初高中英语语法衔接——动词

1、动词可以按照其含义及它们在句中的功能分成四类：连系动词、实义动词、助动词和情态动词。连系动词连系动词又叫系动词，它不能直接作谓语，后面常跟形容词(作表语)构成系表结构表达完整的意义。常见的系动词有：be, become, get, turn, grow, look, sound, smell, taste, feel, keep,seem, remain, stay, come, fall, go 等。如：He looked very excited.他看起来很兴奋。Roses smell sweet.玫瑰闻起来很香。Its getting colder and colder.天变得越来越冷了

2、。注意：系动词没有被动语态，一般不能用于进行时态。动词的类别动词的类别实义动词实义动词又叫行为动词，它表示事物的动作或状态，在句中能独立作谓语。它可分为及物动词(vt.)和不及物动词(vi.)。及物动词后面需跟宾语才能使其意义完整，如 like, make, clean,love 等。不及物动词本身意义就完整，不能直接跟宾语；如果要跟宾语，则要与介词搭配，如 come, go, leave, laugh, listen, run,swim, stand 等。如：I am reading an interesting book.我正在看一本有趣的书。(及物动词)He is running.他正在

3、跑步。(不及物动词)The boy is listening to music.这个男孩正在听音乐。(不及物动词)一、及物动词：一、及物动词：buy, catch, invent, found, like, observe, offer, prevent, promise, raise, find, forget, receive, regard, see, say, seat, supply, select, suppose, show, make, take, tell二、不及物动词：二、不及物动词：agree, go, work, listen, look, come, die, bel

4、ong, fall, exist, rise, arrive, sit, sail, hurry, fail, succeed 三、及物与不及物意思不一样beatvi.跳动 vt. 敲、打;grow vi.生长 vt.种植play vi.玩耍 vt. 打（牌、球）,演奏 smell vi.发出（气味） vt. 嗅 ringvi.（电话、铃）响vt.打电话speak vi.讲话vt. 说（语言）hang vi. 悬挂 vt.绞死operate vi.动手术vt. 操作 1. lift vi 烟雾消散 vt举起助动词助动词本身没有任何实际的意义，必须和实义动词连用，帮助构成疑问句、否定句以及各种时

5、态、语态、语气等。常见的助动词有：be (am, is, are, was, were), do (does, did), have (has,had), will, would, shall, should 等。其中 do, have 也可作实义动词。情态动词情态动词本身具有一定的意义，但不能单独作谓语，后面必须跟动词原形一起构成谓语，表示说话人的语气、态度以及请求、愿望等。它没有人称和数的变化(have to 除外)。常见的情态动词有：can, could, may, might, must, should, would, need等。 大多数动词都有五种基本形式：动词原形、第三人称单数、

6、现在分词、过去式和过去分词。 1第三人称单数形式的构成 一般现在时中主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词后要加s或es，其变化规则与名词变复数的方法大体相同。 不规则变化的有havehas等。2现在分词的构成规则变化规则变化动词原形动词原形现在分词现在分词一般在动词后加一般在动词后加inghelpworkhelpingworking以不发音的字母以不发音的字母e结尾的结尾的动词，先去动词，先去e再加再加ingwritemovewritingmoving以以y结尾的动词，直接结尾的动词，直接加加ingplaystudyplayingstudying以重读闭音节结尾的动以重读闭音节结尾的动词，先双写末尾

7、的辅音词，先双写末尾的辅音字母，再加字母，再加inggetbegingettingbeginning以以ie结尾的名词，一般结尾的名词，一般将将ie改为改为y，再加，再加ingliedielyingdying规则变化规则变化动词原形动词原形第三人称单数一般在动词词一般在动词词尾加尾加s(s在清辅在清辅音后读音后读/s/，s在在浊辅音后读浊辅音后读/z/)workgrowworks/s/grows/z/以以s，x，sh，ch或或o结尾的动词结尾的动词加加es(es读读/iz/，o后的后的es读读/z/) guessmixfinishcatchgoguesses/iz/mixes/iz/finis

8、hes/iz/ catches/iz/goes/z/以辅音字母加以辅音字母加y结尾的动词，结尾的动词，变变y为为i，再加，再加es(ies读读/iz/)studycarrystudies/iz/carries/iz/以元音字母加以元音字母加y结尾的动词，结尾的动词，直接加直接加s(s读读/z/)playsayplays/z/says/z/以字母以字母e结尾的结尾的动词，直接加动词，直接加s(s读读/z/或或/s/)writelikewrites/z/likes/s/ 3.过去式和过去分词的构成 规则变化规则变化规则变化动词原形动词原形过去式，过去分词及其读音过去式，过去分词及其读音一般在动词词

9、尾加一般在动词词尾加ed(在清辅音后读在清辅音后读/t/，在浊辅音后读在浊辅音后读d，在，在t和和d后读后读/id/)askanswerwantneedaskedasked/t/answeredanswered/d/wantedwanted/id/neededneeded/id以不发音的以不发音的e结尾的结尾的动词，只加动词，只加d(读读/d/)lovedancelovedloved/d/danceddanced/d/以辅音字母加以辅音字母加y结尾结尾的动词，把的动词，把y变为变为i，再加再加ed(读读/d/)trystudytriedtried/d/studiedstudied/d/以元音字

10、母加以元音字母加y结结尾的动词，直接尾的动词，直接加加ed(读读/d/)playstayplayedplayed/d/stayedstayed/d/以重读闭音节结以重读闭音节结尾的动词，先双尾的动词，先双写末尾的辅音字写末尾的辅音字母，再加母，再加ed(在在清辅音后读清辅音后读/t/，在浊辅音后读在浊辅音后读/d/，在在t和和d后读后读/id/)stopplanstoppedstopped/t/plannedplanned/d/beat beat beaten become became becomebegin began begunbend bent bent blow blew blown

11、 break broke brokenburn burnt burnt build built built bring brought broughtbuy bought bought catch caught caughtchoose chose chosencome came comecost cost cost 1. cut cut cut 2. do did done 3. draw drew drawn 4. drink drank drunk 5. drive drove driven6. eat ate eaten7. fall fell fallen8. feed fed fe

12、d 9. feel felt felt 10. find found found11. fit fit fit 12. fly flew flown 13. forget forgot forgotten14. get got got常见的不规则动词变化常见的不规则动词变化give gave given go went gonegrow grew grownhave had had hear heard heardhide hid hiddenhit hit hit hold held heldhurt hurt hurtkeep kept keptknow knew knownlead le

13、d ledleave left leftlend lent lent let let letlie lay lainlight lit litlose lost lost make made mademeet met met pay paid paid put put put read read read ride rode ridden ring rang rungrise rose risenrun ran run say said saidsee saw seensell sold sold send sent sent set set set shall should should s

14、hine shone shone show showed shownshut shut shut sing sang sung sit sat sat sleep slept sleptsmell smelt smelt speak spoke spoken spend spent spent spill spilt spilt spit spat spat spoil spoilt spoilt stand stood stood sweep swept swept swim swam swumtake took takenteach taught taught tell told told

15、 think thought thought throw threw thrown understand understood .wake woke woken win won won write wrote written 1、以上两类动词都能用于现在完成时，表示动作到现在为止已结束，例如：He has studied English for three years. He has gone. 2、持续性动词在完成时中能与表示持续一段时间的状语连用，而瞬间性动词则不能。例如：His parents talked with the teacher for half an hour. 3、瞬间性

16、动词在完成时中如要与表示持续一段时间的状语连用 例如：He has been in the army/a soldier for three years.（他参军已有3年了。）不能用has joined 瞬间动词和持续性动词非延续性动词非延续性动词延续性动词延续性动词非延续性动词非延续性动词延续性动词延续性动词borrow/lendkeepdiebe deadopenbe openclosebe closedbuyhavejoinbe in/a member ofleavebe away(from)finish/endbe overbegin/startbe onarrive/come be

17、here/ incatch/get a cold h a v e a coldmarrybe married常见非延续性动词与延续性动词的转化对照表：常见非延续性动词与延续性动词的转化对照表：配to的配for的 bring , fetch , give , hand , lend , offer , owe, pass , pay , post , promise , sell , send , show , take , teach , tell , throw , write 动词后同时用人、物做宾语（注意人和物的不同位置）动词后同时用人、物做宾语（注意人和物的不同位置）例例: give

18、me the book= give the book to meask, buy , call , choose , cook , do , find , get , keep , leave , save 1arrive, get to, reach这三个词都有“到达”之意。(1)arrive 和 get 是不及物动词，后面需加介词才能接地点。其中 arrive at小地方， arrive in大地方， get to地点。(2)reach 是及物动词，后面直接加地点。即景活用toinat/(1)I got _ the village last month.(2)Well arrive _ S

19、hanghai tomorrow morning.(3)When did you arrive _ the station?(4)Please call me when you reach _ Changsha.2take, bring, fetch, get(1)take 指从说话者所在的地方把某人( 物)“带去”( 单程)。(2)bring 指从别处把某人(物)带来说话者所在的地方(单程)。(3)fetchget，指从某地到别处把某物拿来(双程)。即景活用bringtakefetch/get (1)Next time dont forget to _ me a copy of yourwo

20、rk. (2)He likes these art works in this town very much, so hewants to _ them to his country when he leaves. (3)Please _ me the documents in that room.3join, join in, attend, take part in(1)join 指参加某党派、某组织或某社会团体并成为其中的一员，如参军、入党、入团等。(2)join in 指参加小规模的活动，如球赛、游戏等，多用于口语中。 (3)attend 是正式用语，指出席或参加会议、仪式，如婚礼、葬

21、礼、上课、上学、听报告等，强调的是“出席”这一动作本身。(4)take part in 指参加群众性的活动，重在说明主语参加这一活动并在活动中发挥积极作用。take part injoinedjoined inattend即景活用(1)Every excellent player wants to _ theOlympics and win.(2)His brother _ the army three years ago.(3)The whole class _ to sing the song soon.(4)I will _ an important meeting tomorrow.4

22、tell, say, speak, talk (1)tell 意为“告诉；讲述”，表示告诉某人某事，着重指把一件事情传达给别人，或讲述一个事件、一个故事等，可接双宾语。 (2)say 意为“说；诉说”，指用言语表达自己的思想，后接说的内容，常作及物动词，后接名词、代词或从句。 (3)speak 意为“说；说话 ”，用作不及物动 词时强调“说”这一动作，而不是指说的内容；作及物动词时通常接某种语言作宾语。 (4)talk 是不及物动词，意为“谈话”，指两人或两人以上的一般交谈，常与介词 to, with 连用，意为“与交谈”；与about, of 连用时意为“谈论”。即景活用speaktosay

23、in(1)请找李雷听电话，好吗？toldnottolieMay I _ _ Li Lei, please?(2)你能用英语说这个单词吗？Can you _ the word _ English?(3)妈妈告诉我不要躺在床上看书。Mum _ me _ _ _ in bed toread.talkingwith/to(4)李先生正与布朗太太在交谈。Mr.Li is _ _ Mrs.Brown.5pay, spend, cost, take (1)pay 意为“付款；赔偿”，主语通常是人，常用结构为：sb.pay some money for sth.或 pay sb.(some money for

24、 sth.)。 (2)spend 的 主 语 通 常 是 人 ， 常 用 结 构 为 ： (sb.) spendmoney/time on sth.或(sb.) spend money/time (in) doing sth.。 (3)cost 的主语必须是物，常用结构为：sth.cost (sb.) somemoney。 (4)take 表示“占用、花费”时间，其主语通常为形式主语 it 或物，常用结构为：It/sth.takes sb.some time to do sth.。spentpaytookcost即景活用(1)They _ two years building the brid

25、ge.(2)How much money did you _ for the jacket?(3)It _ him three hours to finish his homework.(4)The car _ me lots of money.6borrow, lend, keep (1)borrow 表示从别人那里借来东西，即“借进来”。常用的搭配是 borrow sth.from sb.。borrow 是一个瞬间完成的动作，因此不能与一段时间连用。 (2)lend 表示把自己的东西借给别人，即“借出去”。常用的搭配是 lend sb.sth./lend sth.to sb.。lend 与

26、 borrow 一样，也是一个瞬间完成的动作，不能与一段时间连用。 (3)keep 也可意为“借”，但侧重指借来后的保存或使用阶段，表示借用一段时间，因此可以与一段时间连用。borrowfromlendingmelendingto即景活用(1)我们经常从学校图书馆借书。We often _ books _ our school library.(2)谢谢你把自行车借给我。Thank you for _ _ your bike. Thank youfor _ your bike _ me.(3)这本书我才借了一星期。havekeptI _ _ this book for only one wee

27、k.7dress, wear, put on, be in(1)dress 意为“给穿衣”，只用于穿衣服，不用于穿鞋、戴帽子等，宾语为人。(2)wear 表示“穿、戴”衣物、鞋、帽、饰物等，强调“穿着”的状态。(3)put on 意为“把穿上”，强调“穿”的动作。(4)be in 表示“穿着，戴着”，后接颜色或衣物，强调状态。dressinwearingput on即景活用(1)Please _ the children right now.(2)John is _ white today.(3)The girl is _ a pair of glasses.(4)Its cold.Youd

28、better _ your coat.8happen 与 take place两者均可意为“发生”，都是不及物动词，不能用于进行时态和被动语态。 (1)happen 常指具体事件的发生，特别是那些偶然的或未能预见的“发生”，此时主语为“事”；还可表示“碰巧；恰好”之意，此时主语为“人”。(2)take place 通常指“(某事)按计划进行或发生”，还可表示“举行某种活动”。happenstaking placehappened即景活用(1)He _ to know the place.(2)Great changes are _ in the city.(3)Has anything _ t

29、o him?(4)The meeting will _ next Friday.take place9look, see, watch, read(1)look 强调“看”的动作，是不及物动词，后接宾语时要加介词 at。 (2)see 强调“看”的结果，意为“看见”，是及物动词，可用于短语 see sb.do/doing sth.(看见某人做过/正在做某事)。(3)watch 意为“观看，注视”，强调过程，常用于看电视、球赛等。(4)read 意为“读，阅读”，指看书、看报等。sawlookwatchingreading即景活用(1)I _ a bird in the tree just no

30、w.(2)The teacher told us to _ at the blackboard.(3)All the students are _the football matchcarefully.(4)Li Lei is _ the letter from his parents.动词短语动词短语指动词跟一个或两个介词或副词构成的固定词语。其意义上与原来动词不同。常用短语如下：look短语look for寻找；look after照顾；look over查看；look forward to渴望，向往；look at看着；look up抬头看，查找，look into 调查；look ou

31、t当心；look like看起来像；look the same看起来一样；look through浏览put短语put off推迟；put on 穿上，上演；put away 把暂时收起来；put out扑灭；put down写下；put back放回；put up 举起，建造，张贴。turn短语turn on打开；turn off关掉；turn up把音量开大一点；turn down把音量开小一点；turn to朝向；turn into变成；turn over翻开，翻转；turn into把变成。get短语 get on/along(well)with与某人相处(融洽)； get up起床；

32、get on上车(船、飞机、马)； get off下车(船、飞机、马)；get back回去； get back to回到；get away离开，逃脱； get down下来；get home到家； get into进入，陷入；get out(of)(从)出去； get to到达；get together聚会。take短语 take off(飞机)起飞，脱掉(衣服)； take in吸收，上当；take away拿走； take out取出；take on雇佣，呈现； take down取下； take up占据时间、空间，开始从事，拿起。agree短语 agree with同意某人的(意见、想法、分析、解释)； agree to同意(计划、办法)； agree to do sth.同意做某事。go短语go over温习，复习go swimming/skating/shopping/dancing/fishing/hunting/camping去游泳/溜冰/购物/跳舞/钓鱼/打猎/野营；go into走进；go out出去，熄灭；go away走开；go back回去，回顾；go u