2022年考研考博-考博英语-上海交通大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号98

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-上海交通大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Therelationoftheearthonitsaxisisresponsibleforthe（）ofperiodsoflightanddarkness.

问题1选项

A.alteration

B.alternation

C.alternative

D.altercation

【答案】B

【解析】形近词辨析题。alteration变更，改变；alternation交替，更迭；alternative二选一，供替代的选择；altercation争执。句意：地球绕着地轴运转是日夜交替出现的原因。选项B符合句意。

2.单选题

Sheisawomanof（）whohasneverabandonedherprinciplesforthesakeofherownbenefits.

问题1选项

A.dignity

B.scarcity

C.integrity

D.stability

【答案】C

【解析】名词辨析题。dignity尊严，高贵；scarcity不足，缺乏；integrity正直，诚实，指道德健全，尤其表现在考验目标的坚定、责任心和信任感的行为中；stability坚定，恒心。句意：她是一个正直的女人，从不为了自己的利益而放弃自己的原则。选项C更恰当。

3.单选题

Themedicinewassupposedtocureallkindsof（）,rangingfromcoldstobackpains.

问题1选项

A.compliments

B.ailments

C.implements

D.commitments

【答案】B

【解析】名词辨析题。compliment恭维，称赞；ailment疾病，多指小病；implement工具，器具；commitment承诺，保证。句意：据说这种药可以治疗各种各样的疾病，从感冒到背痛都可以。选项B符合句意。

4.单选题

Thevirusattackstheplant,theflowerdoesnotopen,and（）noseedsareproduced.

问题1选项

A.consequently

B.subsequently

C.simultaneously

D.spontaneously

【答案】A

【解析】副词辨析题。consequently因此，结果；subsequently随后，后来；simultaneously同时地；spontaneously自发地，不由自主地。句意：病毒攻击植物，花不能开放，因此种子也没有发芽。这里强调的是因果联系，所以选项A正确。

5.单选题

Weareto（）10,000,000computersnextyeartomeetthemarketrequirements.

问题1选项

A.turnin

B.turnout

C.turnup

D.turnto

【答案】B

【解析】turnin"交上,归还";turnout"证明是,结果是,生产";turnup"出现,发生";turnto"变成,求助于"。句意:我们计划明年生产一万台电脑以满足市场的需求。turnout在这里是生产的意思,所以选项B符合句意。

6.单选题

Idon'tsaythattopersuadeyou,butmerelyto（）myconscience.

问题1选项

A.revolve

B.relieve

C.retrieve

D.revive

【答案】B

【解析】词义辨析题。revolve旋转；循环；relieve解除，减轻；retrieve恢复，取回；revive复活，复兴。四个选项中只有relieve更符合句意。句意：我说这个不是为了劝你，只是为了让我的良心好受些。所以本题选B。

7.单选题

（）wingsforthecommonmanhadtoawaitthedawnofthespaceagetogobacktothesimplicityoftheirbeginnings.

问题1选项

A.Consequently

B.Regularly

C.Ironically

D.Comprehensively

【答案】C

【解析】考查副词辨析。consequently"因此,从而";regularly"定期地,有规律地";ironically"讽刺地";comprehensively"包括地,全面地"。句意：（）,普通人的翅膀必须等到太空时代的黎明才能回到最初的简单。选项C具有讽刺意味的是,符合句意。

8.单选题

Thebestfilmsarcthosewhich（）nationalorculturalbarriers.

问题1选项

A.transcend

B.transit

C.transcribe

D.transact

【答案】A

【解析】形近词辨析题。transcend超越，胜过；transit运输；transcribe抄写；transact办理，交易。句意：最好的电影是那些超越了民族或文化障碍的电影。选项A符合句意。

9.单选题

Islanguage,likefood,abasichumanneedwithoutwhichachildatacriticalperiodoflifecanbestarvedanddamaged?JudgingfromthedrasticexperimentofFrederickIIinthethirteenthcentury,itmaybe.Hopingtodiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakifheheardnomothertongue,hetoldthenursestokeepsilent.

Alltheinfantsdiedbeforethefirstyear.Butclearlytherewasmorethanlackoflanguagehere.Whatwasmissingwasgoodmothering.Withoutgoodmothering,inthefirstyearoflifeespecially,thecapacitytosurviveisseriouslyaffected.

TodaynosuchseverelackexistsasthatorderedbyFrederick.Nevertheless,somechildrenarestillbackwardinspeaking.Mostoftenthereasonforthisisthatthemotherisinsensitivetothesignalsoftheinfant,whosebrainisprogrammedtolearnlanguagerapidly.Ifthesesensitiveperiodsareneglected,theidealtimeforacquiringskillspassesandthelanguagemightneverbelearnedsoeasilyagain.Abirdlearnstosingandtoflyrapidlyattherighttime,buttheprocessisslowandhardoncethecriticalstagehaspassed.

Expertssuggestthatspeechstagesarereachedinafixedsequenceandataconstantage,buttherearecaseswherespeechhasstartedlateinachildwhoeventuallyturnsouttobeahighIQ.Attwelveweeksababysmilesandmakesvowel-likesounds,attwelvemonthshecanspeaksimplewordsandunderstandsimplecommands,ateighteenmonthshehasavocabularyofthreetofiftywords.Atthreeheknowsabout1000wordswhichhecanputintosentences,andatfourheknowshislanguagediffersfromthatofhisparentsinstyleratherthangrammar.

Recentevidencesuggeststhataninfantisbornwiththecapacityofspeaking.Whatisspecialaboutman'sbrain,comparedwiththatofthemonkey,isthecomplexsystemwhichenablesachildtoconnectthesightandfeelof,say,atoy-bearwiththesoundpattern"toy-bear".Andevenmoreincredibleistheyoungbrain'sabilitytopickoutanorderinlanguagefromthemixtureofsoundaroundhim,toanalyze,tocombineandrecombinethepartsofalanguageinnewways.

Butspeechhastobeinduced,andthisdependsoninteractionbetweenthemotherandthechild,wherethemotherrecognizesthesignalsinthechild'sbabbling,graspingandsmiling,andrespondstothem.Insensitivityofthemothertothesesignalsdulltheinteractionbecausethechildgetsdiscouragedandsendsoutonlytheobvioussignals.Sensitivitytothechild'snon-verbalsignalsisessentialtothegrowthanddevelopmentoflanguage.

1.WhatisthepurposeofthedrasticexperimentofFrederickIIinthethirteenthcentury?

2.Todaysomechildrenarebackwardinspeakingbecause（）.

3.Ifachildstartstospeaklaterthanothernormalchildren,hewill（）inthefuture.

4.Comparedwiththebrainofthemonkey,human'sbrainisacomplexsystemwhichenablesachild（）.

5.WhichofthefollowingcanNOTbeinferredfromthepassage?

问题1选项

A.Toprovethatababycouldn'tlivewithouthismother.

B.Todiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakwithouthearinganyhumanspeech.

C.Tofindoutwhatrolecarefulnursingwouldplayinteachingachildtospeak.

D.Toprovethatachildwouldbedamagedwithoutlearningalanguage.

问题2选项

A.theyareincapableoflearninglanguagerapidly.

B.theyarefacedwithsomuchlanguageatonce.

C.theirmothersrespondinadequatelytotheirattemptstospeak.

D.theirbrainisnotprogrammedtolearnlanguagerapidly.

问题3选项

A.haveahighIQ

B.beinsensitivetoverbalsignals

C.belessintelligent

D.notnecessarilybebackward

问题4选项

A.tobebornwiththecapacityofsinging.

B.tosecthingsmoreclearlythananimals

C.toconnectthesightandthefeelwiththesoundword

D.torunfasterthananimals

问题5选项

A.Thefacultyofspeechisinborninman.

B.Motherplaysanimportantroleinchild'slearninglanguage.

C.Insensitivityofthemothertotheinfants'signalswillcausethemtolearnnothingaboutlanguage.,

D.Thechild'sbrainishighlyselective

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】1.根据第一段的最后一句“Hopingtodiscoverwhatlanguageachildwouldspeakifheheardnomothertongue...”为了弄清一个孩子如果听不见母语会说什么语言。选项B符合原文。

2.根据第三段的第三句“Mostoftenthereasonforthisisthatthemotherisinsensitivetothesignalsoftheinfant,...”最常见的原因是母亲对婴儿的信号不敏感...。选项C符合原文。

3.根据第四段的第一句“buttherearecaseswherespeechhasstartedlateinachildwhoeventuallyturnsouttobeahighIQ.”在某些情况下，语言开始较晚的孩子最终被证明是高智商的。选项A符合原文。

4.根据第五段的第二句“whichenablesachildtoconnectthesightandfeelof,say,atoy-bearwiththesoundpattern"toy-bear".”它能让孩子把玩具熊的视觉和感觉与“玩具熊”的声音模式联系起来。选项C符合原文。

5.根据最后一段的最后一句“Sensitivitytothechild'snon-verbalsignalsisessentialtothegrowthanddevelopmentoflanguage.”母亲对儿童非语言信号的敏感对儿童的成长及其语言的发展起着至关重要的作用。选项B符合原文。

10.单选题

TheJapanesedesireformarriagehadbeenverystrong.Inthefifth"worldyouthattitudesurvey"（1）bytheManagementandCoordinationAgencyin1993,over70percentoftheJapanese（2）chosetheanswers"Oneshouldgetmarried"or"It'sbettertogetmarried."Ofthe11countriessurveyed,Japanwas（3）onlybythePhilippinesinthepercentageofthoseadvocatingmarriage（4）opposedtoasinglelife.

Inrecentyears,however,therehasbeenaspreadingrecognitionamongtheJapanesepublicthatsomething（5）ishappeninginpeople'sattitudestowardmarriage.

Whentheybegantohaveadequatefood,clothingandshelterafteryearsofpostwarshortagesandthusbecameableto（6）theirattentiontoothermatters,theJapaneseforthefirsttime（7）arenewedlookatthequestionofmarriage.Inthe1990s,peoplebegantoask"Whatonearthismarriageanyway?"andtotalkaboutmarriageitself.

InJapan,theproportionofmenstillunmarriedintheirthirtiesreachedabout20percentinthenationalcensustakenin1985,andthe（8）apparentlyexceeded30percentin1995.Theproportionofunmarriedwomeninthe25-29agebrackethasbeenincreasing（9）about5percenteveryfiveyearsuntilitisnownearly50percent.

Whataretherealreasonswomenchoosenottomarry?Earlyon,twowere（10）;womenwerenowbettereducatedandmorewomenwereinterestedinworkingoutsidethehome.Manywomenhavebecome（11）independent,acquiringenoughself-confidenceto（12）ameaningfullifeoutsideofmarriage.And（13）seemstobeawidegapinthewaymenandwomenviewmarriage.Womengenerallybelievethat,（14）women'srolesinJapan'spostwarsocietyhavebecomediversified,menhaveessentiallyremainedunchanged.（15）suchcircumstances,communicationbetweenthesexesis,infact,farfromeasy.

Besidesthat,inthepostwarJapan,individualismhasbeguntotake（16）.The50yearssincetheendofthewarmayberegardedastheprocessofa（17）fromthefamily-centeredtotheindividual-centeredwayofthinking.InJapantoday,societyhasmaturedtoapoint（18）itnowtoleratesadiversityofmarriagestyleswhichwereunthinkablenotverylongago.Inthefuture,suchtoleranceisalmost（19）toincrease.Butaheadlongplungetowardunbridledindividualismisalsodangerous.Theideal（20）maybetoachieveacomplementaryfusionofthecollectivismofJapan'straditionalcommunityandtheindividualismofthenewage.

问题1选项

A.practiced

B.conducted

C.involved

D.devised

问题2选项

A.respondents

B.correspondents

C.counterparts

D.reflectors

问题3选项

A.surpassed

B.preceded

C.disadvantaged

D.defeated

问题4选项

A.when

B.what

C.lest

D.as

问题5选项

A.important

B.common

C.exciting

D.unusual

问题6选项

A.catch

B.attract

C.turn

D.derive

问题7选项

A.made

B.took

C.began

D.learnt

问题8选项

A.number

B.amount

C.figure

D.data

问题9选项

A.to

B.by

C.with

D.upon

问题10选项

A.cited

B.dealt

C.obliged

D.occurred

问题11选项

A.monetarily

B.economically

C.mentally

D.physically

问题12选项

A.take

B.face

C.lead

D.feel

问题13选项

A.it

B.that

C.what

D.there

问题14选项

A.since

B.while

C.whether

D.when

问题15选项

A.Under

B.Within

C.On

D.At

问题16选项

A.interest

B.advantage

C.mark

D.root

问题17选项

A.range

B.step

C.shift

D.drive

问题18选项

A.which

B.where

C.that

D.what

问题19选项

A.known

B.supposed

C.prone

D.certain

问题20选项

A.approach

B.attitude

C.option

D.standard

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:D

第6题:C

第7题:A

第8题:C

第9题:B

第10题:A

第11题:B

第12题:A

第13题:A

第14题:B

第15题:A

第16题:B

第17题:C

第18题:C

第19题:C

第20题:B

【解析】1.根据原文句意可知，这里指由日本管理协调局进行的第五次“世界青年态度调查”。devised指设计，计划。符合原文句意。

2.名词辨析。respondents调查对象；correspondents通讯员；counterparts副本，相对应的人或物；reflectors反射体，反光片。根据上文的调查可知这里指被调查的对象，选项A正确。

3.surpassed超过，一般与to搭配；preceded领先，在...前面；disadvantaged劣势，不利条件；defeated击败，打败。根据原文可知，这里指日本仅次于菲律宾。即被菲律宾打败，所以选项D正确。

4.句意：在接受调查的11个国家中，只有菲律宾在提倡婚姻反对单身的比例上击败了日本。Normal07.8磅02falsefalsefalseEN-USZH-CNX-NONE这里的what做连接代词，指的是提倡婚姻的比例。所以选项B正确。

5.根据句意：近年来，日本公众普遍认识到，人们对待婚姻的态度正在发生一些不同寻常的变化。选项D符合原文语境。

6.根据原文可知这里指转移注意力，所以选项C正确。

7.makearenewedlook为固定搭配，指“重新审视”。

8.根据句意：1995年这一数字显然超过了30%。number是一个数字，figure指有意义的数值，所以本题选项C正确。

9.increasingby指增长了，按...增长，为常用搭配。

10.根据原文可知，这里指早期引用了两个原因。

11.monetarily财政上，在金钱问题上；economically在经济上；mentally精神上，智力上；physically生理上。根据句意可知，这里指女性经济独立，选项B正确。

12.根据原文，女性经济独立，获得足够自信，没有婚姻也可以过上有意义的生活。选项A符合原文。

13.根据后面的seems可以推断，此处应填入it。选项A正确。

14.根据原文，这里将男性和女性的角色进行了对比，所以填入while最为恰当。

15.Undersuchcircumstances为固定搭配，指在这种情况下。

16.takeadvantage为固定搭配，意为利用。在这里指，个人主义开始发挥作用。

17.根据原文句意：战后的50年，可以说是一个从以家庭为中心的思维方式向以个人为中心的思维方式转变的过程。选项C符合原文。

18.分析句子可知，句子结构完整，不缺成分，所以用that引导同位语从句。

19.根据句意：在未来，容忍几乎会有增加的趋势。只有选项C表示有...的趋势，所以正确。

20.根据句意：一头扎入个人主义是很危险的，最理想的态度是实现日本传统社会集体主义与新时代个人主义的互补融合。选项B符合原文句意。

11.单选题

Despitehisunsuccessfulcareer,hewas（）tothinkthatheatleasthadawarmfamilytoturnto.

问题1选项

A.conferred

B.consoled

C.confessed

D.convinced

【答案】B

【解析】动词辨析题。conferred授予，商议；consoled安慰，慰藉；confessed坦白，承认；convinced使确信，说服。句意：尽管事业不成功，他安慰自己至少有一个温暖的家可以依靠。选项B符合句意。

12.单选题

I（）thejusticeandfoughtagainstcorruptionatmybest.

问题1选项

A.confirmed

B.upheld

C.overwhelmed

D.established

【答案】B

【解析】confirmed确认,坚定;uphold支持,维护;overwhelmed压倒,淹没;established制定,建立。句意：我维护正义,尽我最大的努力与腐败作斗争。选项B符合句意。

13.单选题

Asensitivepersonisonewhoiseasilyhurtor（）bythingsthatpeopledoorsay.

问题1选项

A.offended

B.wounded

C.stimulated

D.motivated

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。offend"冒犯;进攻";wound"伤害,受伤";stimulate"刺激,鼓舞";motivate"承受,具有,支撑"。根据or可以推断填空处应与hurt意思相近。wound一般指外伤,伤口,不符合句意,所以选项A正确。句意：敏感的人很容易被别人的言行伤害或冒犯。

试题答案

A

14.单选题

Ifyouwantto（）apleasantvisit,findoutasmuchaspossibleaboutthemannersandcustomsofyourhostcountry.

问题1选项

A.secure

B.ensure

C.assure

D.restore

【答案】B

【解析】动词辨析题。secure"保护，使安全"，securesb./sth.使某人或某物安全；ensure后面一般接sth.或that从句，指“确保”；assure"使相信，使确信"，assure后面一般接sb.指向某人保证；restore"归还，修复"。句意：如果你想确保一次愉快的旅行，尽可能多地了解东道国的风俗礼仪。所以选项B正确。

15.单选题

HispastaffectionforJane（）anynewrelationshipimpossibleforhim.

问题1选项

A.resented

B.rendered

C.repelled

D.resorted

【答案】B

【解析】动词辨析题。resent厌恶，憎恨；render致使，提出；repel击退，抵制；resort求助，诉诸。句意：他过去对Jane的感情致使他无法开始一段新恋情。选项B符合句意。

16.单选题

Howmanythingscanyouseeinthenightsky?Alot!OnaclearnightyoumightseetheMoon,someplanets,andthousandsofsparklingstars,

Youcanseeevenmorewithatelescope.Youmightseestarswherebeforeyouonlysawdarkspace.Youmightseethatmanystarslooklargerthanothers.Youmightseethatsomestarsthatlookwhitearereallyredorblue.Withbiggerandbiggertelescopesyoucanseemoreandmoreobjectsinthesky.Andyoucanseethoseobjectsinmoreandmoredetails.

Butscientistsbelievetherearesomethingsintheskythatwewillneversee.Wewon'tseethemwiththebiggesttelescopeintheworld,ontheclearestnightoftheyear.That'sbecausethey'reinvisible.They'rethemysteriousdeadstarscalledblackholes.

Youmightfindithardtoimaginethatstarsdie.Afterall,ourSunisastar.Yearafteryearweseeitupintheskyburningbrightly,givingusheatandlight.TheSuncertainlydoesn'tseemtobegettingoldorweak.Butstarsdoburnoutanddieafterbillionsofyears.

Asastar'sgasesburn,theygiveofflightandheat.Butwhenthegasrunsout,thestarstopsburningandbeginstodie.

Asthestarcools,theouterlayersofthestarpullintowardthecenter.Thestarsquashesintoasmallerandsmallerball.Ifthestarwasverysmall,thestarendsupasacold,darkballcalledablackdwarf.Ifthestarwasverybig,itkeepssquashinginwarduntilit'spackedtogethertighterthananythingintheuniverse.

ImagineiftheEarthwerecrusheduntilitwasthesizeofatinymarble.That'showtightlythisdeadstar,ablackholeispackeD.Whatpullsthestarintowarditscenterwithsuchpower?It'sthesameforcethatpullsyoudownwhenyoujump—theforcecalledgravity.Ablackholeissotightlypackedthatitsgravitysucksineverything—evenlight.Thelightfromblackholecannevercomebacktoyoureyes.That'swhyyouseenothingbutblackness.

Sothenexttimeyoustareupatthenightsky,remember：there'smoreintheskythanmeetstheeyes!Scatteredinthesilentdarknessareblackholes—thegreatmysteryofspace.

1.Accordingtothearticle,whatcausesastartodie?

2.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTafact?

3.WhathappensAFTERastardies?

4.Whycan'tyouseelightwhenyoulookatablackhole?

5.Whatisthemainideaofthearticle?

问题1选项

A.Asitsgasesrunout,itcoolsdown.

B.Itcollideswithotherstars.

C.Itcanonlyliveforaboutamillionyears.

D.Asitgetshotterandhotter,itexplodes.

问题2选项

A.Blackholesaredeadstars.

B.Blackholeshavegravity.

C.Blackholesareinvisible.

D.Thereisnothingasmysteriousasablackhole.

问题3选项

A.Itbecomesinvisible.

B.ItfallstoEarth.

C.Itburnsupallofitsgases.

D.Itbecomesbrighterandeasiertosee.

问题4选项

A.Becausemostblackholesaresofaraway.

B.Becausethegravityofablackholeissostrongthatitsucksthelightinward.

C.Becauseasthestar'sgasesburn,itstopsgivingoffheatandlight.

D.Becauseasastarcools,itsouterlayerspullintowarditscenter.

问题5选项

A.ThefutureofourSunbillionsofyearsfromnow.

B.ThedifferencebetweenourSunandadeadstar.

C.Themysteryofblackholesintheuniverse.

D.Thesparklinganddyingstarsinthesky.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据笫五段的第二句"whenthegasrunsout,thestarstopsburningandbeginstodie."当气体耗尽时,恒星停止燃烧并开始死亡。选项A符合原文。

2.细节事实题。根据倒数第二段的内容可知,选项A,B,C均是对黑洞正确的描述;选项D描述太绝对,所以不正确。

3.判断推理题。根据六七段的内容可知,当恒星死亡后,重力使其向内挤压,最后可能形成黑洞。而黑洞是看不见的,所以选项A正确。

4.判断推理题。根据倒数策二段的倒数二三句"Ablackholeissotightlypackedthatitsgravitysucksineverything—evenlight.Thelightfromblackholecannevercomebacktoyoureyes."黑洞是如此的紧凑以至于它的重力吸收一切——甚至光。黑洞发出的光永远不会回到你的眼睛里。选项B符合原文。

5.主旨大意题。结合全文内容,本文主要是讲黑洞的形成与影响,所以选项C正确。

17.单选题

Thepoisonproducedbythespider'sskinisso（）thatitwillparalyzeabirdoramonkeyimmediately.

问题1选项

A.lethal

B.liable

C.tedious

D.profound

【答案】A

【解析】形容词的辨析题。lethal"致死的,致命的";liable"有责任的,有义务的";tedious"乏味的,单调的";profound"知识渊博的。句意：蜘蛛皮肤产生的毒液是致命的，它会立即使一只鸟或一只猴子瘫痪。选项A符合句意。

18.单选题

Plasticsheetingshouldbewrappedaroundthetreeinwinnerto（）itfromthewindandthefrost.

问题1选项

A.recover

B.shield

C.shade

D.rescue

【答案】B

【解析】recoverfrom恢复;shield与from庇护,使免遭……;shade不与from搭配,rescuefrom从...中营救。句意：应该用塑料布把树裹起来,以防止风和霜冻。选项B符合句意。

19.单选题

Hewasinextremestateofdistressanddepressionwhenheknewthathehad（）lungcancer.

问题1选项

A.extracted

B.contracted

C.abstracted

D.attracted

【答案】B

【解析】固定搭配题。contractadisease为固定搭配,意为"感染疾病";extract"提取;搾出",一般与介词from连用;abstract"提取,摘要";attract"吸引,引起…的注意"。句意：当他知道自己得了肺癌时，他极度痛苦和沮丧。

20.单选题

Competitorsfrommorethanahundredcountrieshave（）inLosAngelesfortheOlympicGames.

问题1选项

A.denounced

B.converged

C.detached

D.sprawled

【答案】B

【解析】动词辨析题。denounced谴责，揭发，声明...无效；converged聚集，齐聚；detached分离的；sprawled平躺的。句意：来自100多个国家的运动员齐聚洛杉矶参加奥运会。选项B符合句意。

21.单选题

PreviousresearchbyscientistsfromKeilUniversityinGermanymonitoredAdeliepenguinsandnotedthatthebirds'heartratesincreaseddramaticallyatthesightofahumanasfaras30metersaway.Butnewresearchusinganartificialegg,whichisequippedtomeasureheartrates,disputesthis.ScientistsfromtheScottPolarResearchInstituteatCambridgesaythataslowmovinghumanwhodoesnotapproachthenesttooclosely,isnotperceivedasathreatbypenguins.

Theearlierfindingshavebeenusedtopartlyexplainthe20percentdropinpopulationsofcertaintypesofpenguinsneartouristsites.However,touroperatorshavecontinuedtoinsistthattheiractivitiesdonotadverselyaffectwildlifeinAntarctica,sayingtheyencouragenon-disruptivebehaviorintourists,andthatthedeclineinpenguinnumbersiscausedbyotherfactors.

AmandaNimonoftheScottPolarResearchInstitutespentthreesouthernhemispheresummersatCuvervilleIslandinAntarcticastudyingpenguinbehaviortowardshumans."Anestingpenguinwillreactverydifferentlytoapersonrapidlyandcloselyapproachingthenest,"saysNimon."Firsttheyexhibitlargeandprolongedheartratechangesandthentheyoftenfleethenestleavingitopenforpredators（捕食者）toflyinandremoveeggsorchicks."Theartificialegg,speciallydevelopedfortheproject,monitoredboththeparentwhohadbeendisturbedwhentheeggwasplacedinthenestandtheotherparentastheybothtookitinturnstoguardthenest.

However,BorisCulik,whomonitoredtheAdeliepenguins,believesthatNimon'sfindingsdonotinvalidatehisownresearch.Hepointsoutthatspeciesbehavedifferently一andNimon'sworkwaswithGentoopenguins.NimonandhercolleaguesbelievethatCulik'sresearchwasmethodologicallyflawedbecausethemonitoringofpenguins,responsesentailedcapturingandrestrainingthebirdsandfittingthemwithheart-ratetransmitters.Therefore,arguesNimon,itwouldnotbesurprisingiftheybecamestressedonseeingahumansubsequently.

1.PreviousresearchbyGermanscientistshasshownthat（）.

2.AnewfindinginrecentresearchbyBritishscientistsisthat（）.

3.Anartificialeggisusedinthenewresearchinorderto（）.

4.AccordingtoNimon,theconductorofthenewresearch,acomparisonoftheoldandthenewresearchrevealsthat（）.

5.Accordingtothepassage,whichfactoristhemostimportantinfluenceforpenguins'sheartrates?

问题1选项

A.theheartrateofpenguinsinAntarcticaisincreasing

B.penguinsaredisturbedbythepresenceofahuman

C.thenumberofpenguinsinAntarcticaisdeclining

D.penguinsofdifferentspeciesbehavedifferently

问题2选项

A.penguinsneartouristsitesinAntarcticahavebeendisruptedbythetouristactivities

B.penguinparentsbothtaketurntoguardtheirnestandlookaftertheireggsorchicks

C.penguinsarenotthreatenedbyahumanwhoapproachesthenestslowlyanddistantly

D.penguinsabandonthenestleavingeggsorchicksunprotectedwheneverseeingahuman

问题3选项

A.observepenguins'heartrates

B.exchangeforarealpenguinegg

C.monitorthehatchofpenguineggs

D.measurepenguins,bodytemperature

问题4选项

A.thetworesearchesproducedcontradictorybutbothvalidfindingsfortheywerebasedondifferentspeciesofpenguin

B.thetworesearchesproducedcompatibleandcomplementaryfindingsfortheystudieddifferentspeciesofpenguin

C.theoldresearchwasunreliableforithadscaredpenguinsandchangedtheirlaterbehaviorbyfittingamonitoronthem

D.thenewresearchrevealspenguinsneedbetterprotectionfromtourists

问题5选项

A.Climatechange.

B.Touristactivities.

C.Scientificresearch.

D.Notfirmlyknownyet.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据关键词“German”定位到第一段首句“Previousresearch...notedthatthebirds'heartratesincreaseddramaticallyatthesightofahumanasfaras30metersaway.”他们发现，远在30米之外的企鹅看到人类时，它们的心率会急剧上升。选项A符合原文。

2.细节事实题。原文中并没有出现British，但可以看到第一段的尾句中的Cambridge可定位答案。“...aslowmovinghumanwhodoesnotapproachthenesttooclosely,isnotperceivedasathreatbypenguins.”行动缓慢、不太靠近巢穴的人类不会被企鹅视为威胁。选项C符合原文。

3.细节事实题。根据关键词“artificialegg”定位到第一段第二句“Butnewresearchusinganartificialegg,whichisequippedtomeasureheartrates,disputesthis.”由此可知，选项A符合原文。

4.细节推理题。根据最后一段的第三句“Nimonandhercolleaguesbelieve...withheart-ratetransmitters.”Nimon和她的同事认为，Culik的研究在方法论上是有缺陷的，因为对企鹅的监控和反应需要捕捉和控制企鹅，并给它们安装心率发射器。选项C符合原文。

5.细节推理题。文章对企鹅是否会因为游客而受到影响这个问题进行了讨论。通读全文可知文章并没有得出什么具体的影响因素的结论。所以选项D正确。

22.单选题

Itisperhaps,noaccidentthatmanyoftheoutstandingfiguresofthepastwereamazinglyversatilemen.Rightupuntilcomparativelyrecenttimes,itwaspossibleforanintelligentpersontoacquainthimselfwithalmosteverybranchofknowledge.Thus,amanofgeniuslikeLeonardodaVinciengagedinmanycareersatonceasamatterofcourse.DaVinciwassobusywithhisnumerousinventionsthathebarelyfoundthetimetocompletehispaintings.HecameveryneartofulfillingtheRenaissanceidealofthe"universalman",themanwhowasproficientateverything.Today,werarely,ifever,hearthatamusicianhasjustinventedanewtypeofsubmarine.

Knowledgehasbecomedividedandsub-dividedintocountless,narrowly-definedcompartments.Thespecialistisrespected;theversatileperson,farfrombeingadmired,ismoreoftenregardedwithsuspicion.Themodemworldisaworldofhighly-skilled"experts"whohavehadtodevotethegreaterpartoftheirlivestoaverylimitedfieldofstudyinordertocompetewiththeirfellows.Butthishasnotbeenachievedwithoutconsiderablecost.Thescientist,whooutsidehisownparticularsubjectislittlemorethanamoron,isamodemphenomenon;asisthemanofletterswhoisbarelyawareofthetremendousstridesthathavebeenmadeintechnology.Similarly,specializationhasindirectlyaffectedquiteordinarypeopleineverywalkoflife.Manyactivitieswhichwereoncepursuedfortheirownsakes,areoftengivenupindespair;theyrequiretechniques,theexpertstellus,whichtakealife-timetomaster.Whylearntoplaythepiano,whenyoucanlistentotheworld'sgreatestpianistsinyourowndrawing-room?

Littlebylittle,wearebecomingmoreandmoreisolatedfromeachother.Itisalmostimpossibletotalktoyourneighborabouthisjob,evenifheisengagedinroughlythesameworkasyouare.TheRoyalSocietyinBritainincludesamongitsmembersonlythemosteminentscientistsinthecountry.Yetitishighlydisturbingtofindthatevenhere,asoneofitsmembersputit,atalectureonly10%ofthememberscanunderstand50%ofwhatisbeingsaid!

1.Thepassageimpliesthat（）.

2.Theword"moron"(Paragraph2)mostprobablymeans（）.

3.Whichofthefollowingisthebestpossibletitleforthepassage?

4.Accordingtothepassage,inordertostandout,ascientistshould（）.

5.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?

问题1选项

A.menofremarkableachievementsinthepastwereaccidentallyversatile

B.nogreatmaninthepastwasqualifiedasuniversalexceptdaVinci

C.nowadaysversatilemenaregenerallyhighlyregarded

D.nowadaysitisnearlyimpossibleforamantobeversatile

问题2选项

A.afoolishman

B.ahard-workingman

C.anexpert

D.amiserableman

问题3选项

A.HowtoBecomeaVersatileMan.

B.VersatileMen.

C.HowtoBecomeanIntelligentMan.

D.IntelligentMen.

问题4选项

A.engageinasmanycareersaspossible

B.becomeamemberoftheRoyalSociety

C.confinehimselftoalimitedareaofstudy

D.beawareofthegreatprogressinscienceandtechnology

问题5选项

A.DaVinciwastoobusywithhismanyinventionstofinishhispaintings.

B.Inthemodemworldamancanbecomeversatilewithoutpayingtheprice.

C.Nowadaysamanoflettersscarcelyknowsaboutthechangesintechnology.

D.DuringtheRenaissancemuchemphasiswasplacedonbeinguniversal.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:B

【解析】1.细节推理题。第一段的最后一句为本文的主旨句“Today,werarely,ifever,hearthatamusicianhasjustinventedanewtypeofsubmarine.”这句话的潜在意思就是说:现在多才多艺的人越来越少。选项D符合原文。

2.语义题。原文中的分号,以及as说明,前后是同类事物的比较。根据下文的whoisbarelyawareof可知，moron表示的是"什么都不知道的人",所以选项A正确。原文