环境工程APS审核环境监测

1、Environmental MonitoringIn this course we learn how to characterise and monitor the quality of the environment.Persistent organic pollutants, POPs: are organic compounds that persist in the environment, to be capable of long-range transport, bioaccumulate 生物富集 in human and animal, biomagnify 生物放大作用

2、in food chains, and to have potential significant impacts on human health and the environment.Many POPs are currently or were in the past used as pesticides 杀虫剂.Most POPs are created by humans in industrial processes.Also heavy metal can harm the body by bioaccumulation baiau,kju:mjuleij3n.1.Monitor

3、ing methodsWater quality monitoringafter water sample collection keep the sample in bridge to prevent it from microorganism.also can add some agent 药剂 or adjust the pH.Pretreatment:Digestiondi:dsestj9n, dai-消解(nitric acid 硝酸 n sulfuric acid 硫酸):dissolve the solid, destroy the organic matter n turn i

4、t into inorganic compounds which is easy to decompose. Usually under a high temperature.Separation: filtration, centrifugation 离心,sedimentation, for suspended solid. Concentration: distillation 蒸馏,evaporation 蒸发,volatilizationvoiltilai zeijs n挥发, extraction 萃取,for heavy metal.Quality indexes n measu

5、ring methods:Temperature(influence density 密度,pressure n reaction velocity), pHTurbidity 浊度(by undissolved solid): spectrophotometry ispektra ufa u tomitri分 光光S法(spectrophotometer 分光光度计)TS总固体: consists ofdissolved solid 溶解性suspended solid 悬浮性 volatile solid 挥发性 nonvolatile solid 不可挥发性自由组合. , measure

6、 through weighing after drying or burning.DO(estimate the organic amount in water, essential for aerobic degradationfdegrs dejs n降解):碘量法 iodimetry ,ai列dimitri BOD: biochemical oxygen demand. The organic pollutant in the water can be decomposed 分解 by aerobe, BOD stand for the oxygen demand during thi

7、s process. It shows the amount of biodegradable organic matter in the water.BOD5: there are 2 periods of the degrade process: in the first period the organic matter is transformed to carbon dioxide, water n ammonia 氨，then in the second period the ammonia become nitrites亚硝酸盐 n nitrates硝酸盐.BOD normall

8、y refer to the oxygen demand in the first period, which lasts about 20 days. To reduce the time we measure the oxygen demand in the first 5 days, so comes the BOD5 index. According to the past research, the BOD5 covers the 70% of the BOD. Measure the saturated DO of the sample in one bottle under 20

9、 Celsius degree, after 5 days reaction measure the DO in the other bottle, BOR is the difference value of the two DO values.COD: chemical oxygen demand, is the demand of chemical oxidant when oxidize the organic matter in the water. Potassium bichromate baikrsumeit铬酸钾 K2Cr2O7 n potassium permanganat

10、e 高锰酸钾 KMnO4 are usually used as the oxidant to measure the COD index.Chemical equation ikweissn, -jbn: (the liquor color change from Cr6+-yellow, to Cr3+-blue-green, at last Fe3+-red-brawn) catalyst 催化剂:Ag2SO4Oxidize the organic matter: 2Cr2O72-+16H + + 3C(有机物)-4Cr3+8H2O+3CO2Then titrate excessive

11、过量 Cr2O72-+14H+6Fe2+-6Fe3+7H2O+2Cr3+TOC:total organic carbonTOD:total oxygen demandBOD5/COD: 0.3, suitable for biological treatment, 0.3, had better other methods adopt.N: organic nitrogennaitrsdssn -ammoniation 氨化-ammonia nitrogen -nitrification 硝化-nitrite n nitrate -denitrification 反硝化-nitrogen ga

12、s ammonia nitrogen: Nash reagent photometry, the Nash reagent with ammonia can produce yellowbrawn colloidal matter 胶状物,then colorimetric determinate it.nitrite 亚硝酸盐 n nitrate 硝酸盐 nitrogenKjeldahl 凯氏 nitrogen: the sum of ammonia nitrogen n organic nitrogen total nitrogen= ammonia+organic+nitrite+nit

13、rate nitrogenMetal element: the type, form n characteristic decide the toxicity.the organic compound (of Hg or lead) is much toxicer than inorganic compounds; solublesoljubl可溶解的 metal easier to be absorbed thus toxicer than suspended ones;For human being, hexavalent chromium(Cs) toxicer than trivale

14、nt(Cr3+).Heavy metal: Hg, Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, NiEssential trace微量 elements: Mn, CrHg(mercury): highly toxic, can persist in the body, lead to Minamata disease水俣 病.Atomic absorption spectrophotometry原子吸收分光光度法：free atoms in the gaseous state can absorb optical光学的 radiation of atoms of the same kind, s

15、o turn the metal into gas then determine it with spectrophotometer.Cyanidesai3,naid氰化物：is a chemical compound that contains the cyano group KS, -C三N. Cyanides, include organic n inorganic, most commonly refer to salts of the anion 弟nai。n阴离子 CN- like KCN, NH4CN. Most cyanides come from the industrial

16、 wastewater n are highly toxic.Change the different forms of cyanide into simple forms, then measure it by iso-nicotinic 异烟酸 acid-pyrazolone 吡唑啉酮 photometric method, when the concentration of cyanide is under 1mg/L(milligram per litre).Air quality monitoringThere is a individual course about air pol

17、lution in this semester, n just in the beginning, so we only learned a bit of it.The Earths atmosphere consists, from the ground up, of the tropospher e对流层, stratosphere 平流层(which includes the ozone layer), mesosphere中间层， thermosphere 09:msusfis暖层(which contains the ionosphere aions,sfis电离 层)n exosp

18、here散逸层.Most weather phenomena occur in troposphere.Types of pollutants n measuring methods:Particulate matter, solid or liquid, can be toxic or the media of other toxic matter, becoming more harmful.Contain:TSP: total suspended particulate pstikjulit, aerodynamic ,ssrsudain弟mik,-k。l diameter dai弟mi

19、ts 100 micrometers or less, like dust n sulfate硫酸盐.PM10 is used to describe particles of 10 micrometers or less and PM25 represents particles less than 2.5 micrometers in aerodynamic diameter 空气动力学直径. aerodynamic diameter: A particle with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers moves in a gas like

20、 a sphere球体 of unit density (1 gram per cubic centimeter) with a diameter of 10 micrometers.PM10: captured by filter membrane滤膜,measured by weighing.PM2 5: so small that can adsorb吸附 plenty of toxic n hazardous matter, stay long in the air n widely spread.Sulfur oxide 硫S化物: comes when coal n petrole

21、um pitrsulism, ps-石油 is burning or from sulfuric acid 硫酸 industry. Sulfur dioxide二氧化硫 is a major air pollutant and has significant impacts upon human health, plants n animals, can cause acid rain n corrode腐蚀 plants n buildings.Nitrogen oxide: comes from nitric n chemical fertilizer industry, autos n

22、 burning of fossil fuel. Can stimulate 刺激 skin, eyes n breath system, lead to photochemical smog光化学烟雾.Soil quality monitoringNot our important point.Soil is mainly polluted by chemical fertilizer, pesticid e农药，infiltration liquid 渗沥 液 from solid waste or the pollutants in air n water.The soil pollution can influence the human indirectly so hardly be discovered, many pesticide contain persistent organic pollutants(POPs) n remain