英语国家概况-美国篇中英翻译

1、 chapter 13 geography 地理位置美国的全称是美利坚合众国。我们通常简称它为美国。The full name of the United States is the United States of America ，Often we just call it the United States, the U. S. or simply America.1. 阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州(1959年)。阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位邻中太平洋。Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in American(195

2、9年).Alaska lies in northwestern Canada，and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific.2.美国陆地面积为930万平方公里。就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，仅次于俄罗斯、加拿大和中国。The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres.It is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia，Canada and China.3.所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大

3、的州是得克萨斯州。Of all states of American，Alaska is the lagest in area and Rhode Island the smallest.But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country.4. 落基山脉是北美大陆的脊梁，也被成为大陆分水岭。The Rockies，the backbone of the North American Continent，is also known as the Continental Divide.5. 阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国的两座大

4、山脉。阿巴拉契亚山脉有点西南-东北走向，而落基山脉微呈西南-西北走向。The two main mountain ranges in American are the Appalachian mountains and the Rocky mountains. The Appalachians run slightly from the northeast to southwest and the Rocky mountains run slightly from the northwest to southeast.河流与湖泊2. Rivers and lakes6. 位于阿巴拉契亚山脉和落

5、基山脉之间的是世界上大陆长河之一-密西西比河。密西西比河是美国最长河流，长达6000多公里，有被称作“众水之父”或“老人河”。Lying between the Appalachian Mountains and the Rocky Mountains is one of the worlds great continental rivers-the Mississippi. The Mississippi River is the largest river in American，over 6000 kilometers.The Mississippi has been called fa

6、ther of watersor old man river7. 俄亥俄河被称作美国的鲁尔河，就像德国一样，沿河有丰富的高品质的炼焦煤，并且因其钢铁而著名。另外，该河还为原材料提供了廉价的水路运输。The Ohio river has been called the American Ruhr，As in Germany， the area along the river is rich in valuable deposits of high-grade coking coal and is well known for its steel industry.The river provid

7、es cheap water transportation for raw materials.8. 太平洋沿岸有两大河：一条是南部的科罗拉多河，另一条是发源于加拿大的哥伦比亚河。美国西南部地区的所有农场和城市都依赖这条河。On the Pacific side there are two great rivers：the Colorado in the south and the Columbia ，which rises in Canada. All the farms and cities of the southwestern corner of the country depend

8、on its water.9. 格兰德河是墨西河和美国之间的一条天然分界线。TheRio GrandeRiver forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States.其他著名的河流还有哈得孙河和波多马克河。哈得孙河在纽约流入大西洋，波多马克河则流经首都华盛顿。Other well-known rivers include the Hudson which meets the Atlantic Ocean at New York City and the Potomac bordering the national capi

9、tal of Washington. 10. 美国最重要的湖泊是五大湖：苏必利尔湖，密歇根湖，休伦湖，伊利湖和安大略湖，其中，苏必利尔湖为世界最大淡水湖，密歇根湖完全是美国境地内。the most important lakes in the United States are the Great Lakes. They are Lake Superior，which is the largest fresh water lake in the world，Lake Michigan ，the only entirely in the U.S.，Lake Huron，Lake Erie and

10、 Lake Ontario.They are located between Canada and the United States except Lake Michigan.除密歇根湖全部属美国外，其他均为美国和加拿大之间的界湖。They are all located between Canada and the United States except Lake Michigan.11.美国气候概述1）美国东北部(新英格兰地区)属湿润的大陆性气候。A humid continental climate, is found in the north-eastern part of the

11、 country.2）美国的东南部属温润的亚热带。夏季炎热，冬季温暖。In the south-eastern United States you can find a humid subtropical climate. The summers are usually hot and wintersmild. 3）太平洋沿岸西北部像英国一样属于海洋性气候。The Pacific northwest is favored with a maritime climate12.美国的气候除受所在纬度影响外，还受其他许多因素的影响。最重要的影响还是来自太平洋，和大西泮，墨西哥湾，五大湖。Many f

12、actors besides latitude influence the climate in the United States.Perhaps the most important forces are the Atlantic and Pacific oceans，the Gulf of Mexick ，and the Great Lakes.这些巨大水域使其周边地区保持适中的温度，还产生大量水蒸气转化成降水。Theselargebodiesof waterhelpkeep temperatures moderate in the regions bordering them. The

13、y supply much of the water vapor that falls as rain. 其他的影响气候的因素：洋流、西部山脉的分布。Ocean currents、The western mountain ranges.地理区划IV. Geographical Regions 13.Traditionally from the east to the west the United States can be divided into seven geographical regions.美国从东到西可分为七个地理区。14. 新英格兰由美国东北部六个州组成，有时被称为美国的诞生

14、地。这里是美国1776年独立战争的主要中心，也是美国第一个工业区。New England is made up of six states of the Northeast . it is sometimes called the birthplace of America. It was thechiefcentreoftheAmericanWarofIndependence of 1776andwasalsothenationsfirstindustrialarea.15.新英格兰人最初曾被称为美国佬，这一名称后来逐渐指所有的美国人。许多重点大学如耶鲁大学，哈佛大学和麻省理工学院都坐落于此

15、。New Englanders were originally known as Yankees, which came to stand for all Americans. Many famous universities and colleges such as Yale，Harvard，thd Massachusetts Institute of Technology（MIT） are located here.16.大西洋中部各州的人口占美国总人口的1/5. 工业高度发达，是美国的神经中枢。The Middle Atlantic States have about one fifth

16、 of the total population of the united states. It is a highly industrialized area and the nerve centre of the country.首都华盛顿和纽约市都在此地区。纽约市是世界上最繁忙的港口之一，同时也是美国的金融、制造业和交通运输的中心。The nations capital city Washington D. C. and New York are located here. New York is one of the worlds busiest ports, and the fin

17、ancial, manufacturing and transportation centre of the country. 17. 土壤肥沃、降水量充足、生长期长,这些因素让中西部地区成为美国最重要的农业区，也是主要的制造业区各最主要的重工业区。The soil is rich，the rain usually plentiful and the growing season long，These factors make the Midwest Americas most important agricultural area .It is also a major manufactur

18、ing region and the nations leading center of heavy industry.芝加哥是五大湖最大最忙的港口，美国最大的粮食交易市场，最大的农业机械制造地，也是钢铁产品的主要生产地，还是全国最主要的畜禽市场。同时，芝加哥也是中西部的文化中心，该地区最大的工商业中心。Chicago，the largest and busiest port on the Great Lakes，It is the leading grain market of the United States, the largest manufacturer of farm machi

19、nery, a major manufacturer of iron and steel products, and a leading livestock market of the country. Chicago is also the cultural capital of the Midwest. the largest industrial and mercial centre of the area.中西部的底特律被称作“汽车之都，奥马哈被称作农业之都。Detroitof the Midwestis known as the automobile capital of the w

20、orld.Omaha is known as the agricultural capital of the United states.19.南方一直以农业为主。由于气候适宜，南方的部分地区成为主要的度假胜地。佛罗里达对冬季度假者有特殊的吸引力，而大雾山和蓝岑山则倍受夏季旅游者的青睐。agriculture was for long the Souths chief occupation. Climate has also made parts of the South leading vacation resorts. Florida holds a special attraction

21、for winter vacationers, whereas the Great Smoky and Blue Ridge Mountains are popular with tourists during the summer months. 南部矿产资源丰富，是世界上最丰富的石油产地之一。The South is rich in mineral resources. The South is also one of the richest oil-producing regions in the world.南部的纺织工业占美国的90%，The South now contains 9

22、0 % of the American textile industry.20.旱地农业，灌溉农业和牛羊牧业是美国西部大平原地区的主要活动。Dry farming ，irrigation farming，and the cattle and sheep herding are the main activities of the Great Plains of the American West.21. 科罗拉多市被称为西部的钢铁之城。丹佛是大平原地区最大的城市Colorado has been called the steel city of the west ，Denver is the

23、largest city of the Great Plains.西部的胡佛水坝就建在内华达和亚利桑那接界处的科罗拉多河上，这是美国最高的水坝。Dams have been built on the rivers, Hoover Dam built on the border between Nevadaand Arizonais one of the highest dams in the United States.22. 美国最大的土著群落位于科罗拉多高原。the largest groups of Native Americans are found on the Colorado P

24、lateau.23.因纽特人(即人们常说的爱斯基摩人)以及其他美国土著居民都住在阿拉斯。Inuits, who are often called Eskimos by other people, and other Native Americans liveAlaska夏威夷群岛是由海底火山喷发而形成的。莫纳洛阿火山是世界上最大的活火山，位于夏威夷群岛，经常喷发。The HawaiiIslands were formed by volcanoes that erupted on the ocean floor. Mauna Loa, the worlds largest active volc

25、ano, is located on Haiwaii and erupts from time to time，甘蔗和菠罗是夏威夷的两大作物，旅游业是夏威夷最重要的产业。Sugar cane and pineapples are Hawaiis two main crops. Tourism is Haiwaiis most important industry.24.Honolulu is the capital of Haiwaii and Juneau is the capital of Alaska.火奴鲁鲁是夏威夷的首府，朱诺是阿拉斯加的首府。第十四章人口与民族1. 美国是世界人口第

26、三大国，仅次于中国和印度。The United States of the American is the third most populous country in the world after China and India.2。移民是人口增长的主要来源, 在1992年，几乎有2，000万人，也就是美国国家总人口中的7.8%，是来自海外的移民。Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth,Almost 20 million people or 7.8% of the total population were

27、immigrants in 1992.自美国独立到20世纪60年代，美国的移民政策基本上是开放的。The United States has a more or less open-door policy to immigtants from independence until 1960s.19世纪末20世纪初，纽约的埃利斯岛是一个重要的移民入境接待点。Ellis Island of New York was an important immigration reception spot in the 1890s and at the turn of the century.3。如今美国移民

28、的80%到90%主要来源于亚洲和拉美国家。Between 80% and 90% of immigration to the United States now is from Asian and Hispanic countries.4。在过去的二十年里，亚利桑那，内华达和佛罗里达是人口增长最快的州。Arizona,Nevada,and Florida have been the fastest growing states in population for the last 20 years.佛罗里达的人口增长归因于它既是退休后的好去处，又是美国和中美南美做生意及到中、南美旅游的方便之地

29、。Floridas population growth owes much to its attractiveness both as a place to retire and as a convenient place for business with and travel to Central and South America. .移民 Immigration 长久以来美国一直被称为移民国家，因为许多美国人是来自世界各地的早期开拓者的后裔，以上移民来到这块当时由土著美洲部落居住的新大陆建立自己的家国。The United Stateshas long been known as a

30、nation of immigrants because many of its people descend from settlers who came from all over the world to make their homes in the new land then populated by native American tribes. 美国历史是第一批移民来自英国和荷兰。The first immigrants in the American history came from England and Netherlands.6。第一次移民浪潮始于1805年左右The

31、first of these waves began in the mid 1810s,第二次移民浪潮贯穿1860到1890的三十年。The second wave covered the period between 1860 and 1890.第三次移民浪潮，也是最大的一次，是从1890年到1914年，给美国送来了1500万移民，他们分别来自奥匈帝国，意大利、俄国、希腊、罗马尼亚和土耳其。The third wave, the largest of the three waves,bringing to the United States a total of I5 million imm

32、igrants between 1890 and 1914, was drawn very largely from Austria-Hungary, Italy, Russia, Greece,Rumaniaand Turkey. 7. 流动性被认为是美国人的特点之一。有1/5的美国人每年搬一次家,为了寻找新的工作机会，或为更好的气候或为其他别的目的。Mobility is considered to he one of the characteristics of the American people.One in five American moves to a new home ev

33、ery year seeking new job opportunity,a better climate of other goals.8。美国的四次大规模的人口流动：there are four great population movements in the history of the United States.第一次，从人口密集的东海岸向人口稀少的西部迁移the First: from the densely-populated east coast to the sparsely-populated west.第二次迁移从农村涌向城市the Second 1980-1920 r

34、ural areas -cities第三次人口流动是大批黑人离开南方涌入外地the Third 1920-1960 the south/black people moved out of the south to other areas.第四次到目前为止，人口不断从东北部和北部向西部和南部也就是阳光地带迁移。the fourth 1960-now Northeast /Central-N-the West/the South.少数民族和种族 Racial and Ethnic Minorities 1、黑人. Blacks美国人口最多的少数民族是黑人，约有3090万人，大约占总人口的12。1%

35、，第一批黑人作为奴隶于1619年运抵北美。The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the U. S. is the blacks who number about 30.9 million, or 12.1 per cent of the population. The first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619.1863年林肯的解放奴隶宣言和1865年的宪法第十三条修正案正式结束了奴隶制。The slave system was formally end

36、ed by Lincolns EmancipationProclamation in 1863 and the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1865.缓慢的废止种族隔离的进程，即结束公用分开使用的制度。这一进程遭到白人种施主义者的强烈反对，他们有时用武力阻挠黑人行使法定权力。因此导致了60年代的运动。纽约、芝加哥、洛杉矶和其他许多城市都发生了暴乱the slow process towards desegregation, that is , the end of separate public facilities. This pr

37、ocess met strong opposition from white racists who sometimes used force to prevent black people from exercising their legal rights. This led to a strong civil rights movement in the 1960s. Riots broke out in New York, Chicago, Los Angeles and many other cities.2、讲西班牙语的美国人Hispanics三大对美国影响最大的讲西班牙语的群体为

38、：墨西哥后裔美国人，波多黎各人，古巴裔美国人。three major Hispanic groups historically have had the greatest influence on the United States.They are Mexico-Americans of Chicanos ,the Puerto Ricans and the Cuban-Americans.古巴裔美国人在经济上搞得很出色, 在过去的30年里，他们在迈阿密地区创造了一个繁荣的 小古巴。the Cuban-Americans have done the best economically. ov

39、er the past 30 years, they have created a prosperous little Cuba in the Miami area. 讲西班牙语的美国人在其他种族的民族中失学率最高，因此，阻挡他们在劳动力市场获得成功的最主要是教育程度低。The most important obstacle to Hispanic success in the labor maket is their low education.Hispanics have the highest school dropout rate of any major racial and eth

40、nic group.3.亚裔美国人Asian-Americans美国少数民族人口中增长最快是亚裔美国人，亚裔美国人中又以华裔美国人最多，专家指出亚洲三大传统可以用来解释亚裔美国人的成功：教育，工作努力和家庭。The Asian-Americans are the fastest-growing racial and ethnic group in the United States,The largest group of Asian-Americans are the Chinese-Americans.Experts say three Asian traditions best expl

41、ain the success of Asian-American:eduction ,hardwork,and family.4.印第安人Indians在第一批欧洲人到来之前的几个世纪里，今日被称为美国的这块土地上居住着有不同文化的许多部落。哥伦布称他们为印第安人，这个名字一直沿用到现在。For centuries before the arrival of the first Europeans, the lands of what is now the United States were populated by many tribes of culturally distinctiv

42、e peoples. It was Columbus who called them Indians and the name has e to stay. 内战之后，美国政府建立了印第安人保留地，即政府为印第安人专门划拨的土地。印第安人的社会和经济状况都很糟糕。After the civil war, government reservations, land specially set aside for the Indians, were established. The social and economic conditions of the Indians are often po

43、or.自60年代以来，出现了激进的社会运动-美国印第安人运动。印第安人正在用合法的手段来恢复过去被白人非法夺走的土地和资源。他们还努力保留和发展他们的文化。帕瓦仪式的复现就是一个例子。Since the 1960s, a militant social movement, the American Indian Movement, has arisen. Indians are taking legal, steps to recover land and resources that were illegally taken away from them in the past. They

44、are also making great efforts to keep and develop their cultures. One example is the reappearance of the powwow,帕瓦仪式是一种庆祝活动，包括巫术、食物、舞蹈、唱歌和击鼓。他们还将建立美国印第安人国家博物馆来保护、支持和促进土著文化和土著社区的保持与发展。the powwow,a munity celebration including crafts, food, dance, song and the playing of drums. A NationalMuseum of the

45、 American Indians will also be set up to protect, support and push forward the development and maintenance of Native culture and munity. 5. 白人 White ethnics 传统上读，美国人的主流是祖先为英国新教徒的白人。Traditionally,the mainstream American were called WASPs,that is ,White Anglo-Saxon Protestants.美国人的祖先有13%是英国血统，23.2%是德国

46、血统，15.5%是爱尔兰血统。13. 1% of the U. S. population had English roots, 23.2 % had German roots and 15.5 % had Irish roots. Chapter 15: American History(1)美国历史（一）1) 发现新大陆The “discovery” of the New World 最早的美国人是印第安人The “first Americans” were the Indians 15世纪后期，意大利航海家克里斯多弗.哥伦布，在西班牙女王的支持下,于1492年率领船队穿越浩瀚的大西洋，抵

47、达了现在西印度群岛的一些小岛。他误以为到达了亚洲，并不知道自己已经发现了一个新大陆。In the late 15th century, Christopher Columbus, an Italian navigator, supported by the Spanish queen, he led his men to sail across the vast ocean in 1492 and reached some small islands in the now west Indies.He thought he had reached Asia and didnt know he

48、had disvovered a New Continent.阿美利歌。韦斯普奇证明了这是新大陆，因此，以他的名字命名。Ameriga Vespucci proved that the land was a new continent.Therefore, the land was named America after him.2)吸引移民至新大陆的原因Causes of the colonization of the New World机遇是一个神奇的词。1）他吸引了英国的贵族（那些梦想在荒原上创建庞大的新地产的）2）吸引那些在英国无法找到工作的人。3）尤其是吸引了欧洲农场和乡村的穷人和无

49、家可归的人。4）许多人为寻求某自由而在这英国殖民地定居下来，因为他们在英国受到早叫迫害。Opportunity was a magic word.The new Would drew English nobles (who dreamed of getting more land and establishing great new estates.). Drew other people who could not find jobs in England. Most of all , it drew the poor and the homeless from the farmlands

50、and villages of Europe. Many settlers came to the English colonies in search of religious freedom because they had been persecuted in England.3) 美洲的第一块英国殖民地于1607年在弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯建立。从1607年到1733年间，英国在北美的东海岸建立了13个殖民地。它们是弗吉尼亚、缅因、新罕布什尔、马塞、康涅狄格、纽约、罗得岛、马里兰、北卡罗来纳，南卡罗来纳、新泽西、宾夕法尼亚和佐治亚。The first English colony in the

51、 Americas was founded at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. Between1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North America.They were Virginia, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Rhode Island, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, New Jersey,Pen

52、nsylvania and Georlina.1620年，清教徒前辈中的201人乘坐“5月花号”船来到新大陆，在普利茅斯建立了殖民地。In 1620,201 of Pilgrims sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower.They arrived at Plymouth and built the Plymouth colony.清教徒和身为手艺人或农夫的清教徒前辈不同，他们富有，是受过良好教育的绅士。清教徒不允许异教存在。The Puritans,unlike the Pilgrims(清教徒前辈)who were artisan

53、s and peasants,were wealthy,well-educated gentlemen.The Puritans did not allow religious dissent.殖民者在新大陆建立了一种新的生活方式。以下几点为美国特色的形成起到一定作用：政府的代表形式，法制，对人权的尊重，某的宽容和强大个人进取精神。The colonists were building a new way of life in the New World.There were a number of features which would play a role in forming the

54、 American character.They were:representative from of government,rule of law,respect of individual rights,religious tolerance and a strong of individual enterprise.3）美国独立战争极其影响The American War of Independence and its consequences.原因：随着经济的发展，殖民地人民要求更多的自决权。而英国政府的政策是要把经济发展控于股掌，并向殖民地征收更多的税。the causes:Wit

55、h the development of economy,the people in the colonies wanted more power to determine their own business.But the policy of the British government was to bring the development under control and collect more taxes from the colonies殖民地人民反对不公平待遇和所有这些政策。他们宣称没有代表权就不交税，没有他们代表参加决策，他们就没有义务纳税。The people in t

56、he colonies opposed the unfair treatment and all these policies. They declared, Notaxationwithoutrepresentation,thatis,without their representatives takingpartin decision-making, they had no obligation to pay taxes.(波士顿茶叶事件)the Boston Tea Party: 1773年，几十名波士顿居民化装成印第安人，登上英国东印度公司的船，将茶叶倾入海中。In 1773, sev

57、eral dozen Boston residents dressed as Indians boarded the ships of the British East India pany and threw the tea into the harbor. 第一届大陆会议：1774年9月，在费城召开，鼓励美国人抵制英货。the First continental Congress: In September 1774, the First Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia which encouraged Americans to

58、refuse to buy British goods. (列克星顿和康克特)Lexington and Concord：The War of Independence began at there in 1775. 1775年，北美的独立战争在此爆发第二次大陆会议（1775年的列克星顿战役三周之后）：建立了大陆军和海军，任命华盛顿为总司令；指定了一个委员会负责起草一份正式宣言（托马斯。杰斐逊起草），1776.6.4，通过了独立宣言。The Second Continental Congress(three weeks after the battle at Lexington in 1775 ):founded a Continental Army