高分子专业英语课文翻译

1、高分子专业英语课文翻译高分子专业英语选讲课文翻译资料A高分子化学和高分子物理UNIT 1 What are Polymer?第一单元什么是高聚物，What are polymers? For one thing, they are complex and giant molecules and什么是高聚物，首先，他们是合成物和大分子，而且不同于低分子化合物，譬are different from low molecular weight compounds like, say, common salt. To如说普通的盐。contrast the difference, the molecul

2、ar weight of common salt is onlywhile与低分子化合物不同的是，普通盐的分子量仅仅是58.5,that of a polymer can be as high as several hundred thousand, evenmore than thousand 而高聚物的分子量高于105,甚至大于106。thousands . These big molecules or macro- molecules are made up of much smaller这些大分子或“高分子”由许多小分子组成，小分子相互结合形成大分子，molecules, can be

3、 of one or more chemical compounds. To illustrate,imagine that大分子能够是一种或多种化合物。举例说明，a set of rings has the same size and is made of the same material.When these things想象一组大小相同并由相同的材料制成的环。当这些环相互连接areinterlinked, the chain formed can be considered as representing apolymer from 起来，可以把形成的链看成是具有同种分子量化合物组成的

4、高聚 物。molecules of the same compound. Alternatively, individual ringscould be of另一方面，独特的环可以大小不同、材料不同，different sizes and materials, and interlinked to represent apolymer from相连接后形成具有不同分子量化合物组成的聚合物。molecules of different compounds.This interlinking of many units has given the polymer its name, polymea

5、ning许多单元相连接给予了聚合物一个名称，poly意味着“多、聚、重复”，many and mer meaning part (in Greek). As an example, agaseous compoundmer意味着“链节、基体”(希腊语中)。例如：称为丁二烯的气态化合物,called butadiene, with a molecular weight of 54, combines nearly4000 times and 分子量为54,化合将近4000次，gives a polymer known as polybutadiene (a synthetic rubber) w

6、ithabout 200得到分子量大约为200000被称作聚丁二烯(合成橡胶)的高聚物。0高分子专业英语选讲课文翻译资料000molecular weight. The low molecular weight compounds from whichthe polymers形成高聚物的低分子化合物称为单体form are known as monomers. The picture is simply as follows:下面简单地描述一下形成过程：butadiene + butadiene + ? + butadiene-?polybutadiene(4 000 time)丁二烯，丁二烯

7、，,丁二烯一一？聚丁二烯4000次)(One can thus see how a substance (monomer) with as small a molecule weight因而能够看到分子量仅为54的小分子物质(单体)as 54 grow to becom e a giant molecule (polymer) of (54 x 4 000?)200 000 molecular如何逐渐形成分子量为200000的大分子(高聚物)。weight. It is essentially the giantness of the size of thepolymer molecule实质

8、上，正是由于聚合物的巨大的分子尺寸才使其性能不同于象苯这样的一般 化 that makesits behavior different from that of a commonly known chemical compound 合物。such as benzene. Solid benzene, for instance, melts to become liquid benzene at例如，固态苯，在5.5?熔融成液态苯，进一步加热，煮沸成气态苯。5.5? and , on further heating, boils into gaseous benzene. As against

9、this与这类简单化合物well-defined behavior of a simple chemical compound, a polymer likepolyethylene 明确的行为相比，像聚乙烯这样的聚合物不能在某一特定的温度快 速地熔融成纯净的液does not melt sharply at one particular temperature into cleanliquid. Instead, 体。it becomes increasingly softer and, ultimately, turns into a veryviscous, tacky而聚合物变得越来越

10、软，最终，变成十分粘稠的聚合物熔融体。molten mass. Further heating of this hot, viscous, molten polymer does convert将这种热而粘稠的聚合物熔融体进一步加热，会转变成各种气体，it into various gases but it is no longer polyethylene. （Fig. 1.1）.但它不再是聚乙烯（如图1.1）。固态苯一一？液态苯一一？气态苯1高分子专业英语选讲课文翻译资料加热，5.5?加热，80?固体聚乙烯一一？熔化的聚乙烯一一？各种分解产物-但不是聚乙烯加热加热图1.1低分子量化合物（苯

11、）和聚合物（聚乙烯）受热后的不同行为Another striking difference with respect to the behavior of apolymer and that发现另一种不同的聚合物行为和低分子量化合物行为是关于溶解过程。of a low molecular weight compound concerns the dissolution process.Let us take,for example, sodium chloride and add it slowly to s fixed quantityof water. The例如，让我们研究一下，将氯化钠

12、慢慢地添加到固定量的水中。salt, which represents a low molecular weight compound, dissolves in water up to 盐，代表一种低分子量化合物，在水中达到点 (叫饱和点)溶解，s point (called saturation point) but, thereafter, any further quantity added does但，此后，进一步添加盐不进入溶液中却沉到底部而not go into solution but settles at the bottom and just remains there a

13、s solid.保持原有的固体状态。The viscosity of the saturated salt solution is not very much different from that饱和盐溶液的粘度与水的粘度不是十分不同。of water. But if we take a polymer instead, say, polyvinyl alcohol, and add it但是，如果我们用聚合物替代，譬如说，将聚乙烯醇添加到固定量的水中，聚to a fixed quantity of water, the polymer does not go into solution i

14、mmediately.合物不是马上进入到溶液中。The globules of polyvinyl alcohol first absorb water, swell and get distorted in聚乙烯醇颗粒首先吸水溶胀，发生形变，经过很长的时间以后进入到溶液中。shape and after a long time go into solution. Also, we can add a very large quantity同样地，我们可以将大量的聚合物加入到of the polymer to the same quantity of water without the sat

15、uration point ever 同样量的水中，不存在饱和点。being reached. As more and more quantity of polymer is added to water, the time将越来越多的聚合物加入水中，认为聚合物溶解的时间明显地增加，最2高分子专业英语选讲课文翻译资料taken for the dissolution of the polymer obviously increases and themix ultimately终呈现柔软像面团一样粘稠的混合物。assumes a soft, dough-like consistency. An

16、other peculiarity is that,in water,另一个特点是，在水中聚乙烯醇不会像过量polyvinyl alcohol never retains its original powdery nature as theexcess sodium的氯化钠在饱和盐溶液中那样能保持其初始的粉末状态。chloride does in a saturated salt solution. In conclusion, we cansay that (1)总之，我们可以讲(1)聚乙烯醇的溶the long time taken by polyvinyl alcohol for dis

17、solution, (2) theabsence of a解需要很长时间，(2)不存在饱和点，saturation point, and (3) the increase in the viscosity are all characteristics(3)粘度的增加是典型聚合物溶于溶液中的特性，这些特性主要of a typical polymer being dissolved in a solvent and these characteristics are归因于聚合物大分子的尺寸。attributed mainly to the large molecular size of the

18、polymer. The behavior of alow molecular weight compound and that of a polymer on dissolution are illustrated 如图1.2说明了低分子量化合物和聚合物的溶解行为。in Fig.1.2.氯化钠晶体加入到水中 ？晶体进入到溶液中.溶液的粘度不是十分不同于充分搅拌水的粘度一一？形成饱和溶液.剩余的晶体维持不溶解状态.加入更多的晶体并搅拌氯化钠的溶解氯乙烯醇碎片加入到水中一一？碎片开始?胀一一？碎片慢慢地进入到溶液中允许维持现状充分搅拌一一？形成粘稠的聚合物溶液.溶液粘度十分高于水的粘度继续搅拌聚

19、合物的溶解图1.2低分子量化合物（氯化钠）和聚合物（聚乙烯醇）不同的溶解行为Gowariker VR, Viswanathan N V, Sreedhar J. Polymer Science. NewYork:3高分子专业英语选讲课文翻译资料John Wiley & Sons, 1986.6UNIT 2 Chain Polymerization第二单元链式聚合反应Many olefinic and vinyl unsaturated compounds are able to formchain-OlikeStaudinger第一个发现一例现象，许多烯姓:和不饱和烯姓;通过打开双键可macr

20、omolecules through elimination of the double bond, a phenomenonfirst 以形成链式大分子。recognized by Staudinger. Diolefins polymerize in the same manner, however, only二烯姓:以同样的方式聚合，然而，仅限于两个双键中one of the two double bonds is eliminated. Such reactions occurthrough the initial的一个。这类反应是通过单体分子首先加成到引addition of a m

21、onomer molecule to an initiator radical or aninitiator ion, by 发剂自由基或引发剂离子上而进行的，靠这些反应活性中心由 引发剂转移到被which the active state is transferred from the initiator to the added monomer.力口成的单体上。In the same way by means of a chain reaction, one monomer molecule after the other以同样的方式，借助于链式反应，单体分子一个接一个地被加成(每秒200

22、0,is added (200020000 monomers per second) until the active state is terminated 20000 个单体)直到活性中心通过不同的反应类型而终止。through a different type of reaction. The polymerization is a chain reaction in聚合反应是链式反应的原因有两种：two ways: because of the reaction kinetic and because as a reaction product one因为反应动力学和因为作为反应产物它

23、是一种链式分子。链分子的长度与动力obtains a chain molecule. The length of the chain molecule isproportional to the学链长成正 比。kinetic chain length.One can summarize the process as follow (R. is equal to theinitiator radical):链式反应可以概括为以下过程(R?相当与引发剂自由基)：略One thus obtains polyvinylchloride from vinylchloride, orpolystyrene

24、 from因而通过上述过程由氯乙烯得到聚氯乙烯，或由苯乙烯获得聚苯乙烯，或乙烯4高分子专业英语选讲课文翻译资料styrene, or polyethylene from ethylene, etc.获得聚乙烯，等等。The length of the chain molecules, measured by means of the degreeof借助于聚合度估算的分子链长，在一个大范围内可以通过选择适宜的反应polymerization, can be varied over a large range through selectionof suitable条件被改变。reaction

25、conditions. Usually, with commercially prepared andutilized polymers,通常，通过大量地制备和利用聚合物，聚合度在1000,the degree of polymerization lies in the range of 1000 to 5000, butin many cases 5000 范围内，但在许多情况下可低于500、高于10000。it can be below 500 and over 10000. This should not be interpreted to mean that这不应该把所有聚合物材料的分

26、子量理解all molecules of a certain polymeric material consist of 500, or1000, or 5000 为由500,或1000,或5000个单体单元组成。monomer units. In almost all cases, the polymeric material consists of a mixture在几乎所有的事例中，聚合物材料由不同聚合度的聚合物分子的混合物组成。of polymer molecules of different degrees of polymerization.Polymerization, a c

27、hain reaction, occurs according to the same mechanism as聚合反应，链式反应，依照与众所周知的氯（气）-氢（气）反应和光气的分解机理进行。the well-known chlorine-hydrogen reaction and the decomposition of phosegene.The initiation reaction, which is the activation process of the double bond,双键活化过程的引发剂反应，可以通过热、辐射、超声波或引发剂产生。can be brought abou

28、t by heating, irradiation, ultrasonics, or initiators. Theinitiation of the chain reaction can be observed most clearly withradical or ionic用自由基型或离子型引发剂引发链式反应可以很清楚地进行观察。initiators. These are energy-rich compounds which can add suitableunsaturated这些是高能态的化合物，它们能够加成不饱和化合物(单体)并保持自由基compounds (monomers)

29、and maintain the activated radical, or ionic,state so that或离子活性中心 以致单体可以以同样的方式进一步加成。further monomer molecules can be added in the same manner. For theindividual steps5高分子专业英语选讲课文翻译资料of the growth reaction one needs only a relatively small activationenergy and对于增长反应的各个步骤，每一步仅需要相当少的活化能，therefore throu

30、gh a single activation step (the actual initiationreaction) a large因此通过一步简单的活化反应(即引发反应)即可将许多烯类单体分子转化成聚合物，number of olefin molecules are converted, as is implied by the term“chain这正如连锁反应这个术语的内涵那样。reaction ” . Because very small amounts of the initiator bring aboutthe formation因为少量的引发剂引发形成大量的聚合物原料(1:1

31、000,1:10000),of a large amount of polymeric material (1:1000 to 1:1000), it ispossible to regard从表面上看聚合反应很polymerization from a superficial point of view as a catalyticreaction. For this可能是催化反应。reason, the initiators used in polymerization reactions are oftendesignated as由于这个原因，通常把聚合反应的引发剂看作是聚合反应的引发

32、剂，polymerization catalysts, even though, in the strictest sense, theyare not true但是，严格地讲它们不是真正意义上的催化剂，catalysts because the polymerization initiator enters into thereaction as a real因为聚合反应的催化剂进入到反应内部而成为一部分，同时可partner and can be found chemically bound in the reactionproduct ,i.e. ,the以在反应产物，既聚合物的末端发现

33、。polymer, In addition to the ionic and radical initiators there arenow metal complex此外离子引发剂和自由基引发剂有的是金属络合物引发剂initiators (which can be obtained, for example, by the reaction of titanium(例如，通过四氯化钛或三氯化钛与烷基铝的反应可以得到)，tetrachloride or titanium trichloride with aluminum alkyls), whichplay an Z引发剂在聚合反应中起到了重

34、要作用，important role in polymerization reactions (Ziegler catalysts) ,Themechanism of their catalytic action is not yet completely clear.它们催化活动的机理还不是十分清楚。高分子专业英语选讲课文翻译资料UNIT 3 Step-Growth Polymerization第三单元逐步聚合Many different chemical reactions may be used to synthesizepolymeric许多不同的化学反应通过逐步聚合可用于合成聚合材料

35、。materials by step-growth polymerization. These includeesterification, amidation,这些反应包括酯化、酰胺化、氨基甲酸the formation of urethanes, aromatic substitution, etc.Polymerization proceeds 酯、芳香族取代物的形成等。by the reactions between two different functional groups, e.g.,hydroxyl and通过反应聚合反应在两种不同的官能团，如，羟基和竣基，或异鼠酸酯和羟基之

36、间。carboxyl groups, or isocyanate and hydroxyl groups.All step-growth polymerization fall into two groups depending on thetype of所有的逐步聚合反应根据所使用单体的类型可分为两类。monomer(s) employed. The first involves two different polyfunctional monomers in第一类涉及两种不同的官能团单体，每一种单体仅具有一种官能团。which each monomer possesses only one

37、 type of functional group. A polyfunctional monomer is one with two or more functional groups permolecule. The second involves一种多官能团单体每个分子有两个或多个官能团。a single monomer containing both types of functional groups. Thesynthesis of第二类涉及含有两类官能团的单种单体。polyamides 川ustrates both groups of polymerization reactio

38、ns. Thus, polyamides聚酰胺的合成说明了聚合反应的两个官能团。因此聚酰胺可以由二can be obtained from the reaction of diamines with diacids酸的反应或氨基酸之间的反应得到。元胺和二元nH2N-R-NH2+nHO2R- -CO2H?H-(-NH-R-NHCOR -CO-)n-OH+(2n-1)H2O (3.1)or from the reaction of amino acids with themselvesnH2R-CO2H? H-(-NH-R-CO-)n-OH+(n-1)H20 (3.2)The two groups

39、 of reactions can be represented in a general mannerby the equations两种官能团之间的反应一般来说可以通过下列反应式表示as followsA+B-B ? - -A-A-B-B-A-B?- -A-B-反应式略7高分子专业英语选讲课文翻译资料Reaction (3.1) illustrates the former, while (3.2) is of the lattertype.反应(3.1)说明前一种形式，而反应(3.2)具有后一种形式。图3.1逐步聚合的示意图(a)未反应单体；(b)50%已反应;(c)83.3%已反应;(

40、d) 100%已反应(虚线表示反应种类)Polyesterification, whether between diol and dibasic acid orintermolecularly聚酯化，是否在二元酸和二元醇或羟基酸分子间进行，是逐步聚合反应过程的 一个例子。between hydroxy acid molecules, is an example of a step-growth polymerizationprocess. The esterification reaction occurs anywhere in the monomer matrix where酯化反应出现在

41、单体本体中两个单体分子相碰撞的位置，two monomer molecules collide, and once the ester has formed, it, too, can react且酯一旦形成，further by virtue of its still-reactive hydroxyl or carboxyl groups.The net effect依靠酯上仍有活性的羟基或竣基还可以进一步进行反应。of this is that monomer molecules are consumed rapidly without anylarge increase酯化的结果是单体

42、分子很快地被消耗掉，而分子量却没有多少增加。in molecular weight. Fig. 3.1 川ustrates this phenomenon. Assume,for example,图3.1说明了这个现象。that each square in Fig. 3.a represents a molecule of hydroxy acid.After the 例如，假定图3.1中的每一个方格代表一个羟基酸分子。initial dimmer molecules from (b), half the monomer molecules havebeen consumed (b)中的二聚

43、体分子，消耗二分之一的单体分子聚合物种类的聚合度(DP)是2。and the average degree of polymerization (DP) of polymeric speciesis 2. As trimer and more dimer molecules form (c), more than 80% of themonomer molecules have (c)中当三聚体和更多的二聚体形成，大于80%勺单体分子已反应，但DP仅仅还是2.5。reacted (d), DP is 4. But each polymer molecule that forms still h

44、asreactive end (d)中当所有的单体反应完，DP是4。但形成的每一种聚合物分子还有反应活性的端基；groups; hence the polymerization reaction will continue in astepwise fashion, 因此，聚合反应将以逐步的方式继续进行，其每一步酯化反应 的反应速率和反应机理均与with each esterification of monomers. Thus, molecular weightincreases slowly even8高分子专业英语选讲课文翻译资料初始单体的酯化作用相同。因此，分子量缓慢增加直至高水平的单

45、体转化率，at high levels of monomer conversion, and it will continue toincrease until the而且分子量将继续增加直到粘度的增加使其难以除去酯化反应的水或难以找到相互反应viscosity build-up makes it mechanically too difficult to removewater of 的端基。esterification or for reactive end groups to find each other.It can also be shown that in the A-A+B-B

46、 type of polymerization, an exact-A+B-B的聚合反应中也可以看到，在Astoichiometric balance is necessary to achieve high molecularweights. If some精确的当量平衡是获得高分子量所必需的。monofunctional impurity is present, its reaction will limit themolecular weight假如存在一些但官能团杂质，由于链的端基失活，反应将使分子量减少。by rendering a chain end inactive. Simil

47、arly, high-purity monomers are necessary同样，在A-B类的缩聚反应中高纯度的单体是必要的，in the A-B type of polycondensation and it follows that high-yield reactions are而且可以归结高收率的反应仅是形成聚合物的实际反应，the only practical ones for polymer formation, since side reactions will upset因为副反应会破坏当量平衡。the stoichiometric balance.Stevens M P.

48、 Polymer Chemistry. London: Addison-WesleyPublishing Company, 1975. 13UNIT 4 Ionic Polymerization第四单元离子聚合反应Ionic polymerization, similar to radial polymerization, also has the mechanism离子聚合反应， 与自由基聚合反应相似,也有链反应的机理离子聚合反应， 与自由基聚合反应相似,也有链反应的机理of a chain reaction. The kinetics of ionic polymerization are

49、, however,但是，离子聚合的动力学明显地不同于自由基聚合反应。considerably different from that of radical polymerization.The initiation reaction of ionic polymerization needs only a small(1)离子聚合的引发反应仅需要很小的活化能。activation energy. Therefore, the rate of polymerization depends only slightly因此，聚合反应的速率仅对温度有较少的依赖性。9高分子专业英语选讲课文翻译资料on

50、 the temperature. Ionic polymerizations occur in many cases with explosive在许多情况下离子聚合猛烈地发生甚至低于50?violence even at temperature below 50?(for example, the anionic polymerization(例如，苯乙烯的阴离子聚合反应在-70?在四氢味喃中，of styrene at - 70? in tetrahydrofuran, or the cationicpolymerization of或异丁烯的阳离子聚合在-100?在液态乙烯中)。iso

51、butylene at - 100? in liquid ethylene ).With ionic polymerization there is no compulsory chain termination(2)对于离子聚合来说，不存在通过再结合反应而进行的强迫链终止,through recombination, because the growing chains can not react with each other.因为生长链之间不能发生链终止。Chain termination takes place only through impurities, or throughth

52、e addition链终止反应仅仅通过杂质而发生，或者说通过和某些像水、醇、of certain compounds such as water, alcohols, acids, amines, oroxygen, and in 酸、胺或氧这样的化合物进行加成而发生，general through compounds which can react with polymerization ionsunder the 且一般来说（链终止反应）可通过这样的化合物来进行，这种化合物在中性聚合物或没有聚合活性的离formation of neutral compounds or inactive i

53、onic species. If theinitiators are子型聚合物生成的过程中可以和活性聚合物离子进行反应。如果引发剂仅仅部分地离解，only partly dissociated, the initiation reaction is an equilibriumreaction, where引发反应即为一个平衡反应，在出现平衡反应的场合，reaction in one direction gives rise to chain initiation and in theother direction在一个方向上进行链引发反应，而在另一个方向上则发生链终止反应。to chain

54、termination.In general ionic polymerization polymerization can be initiatedthrough acidic通常离子聚合反应能通过酸性或碱性化合物被引发。or basic compounds. For cationic polymerization, complexes of BF3,AlCl, TiCl, 34对于阳离子聚合反应来说，BF,AlCl,TiCl和SnCl 3344and SnCl with water, or alcohols, or tertiary oxonium salts have shown the

55、mselves 4与水、或乙醇，或叔洋盐的络合物提供了部分活性。正离子是产生链引发的化 合物。to be particularly active. The positive ions are the ones that cause chain10高分子专业英语选讲课文翻译资料initiation. For example:例如:（反应略）三乙基硼氟酸烽However, also with HCl, HSO, and KHSO, one can initiate cationicpolymerization. 244然而，BF也可以与HCl、HS&口 KHS0I发阳离子聚合反应。3244Init

56、iators for anionic polymerization are alkali metals and theirorganic阴离子聚合反应的引发剂是碱金属和它们的有机金属化合物，compounds, such as phenyllithium, butyllithium, phenyl sodium, and例如苯基锂、丁基锂和三苯甲基锂，triphenylmethyl potassium, which are more or less stronglydissociated in它们在不同的溶剂中或多或少地强烈分解。different solvents. To this grou

57、p belong also the so called Alfincatalysts, which所谓的Alfin催化剂就是属于这一类，这类催化剂是异丙醇钠、烯丙基钠和氯are a mixture of sodium isopropylate, allyl sodium, and sodium chloride.化钠的混合物。With BF (and isobutylene as the monomer), it was demonstrated that the 3BF为引发剂(异丁烯为单体),3polymerization is possible only in the presence

58、of traces of traces of water or证明仅在痕量水或乙醇的存在下聚合反应是可以进行的。alcohol. If one eliminates the trace of water, BF alone does notgive rise to 3如果消除痕量的水，单纯的BF不会引发聚合反应。3polymerization. Water or alcohols are necessary in order to allow the formation按照上述反应为了能形成BF-络合物和引发剂离子水或乙醇是必需的。3of the BF-complex and the init

59、iator cation according to the above reactions. 3However, one should not describe the water or the alcohol as a “cocatalyst ” .但是不应将水或乙醇描述成“助催化剂”。Just as by radical polymerization, one can also prepare copolymers by ionic正与自由基聚合反应一样，通过离子聚合反应也能制备共聚物，polymerization, for example, anionic copolymers of s

60、tyrene and butadiene, or例如，苯乙烯-丁二烯阴离子共聚物，11高分子专业英语选讲课文翻译资料cationic copolymers of isobutylene and styrene, or isobutylene andviny ethers,或异丁烯-苯乙烯阳离子共聚物，或异丁烯-乙烯基醴共聚物，等等。etc. As has been described in detail with radical polymerization, one can正如对自由基型聚合已经详细描述过那样，characterize each monomer pair by so-call