美国概况-美国历史课件

AmericanHistory“AmericanHistory”ABriefHistoryoftheUSATheColonialPeriodII.AmericanRevolutionIII.AmericanCivilWarIV.ImperialismI.TheColonialPeriodQuestionsTheinhabitantspriortothearrivaloftheEuropeansarenowcalled____________.2.______iscommonlyregardedasthediscovererofAmerica.3.ThefirstsuccessfulEnglishsettlementinAmericawas_________in1607.4.In1620,agroupofpuritansarrivedatAmericaonashipcalled___________.Pre-ColonialAmerica:PeopleFirstCamebytheBeringSeaManyculturesthrivedintheAmericasbeforeEuropeanscame,includingthePuebloans普韦布洛人(Aztec阿兹特克人)inthesouthwestandtheAdenaCulture雅典娜文化intheeast.Severalsuchsocietiesandcommunities,overtime,intensifiedthispracticeofestablishedsettlements,andgrewtosupportsizeableandconcentratedpopulations.Pre-ColonialAmericaAncientPueblopeoplesAncientPueblopeoplesorAncestralPueblopeopleswereanancientNativeAmericanculturecenteredonthepresent-dayFourCornersareaoftheUnitedStates,comprisingsouthernUtah,northeasternArizona,northernNewMexico,andsouthwesternColorado.Theylivedinarangeofstructures,includingpithouses,pueblos,andcliffdwellingsdesignedsothattheycouldliftentryladdersduringenemyattacks,whichprovidedsecurity.AztecTheAztec

/ˈæztɛk/peoplewerecertainethnicgroupsofcentralMexico,particularlythosegroupswhospoketheNahuatllanguageandwhodominatedlargepartsofMesoamericafromthe14thto16thcenturies.Pre-ColonialAmericaSometalesandarchaeologicalevidencesshowthatVikingshadlandedtheAmericanContinentinthetenthcentury,longbeforeColumbus.

TheDiscoveryoftheNewWorldAmerigoVespucciChristopherColumbusColonialAmericaChristopherColumbuswassaidtobethefirstEuropeantosetfootonwhatwouldonedaybecomeU.S.territoryintheinitial1492voyage.ChristopherColumbus(1451–1506)wasanavigator,colonizerandoneofthefirstEuropeanstoexploretheAmericasaftertheVikings.WithhisfourvoyagesofdiscoveryallfundedbyIsabellaIofCastile,heinitiatedtheprocessofSpanishcolonizationwhichforeshadowedgeneralEuropeancolonizationofthe"NewWorld."Whydidtheearlysettlerscometo

America?OpportunityItdrewEnglishmerchantswhodreamedofestablishinggreatnewestatesoutofthewildness.Itdrewcarpenters,bakers,tailorsandotherskilledworkmenwhocouldnotfindjobinEngland.Itdrewthepoorandthehomelessfromfarmlandsandvillages.ItdrewmanyEnglishinsearchofreligiousfreedom.Spanishexplorationandsettlement(1493–variousdates)SpanishexplorerswerethefirstEuropeanstocometowhatisnowtheUnitedStates,beginningwithChristopherColumbus'secondexpedition,whichreachedPuertoRicoinNovember19,1493.TheSpanishbecamethefirstEuropeanstoreachtheAppalachianMountains,theMississippiRiver,theGrandCanyonandtheGreatPlains.ColonialAmericaSpanishexplorationandsettlement(1493–variousdates)TheSpanishsentsomesettlers,creatingthefirstpermanentEuropeansettlementinthecontinentalUnitedStatesatSt.Augustine,Floridain1565andlaterSantaFe,NewMexico,SanAntonio,Tucson,SanDiego,LosAngelesandSanFrancisco.MostSpanishsettlementswerealongtheCaliforniacoastortheSantaFeRiverinNewMexico.ColonialAmericaEnglish/BritishColonialAmerica(1585-1776)ThefirstsuccessfulEnglishcolonywasestablishedin1607,ontheJamesRiveratJamestown(AformervillageofsoutheastVirginia,namedforthereigningmonarch,JamesI.).

ThePlymouthColonywasestablishedin1620.NewEnglandwasfoundedprimarilybyPuritanswhoestablishedtheMassachusettsBayColonyin1629.ColonialAmericaThePuritansThePuritanswerewealthy,well-educatedgentlemen.TheywantedtopurifytheChurchofEnglandandthreatenedwithreligiouspersecution,thePuritansleaderssawtheNewworldasthearefugeprovidedbyGodforthoseHemeanttosave(acityuponahill).Theybelievedinintolerablemoralism.ThirteenColoniesAmericanRevolutionII.AmericanRevolutionQuestions:5.ThefirstshotsoftheAmericanwerefiredat___________,Massachusetts,in1775.6.On______,intheSecondContinentalcongress,_______wasdeclared,whichwasprimarilywrittenby___________.7.The__________,in1803,gaveWesternfarmersuseoftheimportantMississippiRiverwaterway,almostdoubledtheterritoryoftheU.S.TheAmericanWarofIndependence

WhatwerethecausesoftheWarofIndependence?

Britain’scolonialpolicyTheeconomyinthe13coloniesdevelopedveryfast

TheBritishgovernmentwastobringthedevelopmentundercontrolandtocollectmoretaxesfromthecolonies.“Notaxationwithoutrepresentation”

(无代表，不纳税）ConflictsBetweentheColoniesandEnglandSugarAct(1764)&TheStampAct(1765)TheBostonMassacre(1770)TheBostonTeaParty(1773)TheStampAct1.17652.Thefirstdirecttax.3.“NoTaxationwithoutRepresentation.”

Americanscomplainedvehementlythattaxeswereimposedbytheimperialgovernmentinwhichthecolonieshadnovoiceorrepresentation.4.Itwasrepealedin1766.TheBostonMassacreMarch5,1770.ThrowingsnowballsneartheBostonCustomsHouse.Britishsoldiersfiredintothecrowd.Fivecivilianswerekilled.TheBostonTeaPartyEastIndiaCompany’smonopoly.BoycottthedumpingoftheBritishtea.Dec.16,1773,342chestsofteawerethrownintotheharborwaters.ThePortofBostonwasclosed.FirstContinentalCongressTheFirstContinentalCongresswasaconventionofdelegatesfromtwelvecolonies(notincludingGeorgia)thatmetonSeptember5,1774,atCarpenters'HallinPhiladelphia,earlyintheAmericanRevolution.ItwascalledinresponsetothepassageoftheCoerciveActsbytheBritishParliament.TheIntolerableActshadpunishedBostonfortheBostonTeaParty.TheCongressmetbrieflytoconsideroptions,includinganeconomicboycottofBritishtrade;rightsandgrievances;andpetitionedKingGeorgeIIIforredressofthosegrievances.TheCongressalsocalledforanotherContinentalCongressintheeventthattheirpetitionwasunsuccessfulinhaltingenforcementoftheIntolerableActs.Thedelegatesalsourgedeachcolonytosetupandtrainitsownmilitia.WarBrokeOutApril19,17752,000soldierstoconfiscatemunitionsatConcord.ThefirstshotswerefiredatLexington,MassachusettswiththeBritishcolonists.SecondContinentalCongressMay10,1775,representativesfromallthe13coloniesmetinPhiladelphiatodiscussthesituation.TheContinentalArmywasfounded.GeorgeWashingtonwaselectedcommander-in-chief.FormationoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica(1776

-

1789)OnJuly4,1776,theSecondContinentalCongress,declaredtheindependenceofanationcalled"theUnitedStatesofAmerica"intheDeclarationofIndependence,whichdefinedtherightsofthepeopleoftheindependentstates,primarilyauthoredbyThomasJefferson.TheDeclarationofIndependence

July4.1776TheDeclarationStated:“Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertaininalienablerights,thatamongtheseareLife,Liberty,andthepursuitofHappiness.”我们认为下述真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物主赋予他们若干不可让与的权利，其中包括生存权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。FormationoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica(1776-1789)Thecolonists'victoryatSaratoga[ˌsærəˈtəuɡə]

ledtheFrenchintoanopenalliancewiththeUnitedStates.In1781,acombinedAmericanandFrenchArmy,actingwiththesupportofaFrenchfleet,capturedalargeBritisharmy

ledbyGeneralCharlesCornwallisatYorktown,Virginia,adecisivevictoryinAmericanWarofIndependence.TheBattleofSaratoga萨拉托加战役Date:Sept19----October17,1777(eighteendays)Place:SaratogainNewYorkStateDeathtoll:British(600);US(300)TurningPoint:hearteningthesupportersofindependenceandconvincingFrancetoenterinthewarasanallyofthefledglingUnitedStates.TheBattleofSaratogaTheBattleofYorktown约克镇战役Date:Sept28----Oct19,1781Place:SaratogainNewYorkStateParticipants:US(8000+3100)France(8800+29warships)VSBritain(7200)Deathtoll:British(300);US(88)Significance:provedtobethelastmajorlandbattleoftheAmericanRevolutionaryWar,asthesurrenderbyBritisharmypromptedtheBritishgovernmenttonegotiateanendtotheconflict.TheBattleofYorktownTheWarEnded(1781)SixandahalfyearsWononOct.19,1781Washingtonandhisarmy,corneredandforcedthesurrenderofBritishforcesatYorktown,Virginia.GeorgeWashington(1732-99)GeorgeWashingtonwasappointed(1775)commanderinchiefoftheContinentalarmy.Aftervictory(1783),hepresidedoverthecouncilwhichdrafted(1787)theU.S.constitution,andwasunanimouslyelectedpresident.ThomasJefferson(1743–1826)Anti-FederalistsThechairmanofthecommitteeThethirdpresidentofU.S.A(1801-1809)FormationoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica(1776-1789)AseriesofattemptstoorganizeamovementtooutlineandpressreformsculminatedintheCongresscallingtheConstitutionalConventionof1787,whichmetinPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania.TheConstitutionalConventionMay,1787,Delegatesfromall13statesexceptRhodeIslandmetinPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania.GeorgeWashingtonwasunanimouslyelectedpresidingofficer.Todrawanewconstitutionwhichwasratifiedin1789.What’stheinfluenceoftheWarofIndependence?

Ithadgreatinternationalinfluence.

ThecoloniesinSpanishAmericaroseuponeafteranothertooverthrowSpanishcolonialrules.TheFrenchRevolutionAftertheWarofIndependence,capitalismgotachanceforfreerdevelopment.TerritorialexpansionAftertheConstitutionwasratified,apresidentandcongresswereelectedunderitsprovisions.GeorgeWashington—arenownedherooftheAmericanRevolutionaryWar,commanderandchiefoftheContinentalArmy,andpresidentoftheConstitutionalConvention—becamethefirstPresidentoftheUnitedStatesunderthenewU.S.Constitution.Thesystemofbalanceandcheckisinitiallyformed.Westwardexpansion(1789–1849)

TheTreatyofParis(1783)hasdefinedUSterritoryasbeingtotheeastoftheMississippiriver.Westwardexpansion(1789–1849)TheLouisianaPurchase,in1803,gaveWesternfarmersuseoftheimportantMississippiRiverwaterway;almostdoubledtheterritoryoftheU.S.;andremovedtheFrenchpresencefromthewesternborderoftheUnitedStates;andprovidedU.S.settlerswithvastpotentialforexpansion.Westwardexpansion(1789–1849)TheMonroe(门罗)Doctrine,expressedin1823,proclaimedtheUnitedStates‘opinionthatEuropeanpowersshouldnolongercolonizeorinterfereintheAmericas.TheMonroeDoctrinewastheninvoked(借用)intheSpanish-AmericanWar(amilitaryconflictthattookplacein1898,overtheissuesofSpanishoverseasterritoriesincludingthePhilippines,PuertoRico,CubaandGuam),aswellaslaterintheproxywars(awarinstigatedbyamajorpowerthatdoesnotitselfparticipate)betweentheUnitedStatesandSovietUnioninCentralAmerica.Westwardexpansion(1789–1849)In1830,CongresspassedtheIndianRemovalAct,whichauthorizedthepresidenttonegotiatetreatiesthatexchangedIndiantriballandsintheeasternstatesforlandswestoftheMississippiRiver.

TheactresultedmostnotablyintheforcedmigrationofseveralnativetribestotheWest,withseveralthousandIndiansdyingenroute,andtheCreeks'(nowinOklahoma)violentoppositionandeventualdefeat.Westwardexpansion(1789–1849)MexicorefusedtoaccepttheU.S.annexationofTexasin1845,andwarbrokeoutin1846.TheU.S.,usingregularsandlargenumbersofvolunteers,defeatedMexicowhichwasbadlyled,shortonresources,andplaguedbyadividedcommand.The1848TreatyofGuadalupeHidalgo

(瓜德罗普岛)

cededCalifornia,NewMexico,andadjacentareastotheUnitedStates.In1850,theissueofslaveryinthenewterritorieswassettledbytheCompromiseof1850brokeredbyWhigHenryClayandDemocratStephenDouglas.(P161)III.AmericanCivilWarQuestions:8.Aftertheelectionof_____,elevenSouthernstatessecededfromtheunion,establishingarebelgovernment,whichiscalled_______onFebruary9,1861.9.HarrietBeecherStowe’santi-slaverynovel________hadaprofoundeffectonattitudestowardAfricanAmericansandslaveryintheUnitedStates.10.In1862,Lincolnissuedthe__________,whichliberatedsomefourmillionNegroslavesintheSouth.11.Thebattleof______wastheturningpointintheCivilWar.Inthemiddleofthe19thcentury,whiteAmericansoftheNorthandSouthwereunabletoreconcilefundamentaldifferencesintheirapproachtogovernment,economics,societyandAfricanAmericanslavery.

AbrahamLincolnwaselectedPresident,theSouthsecededtoformtheConfederateStatesofAmerica,andtheCivilWarfollowed,withtheultimatedefeatoftheSouth.CivilWarAftertheelectionofLincoln,elevenSouthernstatessecededfromtheunionbetweenlate1860and1861,establishingarebelgovernment,theConfederateStatesofAmericaonFebruary9,1861.CivilWarTheCivilWar:Unionvs.ConfederacyCauseNo.1ElectionofLincolnTherepublicanpartywasformedin1854,inoppositiontotheDemocraticpartyformedin1828.ElectionofLincoln.SouthernStatesfelttheywerebulliedbytheNorthwhenhewaselected.CauseNo.2:AbolitionismHarrietBeecherStoweSothisistheladywhostartedtheCivilWar.

--AbrahamLincolnUncleTom’sCabinSold300,000copiesin

thefirstyear.2millioninadecade!Fueledastrong,widespreadanti-slaveryfeelingTheWarBegins-theFiringonFortSumteronApril12th,1861TheProgressofSecessionStatesthatsecededbeforeApril15,1861StatesthatsecededafterApril15,1861(FortSumter)UnionstatesthatpermittedslaveryUnionstatesthatforbadeslaveryTerritories,unaffiliated12345Stateandterritoryboundaries,1864–5.Unionstates

Unionterritories

Kansas,enteredUnionasafreestate

Unionborderstatesthatpermittedslavery

TheConfederacy

Unionterritoriesthatpermittedslavery213456EmancipationProclamationSept.22nd,1862tochangethesituationofthewarItfreedtheslavesonlyinstatesthathavesecededfromtheUnion.Itdidnotfreeslavesinborderstates.Emancipation=freedomGettysburg–ATurningPointGettysburgisthelargestbattleinthehistoryoftheWesternhemisphere.Over100,000peoplediedin3daysin1863.ItwasthelasttimetheSouthinvadedtheNorth.GettysburgAddressthatfromthesehonoreddeadwetakeincreaseddevotiontothatcauseforwhichtheygavethelastfullmeasureofdevotion--thatweherehighlyresolvethatthesedeadshallnothavediedinvain--thatthisnation,underGod,shallhaveanewbirthoffreedom--andthatgovernmentofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeople,shallnotperishfromtheearth.

LincolnisAssassinatedinApril14,1865whileattendingaperformanceofOurAmericanCousinatFord'sTheatrewithhiswifeandtwoguests.

ThewarwasdrawingtoaclosewiththesurrenderoftheSouthinApril9th,1865.Questions:12.The__________wasthebeginningofthe____________inthelate1920sand1930s.PresidentRoosevelt’s(FDR)_______measureswasto________________________.13.TheUnitedStatesdeclaredwaragainstJapanafteritssurpriseattackon________onDecember7,1941.14.TheUnitedStatesdroppedtwoatomicbombson________andNagasakiinAugust1945,thushastenedtheunconditionalsurrenderofJapan.15.AfterWWII,theUnitedStatesbecameoneofthetwodominant________,andthe________began.IV.ImperialismReconstructionandtheriseofindustrialization(1865–1918)Americaexperiencedanacceleratedrateofindustrialization,mainlyinthenorthernstates.MonopoliesplaguedtheUnitedStatesandcorruptionwithintheoil,steel,andrailroadbusinesseswasvast.Reconstructionandtheriseofindustrialization(1865–1918)U.S.Federalgovernmentpolicy,sincetheJamesMonroeAdministration,hadbeentomovetheindigenouspopulationbeyondthereachofthewhitefrontierintoaseriesofIndianreservations.

Reconstructionandtheriseofindustrialization(1865–1918)Internationalpowerwithsubstantialpopulationandindustrialgrowthdomesticallyandnumerousmilitaryventuresabroad,includingtheSpanish-AmericanWarin1898.Thisperiodwascappedbythe1917entryoftheUnitedStatesintoWorldWarI.Post-WorldWarIandtheGreatDepression(1918–1940)FollowingWorldWarI,theU.S.grewsteadilyinstatureasaneconomicandmilitaryworldpower.TheUnitedStatesSenatedidnotratifytheTreatyofVersailles[vɛəˈsai]imposedbyitsAlliesonthedefeatedCentralPowers;instead,theUnitedStateschosetopursueunilateralism,ifnotisolationism.Post-WorldWarIandtheGreatDepression(1918–1940)Duringmostofthe1920s,theUnitedStatesenjoyedaperiodofunbalancedprosperity:farmpricesandwagesfell,whileindustrialprofitsgrew.Theboomwasfueledbyariseindebtandaninflatedstockmarket.Thestockmarketcrashwasthebeginningoflongeconomicdepressioninthelate1920sand1930s.PresidentRoosevelt’sNewDealmeasureswastosaveAmericandemocracyandthecapitalsystem.Therecoverywasrapidinallareasexceptunemployment,whichremainedfairlyhighuntil1940.Post-WorldWarIandtheGreatDepression(1918–1940)WorldWarII(1940-1945)andHomefront-UnitedStates-WorldWarIIAswithWorldWarI,theUnitedStatesdidnotenterWorldWarIIuntilaftertherestoftheactiveAlliedcountrieshaddoneso.ItsdecisiontodeclarewarfollowedJapan'ssurpriseattackonPearlHarboron7December1941.Untilthen,theUnitedStates’isolationismhadboundthecountrytoneutrality.TheAmericanarmedforcesweresignificantlysmallerthantheequivalentforcesofFrance,Germany,Britain,theSovietUnionandJapan.BattleagainstJapanThefirstyearsofthewaragainstJapanwaslargelyadefensivebattlewiththeUnitedStatesNavyattemptingtopreventtheJapaneseNavyfromassertingdominanceofthePacificregion.Initially,Japanwonthemajorityofitsbattlesinashortperiodoftime.JapanquicklydefeatedandcreatedmilitarybasesinGuam,Thailand,Malaya,HongKong,PapuaNewGuinea,IndonesiaandBurma

BattleagainstJapanTheturningpointofthewarwastheBattleofMidwayinJune1942.TheUnitedStatesNavyhadbrokentheJapanesecommunicationcodes.TheAmericansbeganfightingtowardsChina.Duringthisperiod,theyinadvertentlytriggeredwhatwouldbecometheirmostcomprehensivevictoryintheentirewar.BattleagainstJapanBattleagainstJapanThePacificwarbecamethelargestnavalconflictinhistory.Thedecisiontousenuclearweaponstoendtheconflicthasbeenoneofthemostcontroversialdecisionsofthewar.ThefirstbombwasdroppedonHiroshima

onAugust6,1945,unexpectedbytheJapanese.ThesecondbombwasdroppedonNagasakionAugust9.OnAugust15,1945,theJapanesesurrenderedunconditionallyandthewarwasover,avoidingabloodyinvasion.ColdWarbeginningsandtheCivilRightsMovement(1945–1964)FollowingWorldWarII,theUnitedStatesemergedasoneofthetwodominantsuperpowers.Thepost-wareraintheUnitedStateswasdefinedinternationallybythebeginningoftheColdWar,inwhichtheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionattemptedtoexpandtheirinfluenceattheexpenseoftheother,checkedbyeachside'smassivenucleararsenalandthedoctrineofmutualassureddestruction.WithintheUnitedStates,theColdWarpromptedconcernsaboutCommunistinfluence,andalsoresultedingovernmenteffortstoencouragemathandsciencetowardeffortslikethespacerace.ColdWarandtheCivilRightsMovement(1945–1964)InthedecadesafterWorldWarII,theUnitedStatesbecameaglobalinfluenceineconomic,political,military,culturalandtechnologicalaffairs.JohnF.KennedywaselectedPresidentin1960.TheKennedy'sbroughtanewlifeandvigortotheatmosphereoftheWhiteHouse.Duringhistimeinoffice,theColdWarreacheditsheightwiththeCubanMissileCrisisin1962.HewasassassinatedinDallas,Texas,onNovember22,1963.ColdWarandtheCivilRightsMovement(1945–1964)TheAmericansmovefromfarmsintothecitiesandexperiencedaperiodofsustainedeconomicexpansion.Atthesametime,institutionalizedracismacrosstheUnitedStateswasincreasinglychallengedbythegrowingCivilRightsmovementandAfricanAmericanleaderssuchasMartinLutherKing,Jr.ColdWar(1964–1980)TheColdWarcontinuedthroughthe1960sand1970s.TheUnitedStatesenteredtheVietnamWar.Feminismandtheenvironmentalmovementbecamepoliticalforces,andprogresscontinuedtowardcivilrightsforallAmericans.TheCountercultureRevolutionsweptthroughthenationandmuchoftheweste