托福TPO10综合写作参考及材料

1、托福TPO10综合写作参考及材料托福TPO10综合写作参考范文The lecturer and the reading passage suggest two competing theories, the predation theory vs. the pollution theory, to explain why the sea otter population is in rapid decline.The professor reasons that the absence of dead sea otters washed up the coast suggests that t

2、heir decline is not caused by sea pollution but rather by sea predators who consume their bodies after Killing them. In contrast, the reading passage attributes the death of sea otters to pollution, citing evidence of increased sources of ocean contaminants which lead to greater vulnerability to inf

3、ections.Furthermore, the lecturer argues that orcas are likely factors in the disappearance of sea otters, because the scarcity of whales, their usual prey, has left them with no other choice but to start hunting smaller mammals like the otters for food. The reading passage, on the other hand, Rules

4、 out this theory based on the orcas preying habit, and instead approves of the pollution theory as the only explanation for the decline op both large and small sea mammals across the entire ecosystem.Finally, according to the lecturer, the uneven pattern of sea otter decline corresponds to the distr

5、ibution of the orcas. she argues that the pact that their population has declined most rapidly where orcas are most prevalent further validates the predation theory. However, the reading passage argues that changeable environmental factors, which lead to different concentrations of pollutants, bette

6、r explains the varying pattern of sea otter decline.托福TPO10综合写作阅读材料：The sea otter is a small mammal that lives in waters along the western coast of North America from California to Alaska. When some sea otter populations off the Alaskan coast started rapidly declining a few years ago, it caused much

7、 concern because sea otters play an important ecological role in the coastal ecosystem. Experts started investigating the cause of the decline and quickly realized that there were two possible explanations: environmental pollution or attacks by predators. Initially, the pollution hypothesis seemed t

8、he more likely of the two.海獭是一种生活在北美西海岸从加州到阿拉斯加沿线的小型海洋哺乳动物。几年前，阿拉斯加海岸的海獭数量急剧减少。由于海獭对于维持海岸沿线生态平衡有非常重要的作用，所以其数量下降引起了广泛的关注。专家开始研究海獭数量下降的原因，并且很快发现了两个可能的原因，分别是环境污染和天敌捕食。最初，环境污染说看起来更为可信。The first reason why pollution seemed the more likely cause was that there were known sources of it along the Alaskan co

9、ast, such as oil rings and other sources of industrial chemical pollution. Water samples from the area revealed increased levels of chemicals that could decrease the otters resistance to life-threatening infections and thus could indirectly cause their deaths.为什么污染说更为可信呢?这是因为阿拉斯加海岸确实有污染源，比如石油带或者其他的工

10、业污染物。该地的水样显示水中化学物的含量增加，其数量可以导致海獭对于对于一些致命感染丧失抵抗力，进而间接导致数量下降。Second, other sea mammals such as seals and sea lions along the Alaskan coast were also declining; indicating that whatever had endangered the otters was affecting other sea mammals as well. This fact again pointed to environmental pollution

11、, since it usually affect the entire ecosystem rather than a single species. Only widely occurring predators, such as the orca (a large predatory whale), could have the same effect, but orcas prefer to hunt much larger prey, such as other whales.第二，在阿拉斯加海域，包括海豹和海狮在内的其他海洋哺乳动物的数量也有所下降。这表明造成海獭数量下降的原因也对

12、其他海洋哺乳动物造成了影响。原因再次指向了环境污染，这是因为环境污染问题常常不是仅仅影响某个特定物种，而是影响整个生态系统。除此之外，只有像逆戟鲸(一种大型肉食鲸)那种食性广泛的动物才能通过捕食呈现相同的效果。但是，逆戟鲸更喜欢捕食像鲸类这种的大型猎物。Third, scientists believed that the pollution hypothesis could also explain the uneven pattern of otter decline: at some Alaskan locations the otter populations declined gre

13、atly, while at others they remained stable. Some experts explained these observations by suggesting that ocean currents or other environmental factors may have created uneven concentrations of pollutants along the coast.第三，科学家认为污染说同时可以解释海獭数量变化的不均衡性。所谓不均衡性是指在阿拉斯加某些区域海獭数量下降明显，而在其他地方海獭的数量保持未定。一些专家指出这样的

14、观察结果表明洋流和其他环境因素导致了海岸线上污染物的不均衡聚集。托福TPO10综合写作听力材料：Well, ongoing investigations have revealed that predation is the most likely cause of sea otter decline after all.目前的研究表明天敌捕食是最可能导致海獭数量减少的原因。First, the pollution theory is weakened by the fact that no one can really find any Dead Sea otters washing off

15、 on Alaskan beaches. Thats not what you would expect if infections caused by pollution started killing a lot of otters. On the other hand, the fact that its so hard to find dead otters is consistent with the predator hypothesis. If an otter is killed by a predator, its eaten immediately so it cant w

16、ash up on shore.首先，由于没有人发现有海獭尸体被冲上阿拉斯加海滩，所以污染理论捕食那么站得住脚的。如果污染造成的疾病感染导致了海獭数量的剧减，那么情况不该如此。而且，很少发现海獭尸体也恰恰说明了天敌捕食假说。捕食者杀死了海獭后，会很快地吃掉它，那么我们也就不会再岸上发现海獭尸体了。Second, although orcas may prefer to hunt whales, whales have essentially disappeared from the area because of human hunters. That means that orcas hav

17、e had to change their diet to survive and since only smaller sea mammals are now available, orcas have probably started hunting those. So, it probably is the orcas that are causing the decline of all the smaller sea mammals mentioned in the passage - the seals, the sea lions, and the sea otters.第二，尽

18、管逆戟鲸喜欢捕食鲸类，但是鲸类的数量却由于人类的捕猎活动而剧烈减少。这意味着逆戟鲸不得不为了生存而更改捕食习惯。目前来看只有一些小型海洋哺乳动物还可以捕捉，逆戟鲸很可能开始以它们为食了。所以，很可能是逆戟鲸的捕食导致了文中提到的诸如海豹、海狮和海獭等小型哺乳动物的数量减少。And third, the uneven pattern of otter decline is better explained by the orca predation theory than by the pollution theory. What happens to otters seems to depend on whether the location where they live is accessible to orcas or not. In those locations that orcas can access easily, the number of sea otters has declined greatly. However, because orcas are so large, they cant access