初中英语中考必备语法总结

1、一：主谓宾，定状补介绍1、主语 主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物，一般由名词，代词，数词，不定式等充当。 2、谓语 谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征。 一般可分为两类： 1)，简单谓语 由动词(或短语动词)构成。 可以有不同的时态，语态和语气。 2)，复合谓语：情态动词不定式 3、表语 表语是谓语的一局部，它位于系动词如be之后，说明主语身份，特征，属性或状态。一般由名词，代词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词短语等充当。 4、宾语 宾语表示动作行为的对象，跟在及物动词之后，能作宾语的有名词，代词，数词，动词不定式等。 有些及物动词可以带两个宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物，指人的叫间接宾语，指物的叫直接宾

2、语。 有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语，意思才完整，宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。 5、定语 在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。 用作定语的主要是形容词，代词，数词，名词，副词，动词不定式，介词短语等。形容词，代词，数词，名词等作定语时，通常放在被修饰的词前面。 但副词，动词不定式，介词短语等作定语时，那么放在被修饰的词之后。 6、状语 修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的句子成分，叫做状语。用作状语的通常是副词，介词短语，不定式和从句等。状语一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾。副词作状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首。 7.补语 用来说明宾语或主语所处的状态或正在进行的动作，因为英语中有些动词

3、加宾语后意思仍然不完整，如：make(使.),ask(请)等等。如果我们说：我们使我们的祖国。这不是一句完整的话。应该说：我们使我们的祖国更美丽。这是的“美丽的beautiful)为形容词做补语，说明祖国的状态。英语句子为:We will make our country more beautiful.作补语的词或词组为：形容词，副词，名词，不定式，ing形式，数词等。 8.宾补 就是宾语补足语，就是补充说明宾语的 宾语补语也可以是句子，所以这个句子也可以是： I know you are student who is good at maths 还可以是-ing 形式 I see you c

4、rossing the street 简单说就是补充和说明主语和宾语的成分.因此,就出现了主语补足语和宾语补足语.上面两位举的例子都不错.只是热雪冰冷的宾补的句子例子不是很恰当哦.他的例子是定语从句 啊 还有 主语补足语可以是表语 例如:Tom is a student.student是对Tom的解释与说明. 另外,Tom was seen playing on the playground.这个句子中playing是对Tom的解释说明 是主补 什么是主语?动词前面的都是.主语是执行句子的行为或动作的主体，如“我写字中的“我，就是主语，它做出“写 这个动作。“写那么是谓语，而“字是接受谓语“写

5、这个动作的对象，它因此被称为宾 语，有的语法书也称它为“客体或“受体。 主语可以这些列词类或形式来担任：名词，代词，名词化了的动词，形容词，分词，副词或 数词等，动词不定式或不定式短语，从句，某些固定词组的第二格。 例子： Das Auto ist repariert. (名词) 汽车修好了。 .-什么是谓语?谓语(predicate),是句子中的必不可少的成分.谓语是由简单动词或动词短语(助动词或情态动词+主要动词)构成. 谓语分为简单谓语和复合谓语.现分别举例如下(例句中的谓语用大写体打出): 一.简单谓语 由一个动词或短语动词构成的谓语,就是简单谓语.不管这些谓语动词是什么时态,语态,语

6、气,都是简单谓语.例如: 1.We PLANT trees in spring every year. 我们每年春天都种许多树. 2.The plane TOOK OFF at seven oclock. 飞机已在7点起飞. 二.复合谓语 复合谓语由两局部构成,其有不同的情况,现分别举例如下: 1.由情态动词加一个不带to的不定式构成 These students SHALL VISIT the museum tomorrow. 这些学生明天将去参观博物馆. 2.由个别情态动词和一个动词不定式构成 You OUGHT TO BEGIN with Fnglish 900. 你应从开始学. The

7、y SEEMED TO RESPECT the old professor very much. 看起来他们非常尊敬这位老教授. 3.许多带复合宾语的句子在变成被动结构后,也包含了一个复合谓语 Jack WAS SEEN TO SWIM across the river. 有人看到杰克游过河了. 4.由连系动词加表语构成 Taiwan IS AN ISLAND. 台湾是一个岛屿. The weather has turned cold. 天气已经变冷了. 5.由情态动词和连系动词构成 He MUST BE wrong. 他一定是搞错了. 谓语说明主语的动作，状态或特征。 一般可分为两类： 1)

8、，简单谓语 由动词(或短语动词)构成。 可以有不同的时态，语态和语气。 如：We study for the people. 我们为人民学习。 2)，复合谓语：情态动词不定式 如：I can speak a little English. 我可以说一点英语。-什么叫表语?表语是说明主语身份，职业，性质，状态或特征的句子成分，它只能与 sein, werden, bleiben, scheinen, heissen 这些联系动词连用： 可做表语的词类和形式 1- 名词或代词 Sie ist Krankenschwester. 她是护士。 Das ist es gerade! 正巧是这么回事儿。

9、2- 副词 Die Zeit ist um. 时间到了。 3- 形容词，分词，数词 Sie ist sehr schoen. 她好漂亮。 Durch Krankheit verhindert, musste der Saenger das Konzert verschieben. 由于生病，歌唱家只好将此音乐会改期。 4- 第二格和第四格名词 Er hat den ganzen Tag in der Fabrik gearbeitet. 他在工厂工作了一整天。 Eines Tages schlug ein Blitz in unser Haus ein. 一天，闪电打到我家的房子上。 5- 不

10、定式短语 Statt dies mit Worten zu schildern, zeige ich dir Bilder. 如其用语言来描述，还不如我给你看图片。 -什么是宾语?宾语是动作、行为的对象，是动作的承受者。宾语由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任。当然,也可以由一个句子来充当,称之为宾语从句,所以一个句子中不一定只有一个宾语.英语的及物动词后必须有宾语。宾语一般放及物动词之后，它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。说明，除及物动词有宾语之外，英语介词后面也要有宾语。另外，某些形容词如worth,careful等后也可有宾语。宾语有直接宾语和间接宾语之分。即指人的间接宾语和指

11、物的直接宾语，这两个宾语统称为双宾语。My parents bought me a computer.我父母给我买了一台电脑。(me是间接宾语，computer是直接宾语) She is playing the piano now.她正在弹钢琴。名词作宾语We all like him.代词作宾语Give me four.(数词作宾语)We all like to go to school.不定式to go to school作like的宾语。school作to的宾 语We all like swimming.动名词作宾语I think he is right.宾语从句作宾语He asked

12、me what I was thinking about at that moment. (由wh疑问代词引导的宾语从句作宾语)The book is worth reading.( 形容词worth可有宾语)补充现代汉语词典解释：宾语是动词的一种连带成分，一般在动词后边，用来答复“谁？或“什么？例如“我找厂长的“厂长，“他开拖拉机的“拖拉机，“接受批评的“批评，“他说他不知道的“他不知道。有时候一个动词可以带两个宾语，如“教我们化学的“我们和“化学。 -什么叫宾语补足语?宾语补足语通常紧跟在宾语之后，可以充当宾语补足语的大致有：动词非谓语形式如不定式，动词原形，现在分词，过去分词。，形容词，

13、副词，介宾短语。 每种情况各举1例吧。内的即宾语补足语。 前面那个例句就属于动词非谓语形式充当宾补，具体分类属于动词原形，加上括号内的ing那么是现在分词。 形容词：I find smoking bad for health. 副词：I saw the elevator up and down. 介宾短语：I saw a bird in a cage. 注：这个句子让我想起另外1个知识点，也就是，句中的状语也可能出现在与宾补同样的位置，但表达的意思不同，前者修饰主谓，后者修饰宾语，如该例句的意思是：我看见1只鸟待在1个笼子里。 如果把它理解成状语那么要闹笑话了：我在1个笼子里看见1只鸟。所以理

14、清句子各成分很重要。 -什么是定语?定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用的表示。 充当定语的有：主要由形容词担任。此外，名词、代词、数词、副词、介词短语以及动词不定式短语、分词和定语从句等都可用作定语。形容词作定语： The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修饰名词boy；blue修饰名词pen./小男孩需要一支蓝色的钢笔。 Tom is a handsome boy./Tom是个英俊的男孩。 There is a good boy./有个乖男孩。 数词作定语相当于形容词：Two boys need

15、 two pens./两个男孩需要两支钢笔。 The two boys are students./这两个男孩是学生。 There are two boys in the room./房间里有两个男孩。 代词或名词所有格作定语： His boy needs Toms pen./他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。 His name is Tom./他的名字是汤姆。 There are two boys of Toms there./那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。 介词短语作定语： The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours./教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。 T

16、he boy in blue is Tom./穿蓝色衣服的孩子是汤姆。 There are two boys of 9,and three of 10./有两个9岁的，三个10岁的男孩。 名词作定语： The boy needs a ball pen./男孩需要一支圆珠笔。 It is a ball pen./这是一支圆珠笔。 There is only one ball pen in the pencil box./这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。 副词作定语： The boy there needs a pen./那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。 The best boy here is Tom./这里

17、最棒的男孩是Tom。 不定式作定语： The boy to write this letter needs a pen./写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。 The boy to write this letter is Tom./将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。 There is nothing to do today./今天没有事要做。 分词短语作定语： The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother./那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。 The pen bought by her is made in China./她买的笔是中国产的。 Ther

18、e are five boys left./有五个留下的男孩。 定语从句： The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday./那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。 The boy you will know is Tom./你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。 There are five boys who will play the game./参加游戏的男孩有五个。定语的位置一般有两种：用在所修饰词之前的叫前置定语，用在所修饰词之后的叫后置定语。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时那么放在所修

19、饰的词之后，作后置定语。1定语前置在英语里,一般定语前置时的次序为:限定词，形容词、分词、动名词和名词性定语。但当几个形容词同时出现在名词短语之前,我们要注意其次序。其形容词遵循的词序为：限观形龄色国材，指：限定词一般指数量；外观美丽等；形状大小，高矮，肥瘦；年龄；颜色；国籍；材料；用途。如：a famous American university二. 状 语 从 句(一) 定义：在句中作状语的从句是状语从句，修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等。状语从句由附属连词引导，附属连词在句中不充当句子成分，只起连接作用，状语从句放在句首时，要用逗号，放在句尾时不用。(二) 分类根据意义上的不同，状语从句

20、可分为：时间状语从句 地点状语从句 原因状语从句 目的状语从句 条件状语从句 结果状语从句 让步状语从句 方式状语从句 比拟状语从句(三) 时间状语从句1引导 时间状语从句的连词有：as, when ( whenever ), before, after, as soon as, until ( till ), since, every time, once.2 as, when, while都有“当的时候，可以互用 When she was a child. While she was a child. She Lived in Paris. As she was a child.as有“一

21、边一边的意思He sang as he walked.when When the clock struck twelve, all the lights went out. I was sleeping when she came in. When we arrived at the station, the train had left.“while 主、从句动作或状态同时发生。用while引导的从句用延续性动词，常表示较长的时间或一个过程。While we were having supper, all the lights went out.Please keep quiet while

22、 others are studying.While I was writing letters last night, he was watching TV.when和while都可用作并列连词，连接并列分句。When表示“就在的时候, while意反而，可是，表示转折。One evening Beethoven was walking in a street, when he suddenly stopped outside a little house.并列连词引导并列句，意思是就在那时。3主句是一般将来时，时间状语从句用一般现在时表将来，主句是过去将来时，从句用一般过去时表示过去将来时

23、，主句是一般过去时，从句用一般过去时。1. I ll call you when I get there.2. They said they would leave when they got the news.3. They left as soon as they got the news.Whenever 无论什么时候，随时1. Whenever someone throws in some rubbish, the truck produces a piece of music.每当有人扔进一些垃圾时，它汽车就放一段音乐。2. Whenever we re in trouble, th

24、ey will help us.3. I go to the theatre, whenever I am free.4. Come and see me whenever you want to. 你随时来看我。till和until(表示“直到)句首多用until1. 在肯定句中表示“直到为止，主句谓语动词要用延续性动词。I was waiting until/till he arrived.2. 在否认句中表示“直到才主句谓语动词常用终止性动词，这时until和till常被before替换。I didn t leave till/until she came back.since: 主句用

25、完成时，从句用一般过去时，since引导的从句有时可用现在完成时。It is two years since I have studied English.We have known each other since we were children.We have been friends (ever since) since we met at school.It is (一段时间)+since+一般过去时态句子。 It is two years since my sister married.(一段时间) have/has passed since +一般过去时态句子Two years

26、have/has passed since my sister married.Since+时间点1. I have been at home since three o clock this afternoon.2. Maria has been in China since two years ago.*every time, each time, next timeEvery time you get back at night, you drop your boots on the floor.Every time I catch cold, I have pain in my bac

27、k.(every time 分写不可以合写) 比拟everyday (adj) 日常的，普通的every day 是名词短语，每天，天天Next time I go there, I will visit them.* once 一旦就 Once you begin, you must go on. 你一开了头，就应该继续下去。(四) 地点状语从句地点状语从句用where, wherever引导We should go where the people need us.我们应该去人民需要我们的地方。Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者，事竟成。Wh

28、erever they went, they received a warm welcome. 无论他们走到哪儿都受到热烈欢送。She follows him wherever he goes. 他无论到哪里她总跟着。(五) 原因状语从句原因状语从句用because (因为)，since (既然), as (由于)引导1. 字母由多到少，语气由强到弱。2. 由why提问必须用because答复。Since, as不答复why的提问，而且从句一般放在句首，because一般放在主句之后。3. because of +名词Because of the rain, we didn t go to t

29、he park.4. because 和so不可连用，只能选其一。另有although, butWhy didn t he come to school? Because he was ill.Since I must die, I must do it. 既然我一定要死，我一定这样做。Since a lot of people make mistakes in life, Mr Smith wanted to give John a Chance.5. for并列连词，不能放在句首，主要放在两个并列句之间。For所提供的理由为一个补充说明，而且前面常有逗号隔开。The days are sh

30、ort, for it is December now.*改错 Because he is ill is the reason why he can t come.(Because改为that)(六) 目的状语从句目的状语从句用so (常用于口语), that, so that, in order that引导目的状语从句的谓语常含有may, might, can, could, should, would等情态动词。1. We ll sit to the front, so we can hear better.2. He studied hard so that he might succ

31、eed.他努力学习，以便成功。3. I ll speak slowly so that you can take notes.我慢慢讲，以便你们能做笔记。4. They hurried to the station in order that they could catch the train.他们急忙赶往火车站，以便能赶上火车。5.I took a taxi so that I could get there earlier.6.I m going to the lecture early so that I may get a good seat.我打算早些去听讲座，以便找个好座位。(七

32、) 条件状语从句条件状语从句由if, unless, (so) as long as (只需)引导在条件状语从句中要用一般时表示将来时与时间状语从句相同We will miss the train if you don t hurry.He said we would miss the train if we didn t hurry.You will fail the exam unless you study hard. (if you don t study hard)He won t come unless he is invited. (if he isn t invited)Eat

33、 less food unless you want to become fatter. (if you don t want to become better)As long as you are not afraid of difficulties, you are sure to succeed.As long as you don t lose heart, you will succeed.(八) 结果状语从句结果状语从句由suchthat, so.that, so that, that 引导1. such that 的常用句型such +a/an +形容词+可数名词单数+thats

34、uch +形容词+可数名词单数+thatSuch+形容词+可数名词复数不可数名词+that注意so many (much, few, little) +名词，such a lot of (或lots of)+名词是惯用法，不可乱用。She is such a beautiful girl that we all like her.They were such beautiful flowers that we bought home.It was such delicious food that they ate it up.2. so+形容词或副词+thatso+形容词+a/an+可数名词单

35、数+thatHe is so rich that he can buy lot of things for himself.He works so hard that he did everything well.It was so hot a day that we all went swimming.It was such a good day that we all went swimming.3. so that, that都可以引导结果状语从句He didn t study hard, (so) that he failed the exam.4.tooto, enoughto 可以

36、引导结果状语从句与sothat 替换，sothat结构可以用tooto替换必须具备两个条件，一是主句和结果状语从句的主语必须一致，二是从句中的谓语局部必须含有can (could) not.She is so young that she can t go to school.She is too young to go to school.She isn t old enough to go to school.(九) 让步状语从句although, though ; even though = even if, whetherorhowever = no matter how ; what

37、ever = no matter what ; whoever = no matter whowhenever = no matter when ; wherever = no matter where*although和though都表示“虽然, 只是although 更正式，多用于句首，而though用于句中，二者都可与yet, still连用，但不与but连用。Although/Though they are poor, they often help others.They are poor, but they often help others.Although he has fai

38、led many times, he doesn t give up trying.Whatever / No matter what you say, I won t believe you.No matter what you say, I don t care.No matter who you are, you must obey the rules of our school.However hard he tried, he failed again.No matter what the weather is like, you can always find surfers ou

39、t riding the waves.(十) 方式状语从句方式状语从句由as (如同，按照)，as if (though)引导*as和like都有“像的意思，as是连词，后面连接句子，like是介词后面可加名词、代词或名词性短语。I did the work as others did. 相当于 I did like others.You must do as I do.as if (though)两者意义相同，从句谓语动词常用虚拟语气，但实现可能性较大，那么用连接词。It seems as if / though it s going to rain.They are talking as

40、if / though they were old friends.She treats me as if I were her brother.When you are in home, do as the Romans do.例: You must do _ I told you. A. after B. before C. where D. as (D) The students must do _ the teacher told them. A. as B. before C. after D. if (A)(十一) 比拟状语从句比拟状语从句由asas, not as (so)as,

41、 than, the+比拟级，the+比拟级引导He swims as well as you (do).He doesn t swim as well as you (do).He got here earlier than you. (did)The busier he is, the happier he feels.三状语从句专项练习50题( ) 1. What was the party like?Wonderful. Its years _I enjoyed myself so much.A. after B. before C. when D. since( ) 2. Mothe

42、r was worried because little Alice was ill, especially _Father was away in France.A. as B. that C. during D. if( ) 3. Why do you want a new job _you got such a good one already?A. that B. where C. which D. when ( ) 4. After the war, a new school building was put up _there had once been a theatre.A.

43、that B. where C. which D. when( ) 5. You will be late _you leave immediately.A. unless B. until C. if D. or( ) 6. _, Mother will wait for him to have dinner together.A. However late is he B. However he is lateC. However is he late D. However late he is( ) 7. If we work with a strong will, we can ove

44、rcome any difficulty, _great it is. A. what B. how C. however D. whatever( ) 8. We wont give up _we should fail ten times. A. even if B. since C. whether D. until( ) 9. She doesnt speak _her friend, but her written work is excellent.A. as well as B. so often as C. so much as D. as good as( ) 10. Hel

45、l be happy _he may be. A. when B. if C. because D. wherever( ) 11. The new secretary is supposed to report to the manager as soon as she _.A. will arrive B. arrives C. is arriving D. is going to arrive( ) 12. The volleyball match will be put off if it _.A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is raining(

46、 ) 13. Remember to send me a photo of your son next time you _to me.A. write B. will write C. are writing D. would write( ) 14. If city noises _from increasing, people _shout to be heard even at the dinner table in 20 years from now.A. are not kept; will have to B. are not kept; have toC. do not dee

47、p; will have to D. do not deep; have to( ) 15. I need one more stamp before my collection _.A. has completed B. completes C. has been completed D. is completed( ) 16. As she _the newspaper, Granny _asleep.A. read, was falling B. was reading, fellC. was reading, was falling D. read, fell( ) 17. If it

48、 _for the snow, we _the mountain yesterday.A. were not; could have climbed B. were not; could climbC. had not been; could have climbed D. had not been; could climb( ) 18. If he _, he _tat food.Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.A. was warned; would not take B. had been warned; would not

49、 have takenC. would be warned; had not taken D. had driven; wouldnt have got( ) 19. It is 50 years _the Peoples Republic of China was founded.A. after B. before C. when D. since( ) 20. _the sun rises, all the stars in the sky disappear.A. The moment B. Before C. Till D. For( ) 21. Not until I began

50、to work _how much time I had wasted.A. didnt I realize B. did I realize C.I didnt realize D. I realized( ) 22. Not until all the fish died in the river _how serious the pollution was.A. did the villagers realize B. the villagers realizedC. the villagers did realize D. didnt the villagers realize( )

51、23. Why do you drink so much coffee?Well, _it doesnt keep me awake in the nights, I see no harm in it.A. although B. if C. unless D. while( ) 24. It was _it rained heavily that they didnt come.A. as B. because C. for D. since( ) 25. Why not buy a cheaper one, _you dont have enough money?A. since B.

52、because C. for D. though( ) 26. It is ten years _I left home.A. when B. after C. since D. as( ) 27. He speaks English _he speaks his mother tongue.A. so good as B. as good as C. so well as D. as well as( ) 28. Try _he might, he couldnt get out of difficulty.A. when B. where C. till D. as( ) 29. _I s

53、aw the computer, I showed great interest in it.A. At first B. For the first time C. Until D. The first time( ) 30. I dont think youll be able to understand this formula(公式) _you finish school.A. as if B. only when C. even D. even when( ) 31. I often visited Tianan Men Square _I was staying in Beijin

54、g.A. until B. during C. while D. throughout( ) 32. He always thinks Im wrong, _I may say.A. no matter whatever B. whatever C. what D. that( ) 33. _the rain has stopped, lets continue to work.A. For B. Now that C. That D. Because( ) 34. _, I am sure that the boy is honest.A. Whatever people say B. No

55、 matter people sayC. What people say D. It doesnt matter people say( ) 35. I knew Mr. Green _I knew Mrs. Green.A. long before B. before long C. long ago D. after long( ) 36. They waited _it was dark before leaving, _they didnt want anyone to see them leave.A. since; because B. until; as C. unless; f

56、or D. so; because( ) 37. _often you ring, no one will answer.A. How B. However C. Whom D. Whenever( ) 38. I will never stop _they might like it.A. no matter how B. how C. what D. though( ) 39. Father was _busy in working _he often forgot rest or meals.A. very, that B. so, that C. such, as D. enough,

57、 as( ) 40. We made a decision _there would be rain, we should stay at home.A. that B. if C. that if D. whether( ) 41. I usually watch TV in the evening _I have to study for an examination.A. because B. unless C. while D. the moment( ) 42. I had lived there for over thirty years _I wanted to return t

58、o my motherland again.A. until B. after C. while D. when( ) 43. It was a long time _I went to sleep again.A. when B. while C. before D. until( ) 44. He must be ill, _he looks so pale.A. since B. because C. as D. for( ) 45. Ill take no steps _you arrive.A. and B. since C. until D. while( ) 46. You wi

59、ll catch cold _put on more clothes.A. if you B. if you will not C. unless you D. until you( ) 47. _he woke _slept, this subject is always in his mind.A. If; and B. Both; and C. Either; or D. Whether; or( ) 48. We had hardly got to the station _it began no rain.A. until B. since C. while D. when( ) 4

60、9. They were surprised that a child should work out the problem _they themselvescouldnt.A. once B. then C. while D. if( ) 50. My name is Robert, _most of my friends call me Bob for short.A. then B. instead C. however D. but答案：15 DADBA 610 DCAAD 1115 BBAAD 1620 BCBDA 2125 BAABA 26-30 CDDDD 3135 CBBAA