphartcontendsthat“lowvoterturnoutmeansunequalandsocioeconomicallybiasedturnout...andunequalparticipationspellsunequalinfluence”,andthatcompulsoryvotingis“thestrongestofalltheinstitutionalfactors”initspotentialtoremedytheperniciouseffectsofclassbiasinturnout.

Despiteitsnormativeimportanceandpracticalrelevanceinpolicydebates,rigorousempiricalscrutinyofLijpharf’sclaimhasbeenlimited.Numerousscholarshaveinvestigatedtheimpactofvoterturnoutonvariousoutcomevariables.Mostofthesestudies,however,facemethodologicalshortcomingsbecausetheyarebasedonrelativelysimplecross-sectionalregressionwithoutaconvincingidentificationstrategyforcausalinference,orbecausetheyrelyoninstrumentalvariablesbasedonexogenous“shocks”toturnout(e.g.weatherevents)thatarenotrelevanttohowthelevelofvoterturnoutinfluencedbywhethervotingiscompulsoryormandatoryaffectselectoralandpolicyoutcomes.

Tworecentstudiesaddressthesemethodologicalconcerns.Fowler(2013)estimatesthecausaleffectsoftheintroductionofcompulsoryvotinginAustraliaonelectionoutcomesandpensionspending.Similarly,Bechtel,Hangartner,andSchmid(2013)examinetheeffectsoftheintroductionofcompulsoryvotingintheSwisscantonofVaudontheresultsoffederalreferendums.Bothstudiesuseanimportantchangeinthevotingruleasleverageforcausalinference,effectivelyexaminingthecounterfactualquestion:Whatwouldhavehappenedifthecompulsoryvotingrulehadnotbeenintroduced?

1.Fromthefirstparagraph,weknowthatthispaperistodiscuss___.

2.Mr.ArendLijphartholdsthefollowingviewbut___.

3.Theweakpointofthestudiesabouttheimpactofvoterturnoutonvariousoutcomevariablesisthat___.

4.WhichstatementaboutthestudiesofFowlerandBechtel,Hangartner,andSchmidisNOTtrue?

问题1选项

A.normativedebatesabouttherightsanddutiesofcitizens

B.policydebatesinavarietyofcountries

C.whethercompulsoryvotingreducesincomeinequality

D.thephenomenonofcompulsoryvoting

问题2选项

A.Inademocracy,thepreferencesofeverycitizenhaveequalweightinvoting

B.Classbiasisthecentral“unresolveddilemma”ofdemocracy

C.Lowvoterturnoutmeansunequalandsocioeconomicallybiasedturnout

D.Compulsoryvotinghasitspotentialtoremedytheperniciouseffectsofclassbiasinturnout

问题3选项

A.theyarerelativelysimple

B.theyrelyoninstrumentalvariables

C.theydonotdistinguishwhethervotingiscompulsoryormandatory

D.thereisnoconvincingidentificationstrategyforcausalinference

问题4选项

A.Theyarebothpublishedin2013.

B.Theybothexaminedtheinfluenceofcompulsoryvotingonelectionoutcomes.

C.Theyaddressthemethodologicalconcerns.

D.Theybothexaminethequestion:Whatwouldhavehappenedifthecompulsoryvotingrulehadnotbeenintroduced?

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:D

【解析】1.事实细节题。根据题干定位到第一段Toaddressthem,thispaperfocusesonthephenomenonofcompulsoryvoting—legalrequirementsthatcompelcitizenstoparticipate.Specifically,byfocusingonararecaseofabolishingcompulsoryvotinginVenezuela,weexaminewhethercompulsoryvotingreducesincomeinequality.（为了解决这一问题，本文着重研究强制投票现象——强制公民参与的法律要求。具体来说，通过关注委内瑞拉废除强制投票的罕见案例，我们研究强制投票是否减少了收入不平等）可知选C选项“强制投票是否减少了收入不平等”，原文所说的是强制公民参与的法律要求而不是D选项“强制投票现象”；第一段Thesequestionsarecentralbothtonormativedebatesabouttherightsanddutiesofcitizensinademocracyandtocontemporarypolicydebatesinavarietyofcountriesoverwhatactionsstatesshouldtaketoencourageelectoralparticipation（这些问题是关于民主国家中公民权利和义务的规范辩论的中心，也是各种国家中关于国家应该采取何种行动来鼓励选举参与的当代政策辩论的中心）是为了引出下文，并不是文章讨论的主要内容，A选项“关于公民权利和义务的规范性辩论”错误；B选项“不同国家的政策辩论”不符合原文。因此C选项正确。

2.事实细节题。根据题干关键字“Mr.ArendLijphart”定位到第二段ForLijphart,classbias—“theinequalityofrepresentationandinfluence...notrandomlydistributedbutsystematicallybiasedinfavorofmoreprivilegedcitizens...andagainstlessadvantagedcitizens”—isthecentral“unresolveddilemma”ofdemocracy.（利吉哈特认为，阶级偏见——“代表和影响的不平等……不是随机分布的，而是系统地偏向于更有特权的公民……反对弱势公民”——是民主的核心“未解决的困境”）可知A选项“在民主国家，每个公民的偏好在投票中都有同等的权重”错误，根据原文Thenormativefoundationofthisargumentisthat,inademocracy,thepreferencesofeverycitizenshouldhaveequalweightinelectingrepresentativesanddeterminingpolicy.（这一论点的规范基础