测绘英语unit

1、共十九页New words and ExpressionsSound saund a.正确的，有根据的，充分的Abundance bndns n.充裕，富足(fz)，大量Super abundance n.过多，剩余Disclose diskluz vt.发现，揭露Erroneous irunis a.错误的Disturb dist : b vt.干扰，扰乱Passage A Survey Adjustment共十九页New words and Expressionsconsequence knsikwns n.结果，后果inconsistency inknsistnsi vt. 不一致，(前

2、后)矛盾Trigonometrical trignmetrikl a.三角学的Consistent knsistnt a.一致的，前后统一(tngy)的Alteration ,:ltrein vt.改变，变更Consistency knsistnsi n.一致性Unsound nsaund a.不适宜的，无根据的共十九页Notes to the Text1.In almost all surveying operations，the number of quantifies actually measured is greater than the geometrically necessar

3、y minimum.译文:几乎在所有测量工作中，实际观测量的个数都大于几何(j h)上必要的观测个数。共十九页2.One obvious general principle is that the more measurement contributed to a job the more accurate the results should be .译文:一项测量工程中观测值的个数愈多，其结果(ji gu)愈精确，这是一个显而易见的道理。Notes to the Text共十九页3.，but however small these errors are they give rise to

4、inconsistencies. 由however引出的是让步状语从句。译文:然而(rn r)，不论这些误差多么小，都会带来不符值。Notes to the Text共十九页Notes to the Text4.we must not suppose that an adjustment will end in giving us correct values.译文:我们(w men)切不可认为平差解算的结果一定是正确值。共十九页New words and Expressionsbe accounted for： 说明原因, 是的原因transpose v. 变换, 使互换poor arith

5、metic： 算术(四则)运算能力差duplicate .v 复制, 使重复； n. 副本(fbn), 复制品slacking off： 松弛下来be compensated for： 被补偿, 被抵消through chance： 偶然地, 碰巧地spring balance： 弹簧秤, 拉力计Passage B Types of Error共十九页Notes to the Text1.Before under taking a discussion of the corrections that may be applied, it is well to call attention to

6、 the order in which errors are removed. 译文:在讨论可能加入的改正数之前(zhqin), 最好先注意一下误差被消除的次序。共十九页2.Once detected, these errors may usually be removed or compensated for by a predetermined procedure or application of a constant. 译文:这些误差一经被发现, 通常都可以通过事先确定的观测(gunc)方法或加入改正常数来加以消除或抵消.Notes to the Text共十九页New words a

7、nd Expressions1east squares： 最小二乘erroneous a. 错误的, 不正确的，有误差的adjusted quantity： 平差值redundant a. 多余(duy)的，重夏的redundant observations： 多余观测值true value： 真值graphical a. 图解的, 图形的graphical adjustment： 同形平差, 图解法平差be opposed to： 在的对面, 与相反arbitrary a. 任意的, 随机的, 独立的Passage C Adjustment Computation by Least Squa

8、res共十九页New words and Expressionstheorem n. 定理, 原型, 法则desired quantity： 所求值（量）vertical net： 高程网algebraic a . 代数的algebraic sum： 代数和loop n . 圈，环，闭合环from case to case： 视具体情况（事件）residual n. 残差，改正数respective a. 各自的，各个(gg)的weight n. 权coordinate n. 坐标共十九页New words and Expressionssensible a. 合理的，敏感的，明显的adjus

9、tment by observation equations： 间接平差adjustment by condition equations： 条件(tiojin)平差adjustment of direct observations： 直接平差combination of observation equations and condition equations： 间接条件混合平差共十九页Notes to the Text1.The task of adjustment computation is to “adjust” these discrepancies such that the a

10、djusted quantities are as c1ose as possible to the true value. 这是一个(y )复合句。such value 是目的状语从句。as close as possible译为: 尽可能靠近。译文:平差计算就是“调整”这些不符值，以便使平差值尽可能接近其真值。共十九页2.It has, as opposed to all other methods, the advantages that the discrepancies are not adjusted in an arbitrary manner, that it yields s

11、ensible values for the adjusted quantities, and that it makes use of statistical theorems.这是一个复合句。三个从句 that the discrepancies, that it yields,和that it makes是advantages的同位语。译文:这种方法与其它方法的不同，它有许多优点：不符值不是以任意的方式进行调整(tiozhng)的，对平差量可产生合理的数值，并可以利用统计原理。Notes to the Text共十九页3.If the observations are dependent

12、 in such a manner that they have to fulfill certain conditions, 句中that they haveconditions是由suchthat引导的结果状语(zhungy)从句。译文:然而，不论这些误差多么小，都会带来不符值。Notes to the Text共十九页Notes to the Text4.The observed height differences have to be adjusted such that addition to the principle of least squares, the algebraic sum of height differences for loops should be zero.译文:观测高差平差时，除了以最小二乘原理（为基础）外，还必须(bx)使水准闭合环高差的代数和为零。共十九页SEE YOU NEXT！共十九页内容摘要New words and Expressions。译文:几乎在所有测量工作中，实际观测量的个数都大于几何上必要的观测个数。译文:一项测量工程中观测值的个数愈多，其结果愈精确，这是