Unit_2---翻译的标准和过程

1、1Criteria and Process of Translation2 Theories of the Chinese scholars 严复“信、达、雅” faithfulness expressiveness elegance 3刘重德刘重德 “信、达、切信、达、切”信信 (faithfulness) to be faithful to the content of the original;保全原文意义保全原文意义达达 (expressiveness) to be as expressive as the original;译文通顺易懂译文通顺易懂 切切 (closeness) to

2、 be as close to the original style as possible切合原文风格切合原文风格 4鲁迅先生的鲁迅先生的“兼顾两面兼顾两面”论论 “宁信不顺” “凡是翻译，必须兼顾着两面，一当然力求其易解，一则保存着原作的丰姿。”5傅雷：神似傅雷：神似similarity in spirit “形似神似形似神似” “以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不再形似而在神似 -高老头重译序6钱钟书钱钟书:“化境化境” “入化境界入化境界” 钱钟书的“化境”(perfection; sublimation; consummation) 说： -译作被比作原作的“投胎转世”（the

3、 transmigration of souls）7Other scholars theories茅盾-“忠实”、“通顺”准则林语堂-“忠实标准、通顺标准、美好标准” “忠、顺、美”张培基-忠实faithfulness,通顺smoothness瞿秋白-信顺统一8余光中余光中“变通变通的艺术的艺术” “翻译如婚姻，是一种两相妥协的艺术。譬如英文译成中文，既不能西风压倒东风，变成洋腔洋调的中文，也不许东风压倒西风，变成油腔滑调的中文，则东西之间势必相互妥协，以求两全之计。至于妥协到什么程度，以及哪一方应该多让一步，神而明之，变通之道，就要看每一位译者自己的修养了。”9英国历史学教授泰特勒（英国历史

4、学教授泰特勒（A. F. Tytler）18世纪提出的翻译三原则世纪提出的翻译三原则：That the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. 译文应完整地再现原文的思想内容That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original. 译文风格、笔调应与原文的性质相同That the translation should have all the

5、 ease of the original composition. 译文应像原文一样流畅自然10literal translation VS liberal translationLiteral translation直译直译： 翻译时尽量保证原作的语言形式，包括用词，句子结构，比喻手段等，要求语言流畅易懂Liberal translation意译意译： 从意义出来，只要求原文大意表达出来，不注意细节，译文自然流畅即可。11Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor is it a way to make

6、 social problems evaporate.literal trans.：砸镜子不能使丑八怪变漂亮，也不能使社会问题烟消云散。Revised: 就像砸镜子不能让人变美，这样的做法并不能解决实际社会问题。I want to hit the sack and get some Zs.free rendering活译：我要去睡会觉。13literal translation哪些句子应该直译哪些句子应该直译 用词与结构相似 【词语用法、词序排列、句式结构等各方面相似】This issue is very important 这个问题非常重要。 14A scientist who does r

7、esearch in economic psychology and who wants to predict the way which consumers will spend their money must study consumer behavior.从事经济心理学研究并想预测消费者如何花钱的科学家必须研究消费行为。15Free translation It is raining cats and dogs. 天上下猫和狗。 大雨滂沱大雨滂沱 16Flexible way is required.Some old people are oppressed by the fear o

8、f deathliteral trans有些老年人受到死亡的恐惧的压迫。liberal trans.有些老年人因怕死而惶恐不安。 17 He must obtain data both on the resources of consumers and on the motives that tend to encourage or discourage money spending literal:他必须获取有关消费者的财力以及能够鼓励或打消花钱积极性的动机两方面的信息。Liberal: 他必须获取有关信息，诸如消费者的消费能力以及能够鼓励或打消花钱积极性的动机等。 18有些句子可以直译，也

9、可以意译，有些句子可以直译，也可以意译，但效果未必相同。但效果未必相同。Just as dark clouds cant hide the sun so no lies can cover up the fact直译：正如乌云遮不住太阳，谎言也同样掩盖不了事实。意译：事实是无法掩盖的。19It is natural to wonder who could possibly need such precision 直译：人们自然会奇怪有谁会需要这种精确的时间。 意译：恐怕没人会需要这种精确。20Key points in literal translation* *理解原文词语在上下文中的确切含

10、义理解原文词语在上下文中的确切含义* *注意一词多义和注意一词多义和词多译这种现象词多译这种现象 “看” see? Look？watch?看书，看报 read看孩子 look after看朋友 meet a friend逛街随便看看 window shopping21He bit off more than he could chew when he agreed to do it all by himself. 硬译：当他同意完全一个人做它时，他咬下了多于他能咀嚼的。 改译：当他同意完全由他一个人来做这件事时，他就是在承揽一件自己力所不及的事情。22 I have read your art

11、icles, I expected to meet an older man 硬译：我读过你的文章，我期望见到一位更老的人。 改译：我读过你的文章，想不我读过你的文章，想不到你这么年轻。到你这么年轻。23The followings should be noticed laugh off ones head 笑掉脑袋? 笑掉牙齿笑掉牙齿neither fish nor fowl 非鱼非鸟? 不伦不类不伦不类, 不三不四不三不四 24Listening to classical music is my cup of tea. 听古典音乐是我的一杯茶? 古典音乐我最爱听古典音乐我最爱听touch

12、and go 碰完了就走? 一触即发一触即发at sixes and sevens 六六七七? 乱七八糟乱七八糟25有些成语可在译入语中找到意思基本对有些成语可在译入语中找到意思基本对等的成语，尽管使用这个成语就是了，等的成语，尽管使用这个成语就是了，不必再去照字面翻译，以免不伦不类。不必再去照字面翻译，以免不伦不类。(1)Birds of a feather flock together 物以类聚。(2)Great men are apt to have short memories 贵人多忘事。26(3)Agues come on horse back, but go away on fo

13、ot 病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。(4)Nothing can be made out of nothing 巧妇难为无米之炊。(5)It is an ill bird that fouls its own nest 家丑不可外扬。27Two aspects of translation process:The source-language-oriented principle 以译出语为取向的原则 【比较倾向于literal translation】 He always lives ahead of his salary.他总是生活在他的工资之前？他的生活开销总是超过他的工资收入。他总是入不敷

14、出。282）The target-language-oriented principle 以译入语为取向的原则以译入语为取向的原则【比较倾向于liberal translation】 He wanted to learn, to know, to teach.原译: 他渴望博学广闻，喜欢追根求源，并且好为人师。改译：他想学习，增长知识，也愿意把自己的知识教给别人。293.从美学角度提出的翻译原则从美学角度提出的翻译原则许渊冲的“三美说”：音美、形美、意美美国意向派诗人庞德Ezra Pound30春晓春晓 A Spring Morning春眠不觉晓，处处闻啼鸟。夜来风雨声，花落知多少。This

15、morn of spring in bed Im lying,Not woke up till I hear birds crying.After one night of wind and showers,How many are the fallen flowers!31Principle of translation-Faithfulness忠实是翻译的首要问题I was with my father on a business-and-pleasure trip.I. 我和父亲这次旅行，既为了公事，也为了游玩。II. 我和父亲一起出来，既是出差，也是游玩。32 From there I

16、 could see the whole valley below, the fields, the river, and the village. It was all very beautiful, and the sight of it filled me with longing.I. 从那里，我可以看见下面整个山谷，那田野、河流和村庄。这一切非常美丽，见到后使我心里充满了渴望。II. 从这里望下去，整个山谷一览无遗，只见那田野、河流和村庄，全都美不胜收，真叫我心驰神往。 33The Process of Translation Understanding (comprehension

17、)ExpressingProof-reading34UnderstandingTaking the following factors into consideration:(1) Type of writing(2) Theme(3) Forms of literature(4) Style(5) Emotions(6) Context of situation and so on 35examplesCannot Beat the Real Things. (Coca Cola) 不能打败真正的商品？不能打败真正的商品？ 挡不住的诱惑36 This company is an intern

18、ational marketing company specializing in fertilizers, chemicals, cocoa, pesticides, coal, agricultural products and many others. 这家公司是一个国际营销公司，专营化肥、化工产品、可可、杀虫药、煤炭、农产品以及其他产品。 Marketing怎么能专营产品？此句中marketing=trading,Revised: 国际贸易公司37In understanding：purpose of writing or speakingWhat is the purpose or

19、implied attitude of the editors in the following heading? A. Police Shoot Rioting Blacks B. Rioting Blacks Shot by Police C. Rioting Blacks Shot38A translator should be good at analyzing words in the contextSophisticated man 老于世故的人Sophisticated woman 狡黠的女人Sophisticated columnist 老练的专栏作家Sophisticated

20、 electronic device 高度精密的电子装置Sophisticated weapon 尖端武器39A good translator should be good at analyzing the style of writing1.My dear grandparent has joined the heavenly choir. （formal) 吾祖父升天矣！2. My dear grandfather has passed away. (less formal) 我亲爱的祖父已经过世了。3. My grandfather has died. (less formal tha

21、n the previous one) 我祖父死了。4. My old man has just kicked the bucket. （informal) 我家老头翘辫子了。41Good at using translating strategies“Will you come to see me some time, William?” “AujourDui,” I said. “威廉，你什么时候来看我们呀？” “今天今天就去就去”，我，我用法语用法语回答。回答。 (用增词法amplification)42 As we obtained a clean B/L, you will see

22、that the goods were shipped in good order. We suggest, therefore, that you lodge your claim with it. 由于我们获得了清洁提单，所以你们将明白货物在装运是状况良好，且被安放得井井有条。由此看来，我们建议你们可以向该轮船公司提出索赔。 As we obtained a clean B/L, you will see that the goods were shipped in good order. We suggest, therefore, that you lodge your claim w

23、ith it. 改译：我方已获得清洁提单一张，贵方我方已获得清洁提单一张，贵方谅必清楚货物装船时状况良好，因此建谅必清楚货物装船时状况良好，因此建议贵方可依此向该轮船公司提出索赔。议贵方可依此向该轮船公司提出索赔。44 It was morning, and the new sun sparkled gold across the ripples of gentle sea. 清晨，初升的太阳照着平静的海面，微波荡漾，闪耀着金色的光芒。45Avoid: Translationese 翻译腔-指译文不符合汉语语法和表达习惯，指译文不符合汉语语法和表达习惯，诘屈聱牙，晦涩难懂。诘屈聱牙，晦涩难懂。

24、 Over-representation & Under-representationTo appease their thirst its readers drank deeper than before, until they were seized with a kind of delirium. 为了解渴，读者比以前越饮越深，直到陷入了昏迷状态。 改译改译：读者为了满足自己的渴望，越读越想读，直到进入了如痴如醉的状态。47The process of comprehensionComprehension on single sentence 词语意义-根据原句的主题内容、词汇的

25、词性、搭配关系以及词义的引申或褒贬等来确定 Every life has its roses and thorns. 每个人的生活都有甜有苦。 48B. 逻辑关系逻辑关系 Logic relation Laser, its creation being thought to be one of todays wonders, is nothing more than a light that differs from ordinary lights. 虽然激光器的发明被认为是当代奇迹之一，其实激光只是一种光，只不过与普通光有所不同而已。 49C. 上下文关系上下文关系 Context A po

26、liceman is coming. 警察来了。 Whats the implied meanings of this sentence when it is said by a man who loses his way or a thief?50D. Cultural Background Everyone on my farm knows that he or she must sing for his (or her) supper. 在我的农场里工作的人都明白，他/她必须干活才能有饭吃。 51E. 专业知识专业知识 specialist Dont buy a stock just b

27、ecause short interest is high and you are counting on making a killingby killing the short-sellers.不要仅仅因为空头利率高，而且你指望大发利市（吃掉卖空者）而去购买一种股票。 52空头是投资者和股票商认为现时股价空头是投资者和股票商认为现时股价虽然较高，但对股市前景看坏，预虽然较高，但对股市前景看坏，预计股价将会下跌，于是把借来的股计股价将会下跌，于是把借来的股票及时卖出，待股价跌至某一价位票及时卖出，待股价跌至某一价位时再买进，以获取差额收益。时再买进，以获取差额收益。 53翻译的表达过程可分为

28、三个步骤：翻译的表达过程可分为三个步骤：一稿初译，忠实为主一稿初译，忠实为主： (2) 二稿核对，注重逻辑：二稿核对，注重逻辑： (3) 三稿定局，润色文字：三稿定局，润色文字：译文的表达应遵循下述原则：忠实于原文、逻辑清晰、语言规范和注重谋篇54ABe faithful to the SL 忠实于原文忠实于原文: The new secretary was rude to the workers, but when she talks to the boss, butter wouldnt melt in her mouth. 原译：这位新秘书对工人态度很粗鲁，可是跟老板谈话时，黄油含在她嘴

29、里也不化。Revised: 这位新秘书对工人态度很粗鲁，可是跟老板谈话时却满口的奉承话满口的奉承话。 55BClear logic 逻辑清晰逻辑清晰 With 2% of the worlds population, we are the worlds fifth largest trading nation. 虽然我们的人口仅占全球的2，但我们却是世界第五大贸易国。56C语言规范语言规范 英语重形合，句法比较刻板，主、从句之间要使用连接词。而汉语重意合，主、从句靠意义贯穿，不用或少用连接词。 The temptation was so great that those who were wa

30、tching from the sidelines also rushed to the tulip markets. 一些原来持旁观态度的人再也经受不一些原来持旁观态度的人再也经受不住如此巨大的诱惑，纷纷加入到郁金住如此巨大的诱惑，纷纷加入到郁金香生意的行列中来。香生意的行列中来。58tips 适当使用一些文言文词语，特别是适当使用一些文言文词语，特别是成语，不仅可以使译文的语言风格符合成语，不仅可以使译文的语言风格符合原文的文体或专业特点，而且可以收到原文的文体或专业特点，而且可以收到传神达意、画龙点睛的效果。传神达意、画龙点睛的效果。 It seems to be more loneso

31、me in the mountains when birds are singing. 鸟鸣山更幽。 59Key points in the step of expressing1）正确处理忠实与通顺的关系）正确处理忠实与通顺的关系60They have become, through marketing, word of mouth, and demonstrable reliability, the common pants of America. 通过市场营销，口头宣传，以及凭借显而易见的可靠性，牛仔裤已成为美国的寻常裤装。改译：通过市场营销，口口相传，以及凭借显而易见的可靠性，牛仔裤已

32、成为美国的寻常裤装。61analysisThe cold weather frosted up the track last night.I. 昨晚寒冷的天气使跑道上结了霜。II. 昨晚天气寒冷，跑道上结了霜。62Proof-readingTwo times of proof-reading after translation对照原文校对，检查有无疏漏、误译的地方脱离原文审校，检查有无生硬拗口的地方Accurate, natural, economical63Exercises Improve the following translationI will teach him to decei

33、ve others. 我要教他去欺骗别人。2. This thesis leaves much to be desired. 这篇文章有很多地方让人喜欢。643. A measure of calm gave signs of returning after the flood subsided. 洪水退了以后，恢复了平静的标志。4. “Its a gloomy thing, however, to talk about ones own past, with the day breaking. Turn me in some other direction before I go.” “不过

34、，在天亮时谈个人的往事，真扫兴。在我离开之前，把我转到别的方向吧。”66Improve the following translation1.In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors. 门口放着至少有十二把各种颜色和尺寸的雨伞2. The study had three windows, set with little, old-fashioned panes of glass, each with a crack across it. 书房有三个窗户，每个窗户上都嵌有带有裂痕的老式的小块玻璃。67

35、3. The brokers hour is not only crowded, but minutes and seconds are hanging to all the straps and packing both front and rear platforms. 经纪人的时间不但是拥挤的，而且分分秒秒都挂在所有的皮带上，包装在前后的月台上。4. It was already two years since he was Secretary General of the UN. 他担任联合国秘书长以来已经有两年了。68Reference answerI will teach him to deceive others. 我要教他去欺骗别人。 = I will punish him so that he will not deceive the others again. 改译：我要教训他一顿，看他还敢不敢骗人。692. This thesis leaves much to be desired. 这篇文章有很多地方让人喜欢。 =This thesis is very imperfect. 改译：这篇论文很不理想。/这篇论文有很多地方可以改进。703. A measure of calm gave signs