高考英语阅读词义猜测

1、编辑编辑ppt1内江市第二中学内江市第二中学 沈爰汐沈爰汐编辑编辑ppt2 在语言应用中的在语言应用中的“阅读阅读”一项中，要求考生一项中，要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等。并能从中获取相关段以及公告、说明、广告等。并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能：信息。考生应能： (1).理解主旨要义；理解主旨要义； (2).理解文中具体信息；理解文中具体信息； (3).根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义；根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义； (4).做出判断和推理；做出判断和推理； (5).理解文章的基本结构；理解文章的基本结构；

2、(6).理解作者的意图、观点和态度。理解作者的意图、观点和态度。2018年高考英语考试大纲年高考英语考试大纲编辑编辑ppt3考考 试试 大大 纲纲解解 读读 “单词单词和和短语短语”则意味着考查的对象则意味着考查的对象可以是学生学习过的可以是学生学习过的“熟词熟词”(熟词生义熟词生义)，也可以是没有学习过的、也可以是没有学习过的、考试大纲考试大纲之外的之外的“生词生词”(生词词义生词词义)；可以是；可以是“单词单词”，还可以是，还可以是“短语短语”(引申意义引申意义)。 “词义词义”(meanings)侧重考查单词侧重考查单词的内涵，而的内涵，而“含义含义”(implications)还还考查

3、单词的外延。考查单词的外延。编辑编辑ppt4因此对单词或短语的推测因此对单词或短语的推测不要停留在不要停留在字面上字面上，而是要，而是要根据语境根据语境来判断。来判断。结结 论论编辑编辑ppt5常常 见见 命命 题题 形形 式式1.The underlined word in Parameans _. What does the underlined wordin Para mean? What does the underlined wordinPararefer to?编辑编辑ppt6Which of the following words is closestin meaning to

4、the underlined wordin Para?Which of the following can replace the underlined wordin Para? 2.The underlined word in Para can best be replaced by _.编辑编辑ppt73.What does the underlined phrase in Para mean/refer to?4.The underlined word “it/they/” in the last sentence of Paramean/refer to _.编辑编辑ppt8解解 题题

5、 方方 法法1.利用利用构词法构词法猜词义猜词义.合成法合成法.派生法派生法.转化法转化法3.利用利用语法关系语法关系猜词义猜词义.下定义下定义.定语从句定语从句.同位语同位语.自问自答自问自答.举例举例.标点符号标点符号4.利用利用生活常识生活常识和和文化背景文化背景猜词义猜词义5.利用利用上下文语境上下文语境猜词义猜词义2.利用利用逻辑关系逻辑关系猜词义猜词义.并列关系并列关系.转折关系转折关系.因果关系因果关系编辑编辑ppt9方法方法1: 利用构词法猜词义利用构词法猜词义 Wordbuilding.合合 成成 法法 Composition 合成法是指两个或多个单词按照一定的组合规合成法是

6、指两个或多个单词按照一定的组合规 律组合在一起，形成一个新的单词。一般来说，律组合在一起，形成一个新的单词。一般来说， 新的合成词的意思就是各个组成词的意思。新的合成词的意思就是各个组成词的意思。 keyboard _ bloodtest _breakthrough _ill-treat _ widespread _record-holder _键盘键盘记录保持者记录保持者广泛流传的广泛流传的虐待，折磨虐待，折磨突破突破验血验血编辑编辑ppt10.词缀法词缀法/派生法派生法 Affixation/Derivation 派生法是英语单词的主要构成法，它是通过在派生法是英语单词的主要构成法，它是通

7、过在基础词根基础词根(Root)上添加前缀上添加前缀(Prefix)或者后缀或者后缀(Suffix)来构造新词。来构造新词。imbalance _overestimate _irregular _pain-killer _approval _止痛片止痛片 n.不不平衡平衡 n.高高估估 vt.批准，同意批准，同意 n.不不规律的规律的 adj.编辑编辑ppt11.转转 化化 法法 Conversion把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫做转化法。做转化法。 The author emptied all his pockets to find hi

8、sticket. By noon he had bagged three hares.捕获捕获n.vt.a.vt. 掏空掏空He was about the same build as his brother.vt.n. 体型体型编辑编辑ppt12 (2017全国卷全国卷C篇改编篇改编) The music cant be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same.n./a.vt.今天的音乐

9、不能以今天的音乐不能以1908年或者年或者1958年年的方式表现出来。的方式表现出来。 展现，表现，呈现展现，表现，呈现 编辑编辑ppt13方法方法2：利用逻辑关系猜词义：利用逻辑关系猜词义 Logical Relations.并列关系并列关系 coordinative relation英语中可以使用英语中可以使用and, or, also, asas, just as, similarly, likewise等词语表示相同或者相近的意等词语表示相同或者相近的意思，这种表示并列的关系中，只要我们认识其中思，这种表示并列的关系中，只要我们认识其中一个单词，就可以推测出另一个单词的意思。一个单词，

10、就可以推测出另一个单词的意思。 My mother is short and fat. The principal of theschool is almost as plump as my mother, and much shorter.a. 丰腴的，微胖的丰腴的，微胖的 编辑编辑ppt14 (2017全国卷全国卷D篇篇) . Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty. They pump out perfumes designed to attract dif

11、ferent insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.Q: What does the author mean by “the tables are turned” in Para 3? ( ) A.The attackers get attacked. B.The insects gather under the table. C.The plants ge

12、t ready to fight back. D.The perfumes attract natural enemies.A编辑编辑ppt15.转折关系转折关系 adversative relationin contrast, on the contrary, unlike, however, but, despite, while等词汇常常会被用来表示前后关系的等词汇常常会被用来表示前后关系的转折，其前后表示相反的意思。同样，我们也可转折，其前后表示相反的意思。同样，我们也可以根据其中一个词汇来推知另一个表示相反意思以根据其中一个词汇来推知另一个表示相反意思的词汇。的词汇。 Unlike

13、the United States where many differentnationalities make up the population, Japans population is quite homogeneous. (of the same nationalities) 单一民族的单一民族的 编辑编辑ppt16Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother, in contrast, is quite modest.a. 傲慢的，高傲的傲慢的，高傲的编辑编辑ppt17.因果关系因果关系 causal

14、relation英语中使用英语中使用because, since, as, for, so, thus, therefore, as a result等词汇表达因果关系，等词汇表达因果关系，因为因与果具有直接联系，所以也可以用来因为因与果具有直接联系，所以也可以用来猜测词义。猜测词义。 Tom is considered an autocratic administrator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others. a. 独断专行的独断专行的编辑编辑ppt18(2016课标全国卷课标全国卷C篇篇)Th

15、ere are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but youll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so its a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.Q: What does the underlined phrase

16、 “a pipe dream” in Para 3 mean? ( ) A.A practical idea. B.A vain hope. C.A brilliant plan. D.A selfish desire.B编辑编辑ppt19方法方法3：利用语法关系猜词义：利用语法关系猜词义 Grammatical relations.下定义下定义 definitionIs, mean, refer to, that is, namely, be called等后的等后的内容往往是对前面进行注解性说明的，可以帮助内容往往是对前面进行注解性说明的，可以帮助猜测词义。猜测词义。Do you know

17、 what a “territory” is? A territory is an area that an animal, usually the male, claims as its own.n. 动物的地盘动物的地盘/领地领地 编辑编辑ppt20Pantomime refers to a short play in whichno words are spoken.n. 哑剧哑剧.定语从句定语从句 attributive clauseJack is now a florist, who keeps a shop forselling flowers in our district.n.

18、 花商花商编辑编辑ppt21(福建福州一中福建福州一中2017届高考英语第二次模拟试卷届高考英语第二次模拟试卷A篇篇)Eating Customs Being early or on time is viewed as being rude, too eager or even greedy in Venezuela. If you are invited to someones home for a meal, its recommended that you arrive 10 minutes later than the appointed time. When having a mea

19、l in Egypt, dont use the salt shaker(盐瓶盐瓶). Its insulting to your host to spread salt on your food, which means that you find the meal terrible. Q: What does the underlined work “insulting” in Para 3 refer to? ( ) A.Respectful B.Challenging C.Indifferent D.OffensiveDa. 冒犯的，无理的冒犯的，无理的编辑编辑ppt22.同同 位位

20、语语 appositive同位语是对其前的内容进行解释说明的，所以，同位语是对其前的内容进行解释说明的，所以，同位语也是猜测单词词义的一个好办法。构成同同位语也是猜测单词词义的一个好办法。构成同位关系的两部分之间通常用连接词连接，有时也位关系的两部分之间通常用连接词连接，有时也直接用直接用逗号逗号分隔开。常用的连接词有分隔开。常用的连接词有that, or, or other, say, that is to say, namely, similarly等。等。Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you a

21、re to speak and read intelligently.n. 语义学语义学编辑编辑ppt23(2017陕西省黄陵中学高三上学期期末考试陕西省黄陵中学高三上学期期末考试A篇篇) A long weekend is a great opportunity to dosomething a little different. Many people use a long weekend for a getaway, a short trip to leave the stress of their everyday lives behind and explore, learn or

22、relax.Q: The underlined word “getaway” in this passage most probably means _. A.an exciting exploration B.an interesting location C.a short vacation D.an unforgettable experienceC编辑编辑ppt24 .自问自答自问自答self-questioning & self-answeringWhat is plagiarism? It is using others ideas and words without cl

23、early mentioning where the information is from.n. 剽窃，抄袭剽窃，抄袭 编辑编辑ppt25.举举 例例 illustration (2014江西卷江西卷D篇篇)With the communication gadgets, such as mobile phones and ipads, people often donot take the effort to visit one another personally.n. 电子产品电子产品某些冷僻的词汇后会举一个例子，使词汇具体易懂某些冷僻的词汇后会举一个例子，使词汇具体易懂such as,

24、 like, for example, for instance等连接性词等连接性词语往往用来列举说明前面较难理解的名词。语往往用来列举说明前面较难理解的名词。编辑编辑ppt26Many United Nations employees arepolyglots: Mr. Simpson, for example, speaks five languages fluently.a. 通晓多国语言通晓多国语言 编辑编辑ppt27.标点符号标点符号 punctuation冒号冒号(colon)、破折号破折号(dash)和和括号括号(brackets)等等标点符号也可以表示解释，能帮助我们猜测词义。

25、标点符号也可以表示解释，能帮助我们猜测词义。 New houses, large schools, modern factories, more horses and sheepeverywhere we sawsigns of prosperity.n. 繁荣繁荣编辑编辑ppt28方法方法4：利用生活常识和文化背景猜词义：利用生活常识和文化背景猜词义 Common sense & Cultural background 在阅读有关日常生活或大家比较熟悉的事物在阅读有关日常生活或大家比较熟悉的事物的文章时，即使存在一些生词，我们也可以根据的文章时，即使存在一些生词，我们也可以根据生活经

26、验和常识以及文化背景来猜测单词的意思。生活经验和常识以及文化背景来猜测单词的意思。 When a doctor performs an operation on a patient, he usually gives an anesthetic to make him unconscious, because he does not want hispatient to feel pain or to know what ishappening to him.n. 麻醉药麻醉药 编辑编辑ppt29(2017河北省石家庄市高三第一次质量检测河北省石家庄市高三第一次质量检测C篇篇) As year

27、s passed, the metal covering on the pipeeroded, leaving behind a hole that thousands ofworker ants accidentally slip into each day as theygo about their daily chores. Q: What does the underlined word “eroded” in Para 2 mean? ( ) A.Expanded B.Rotted C.Exploded D.MeltedBvi. 腐烂，腐蚀腐烂，腐蚀 编辑编辑ppt30方法方法5：利

28、用上下文语境猜词义：利用上下文语境猜词义 Context 在文章中，任何一个单词都不是孤立存在的，在文章中，任何一个单词都不是孤立存在的，它总要通过上下文和其他单词有这紧密的联系，它总要通过上下文和其他单词有这紧密的联系，通过这些联系也可以猜测出单词的意思，尤其是通过这些联系也可以猜测出单词的意思，尤其是代词的指代含义。代词的指代含义。(2016全国卷全国卷B篇篇)“My friends said: Now we believe your stories, ” Welty added. “And I said: Now you know. These are the people that m

29、ake me write them”stories编辑编辑ppt31(2016课标全国卷课标全国卷C篇篇)I am Peter Hodes, a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012, Ive done 89 tripsof those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells (干细胞干细胞) in my little box because Ive got two ice packs and thats how long they last. In all, fr

30、om the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐献者捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient, weve got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time. Q: Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Para 1? ( ) A.provider B.delivery man C.collector D.medi

31、cal doctorB编辑编辑ppt32解解 题题 方方 法法1.利用利用构词法构词法猜词义猜词义.合成法合成法.派生法派生法.转化法转化法3.利用利用语法关系语法关系猜词义猜词义.下定义下定义.定语从句定语从句.同位语同位语.自问自答自问自答.举例举例.标点符号标点符号4.利用利用生活常识生活常识和和文化背景文化背景猜词义猜词义5.利用利用上下文语境上下文语境猜词义猜词义2.利用利用逻辑关系逻辑关系猜词义猜词义.并列关系并列关系.转折关系转折关系.因果关系因果关系编辑编辑ppt33Improvement编辑编辑ppt34 1.(2018山东滨州月考山东滨州月考)Daniella Wride

32、was brushing her daughters long brown hair when she noticed that with each comb, clumps(束束) of it were coming out. That was January 1, 2017, and within 20 days, seven-year-old Gianessa Wrides hair and eyebrows were completely gone, and her doctor said they would never grow back. Gianessa became one

33、of the 6.8 million Americans with alopecia(秃头症秃头症), an autoimmune disease that causes hair loss. Alopecia isnt painful, but for kids who suffer from it, the agony comes from standing out in the crowd. For the most part, the students in Gianessas first-grade class in Salem, Utah, could understand tha

34、t. But the occasional taunt(嘲笑嘲笑) of “Baldy” made her feel like an outcase编辑编辑ppt35Q: Which of the following can replace the underlined word “agony” in Para 2? ( ) A.Worry B.Delight C.Pain D.Pride解析：秃头症本身并不令人痛苦，但是对于患病的小解析：秃头症本身并不令人痛苦，但是对于患病的小孩来说，痛苦来自于在人群中很显眼。句中的转折连孩来说，痛苦来自于在人群中很显眼。句中的转折连词词but表明下文描述的

35、是表明下文描述的是“真正的痛苦真正的痛苦”，所以，所以“agony”的意思是的意思是“痛苦痛苦”。C转折关系转折关系编辑编辑ppt362.Please stay on permitted paths. Otherwise you may destroy desert plants. Pack out what you pack in, so you leave no signs of your visit. It is important to keep in mind that you are in a national park where wildlife exists.Q: What

36、do the underlined words “Pack out what you pack in” probably mean? ( ) A.keep everything out of campgrounds B.take away everything you bring in C.carry all the necessary food D.look after your personal belongsB因果关系因果关系编辑编辑ppt373.The low test score, they think, will make it impossible for them to get

37、 into a good college. And without a degree from a prestigious university, they fear that many of their lifes doors will remain forever closed.a. 有威望的，声誉高的有威望的，声誉高的并列关系并列关系 + 因果关系因果关系编辑编辑ppt384. Capacitance, or the ability to store an electrical charge, is one of the most common characteristics of el

38、ectronic circuits.n. 电容电容(贮存电荷的能力贮存电荷的能力) 同位语同位语编辑编辑ppt395.Children are always boasting. They say things like “My dads car is bigger than your dads.” “My mom is smarter than yours.” and “My family has more money than yours.”v. 自夸，吹嘘自夸，吹嘘举举 例例编辑编辑ppt40解解 题题 方方 法法1.利用利用构词法构词法猜词义猜词义.合成法合成法.派生法派生法.转化法转化

39、法3.利用利用语法关系语法关系猜词义猜词义.下定义下定义.定语从句定语从句.同位语同位语.自问自答自问自答.举例举例.标点符号标点符号4.利用利用生活常识生活常识和和文化背景文化背景猜词义猜词义5.利用利用上下文语境上下文语境猜词义猜词义2.利用利用逻辑关系逻辑关系猜词义猜词义.并列关系并列关系.转折关系转折关系.因果关系因果关系编辑编辑ppt41编辑编辑ppt42Homework编辑编辑ppt436. You may borrow from the library any periodicals: News Weekly, Readers Digest, The New Yorkers.n.

40、 期刊期刊标点符号标点符号编辑编辑ppt447.Fast food and fried food sell best among students, which has led to a rise in obesity among children.快餐和油炸食品通常会导致快餐和油炸食品通常会导致n. 肥胖肥胖生活常识生活常识编辑编辑ppt45 8. (2016课标全国卷课标全国卷B篇篇) .Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside. I ran the risk of losing those students who had a di

41、fferent style of thinking. Without fail one would declare, “But Im just not creative.” .B合成法合成法我冒着失去那些有不同思维方式的学生的我冒着失去那些有不同思维方式的学生的危险，说明鼓励这种思维方式有危险，说明鼓励这种思维方式有不足之处不足之处。 Q: What does the underlined work “downside” in Para 4 probably mean? ( ) A.Mistake B.Drawback C.Difficulty D.Burden编辑编辑ppt469.(2018

42、安徽合肥市期中安徽合肥市期中 改编改编)The online books will be renewed and enriched gradually according to readers borrowing habits and preferences.根据读者的借阅习惯和根据读者的借阅习惯和偏好偏好，网上图书将会，网上图书将会逐渐逐渐更新更新和和充实充实。 派生法派生法 + 转化法转化法编辑编辑ppt4710.The aging of the population will affect American society in may wayseducation, medicine, and business.Q: What does the underlined word refer to?A.counting the number of years some