2020高考英语语法专题汇总(三)：名词性从句

1、2020高考英语语法专题汇总（三）：名词性从句在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫作名词性从句。种类主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。注：由于名词性从句在句中不同的句法功能（即名词性从句在复合句中，能充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。），相应地，名词性从句可以分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语 从句。引导词类别功能例词从属连词指起连接作用，不充当从句中的任何成分that, whether, if连接代词既起连接作用，本身又作从句的主语、宾语、表语或定语who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whatever, whichever连接副词既起连接作用，

2、本身又作从句的状语when, where, how, why , whenever, wherever, however主语从句主语从句可直接放在句首，也可用形式主语it代替，而将主语从句后置。that引导的主语从句1） that引导的主语从句置于句首（that此时在从句中不充当任何成分，无含义，只起连接 作用，不能省略）That the earth moves around the sun is known to all.注：从句作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。2） 在that引导的主语从句中，常用it作形式主语，that引导的真正的主语从句后置，常见的此类句型有：It+系动词+形容词+that

3、从句。常用于这种结构的形容词有：necessary必要的certain明确的right正确的clear清晰的一(un)likely（不）可能的possible可能的strange奇怪的obvious明显的:natural自然的important重要的It is likely that he cant come to the meeting.It is obvious that you have made a big mistake.注：It is necessary/important/surprising/strange/unthinkable/unbelievable/incredible

4、 that+主语(should)+动词原形+其它。e.g. It is necessary that a college student (should) master one or two foreign languages.It is strange that you (should) trust Jane.D It+系动词+名词+that从句。常用于这种结构的名词有：a pity遗憾a honor荣耀a shame令人遗憾的事a wonder奇迹good news好消息no wonder难怪a fact事实no surprise不奇怪It is a pity that you did n

5、 t attend the lecture yesterday.It is no wonder that you' ve achieved so much success. It+ be+过去分词+that从句。常用于这种结构的过去分词有：said据说told有人告诉heard有人听说reported据报道decided作出决定suggested有人建议advised有人建议ordered根据命令remembered有人记得thought有人认为considered认为well-known很著名hoped有人希望announced据宣于It is reported that no pa

6、ssengers were injured in the accident.It is generally considered that boys are better at science than girls.注：It is suggested/advised/ordered/requested/insisted/demanded +that+主语(should)+ 动词原形+其它。e.g. It is suggested that you(should) spend more time in studying English.It+动词(+宾语或状语)+that从句。常用于这种结构的动

7、词有：seem显得happen碰巧matter重要occur出现turn out结果是It happened to me that I was away when he called.It occurred to me that we should get in touch with the manager.whether/if引导的主语从句whether引导的主语从句即可以放在句首，也可以放在句末，但if引导的主语从句只能放在句末，前面需用it作形式主语。whether, if只起连句中不作成分，且不可省略。Whether you can succeed or not depends on

8、how hard you work at it.（whether弓I导的主语从句放在句首）It is unknown whether/if he has agreed to my plan.（主语从句是 whether/if he has agreed to my plan, it 作形式主语）连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句1） 连接代词 what, who, whom, , whose, which , whatever, whoever, whichever 等在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语，不可以省略。What he said just now is true.Who breaks

9、the law will be punished.注：whoever和whatever引导的名词性从句一般不用it作形式主语。what引导的主语从句一般按单数对待，但在实际使用中，其单复数取决于其成分的含义。e.g. What the kid wanted was only a new school bag.（schoolbag是可数名词单数，谓语动词用单数）What they need are a car and some water.（a car and some water表示复数概念，谓语动词用复数）2） 连接副词 when, where, why, how , whenever, h

10、owever, wherever 等在从句中作状语。Why they suddenly disappeared remains a mystery.（why在从句中作原因状语）When we' ll go for a picnic isn' t known.（when在从句中作时间状语）宾语从句句法功能1）作动词的宾语大多数位于及物动词后。I hope （that） you can join us in the game.I doubt whether/if he will come to the wedding.有些动词短语后。find out查出turn out结果是poi

11、nt out指出make sure确信figure out辨别出keep/bear in mind牢记Please find out when the ship sails for New York.We should keep in mind that sports can help us develop both our bodies and characters.可以运用it作形式宾语代替宾语从句A. 动词 find, feel, think, consider, make, believe, guess, suppose, assume 等后有宾语补足 语时，要用it作形式宾语，而把t

12、hat引导的宾语从句后置。e.g. I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day.I have made it rule that I keep diaries.B.有些动词（词组）带宾语从句时需要在从句前加it.如：hate, dislike, appreciate, see to, depend on 等。 除此之夕卜，take it for granted 中的it是位于动词短语而不是从句前。e.g. I hate it when they talk with their mouths full of fo

13、od.Some students just take it granted that they will pass the exam.2）作介词的宾语一般情况下介词后常用 wh-类连接词引导宾语从句。（有的介词如in, except, but后可跟 that引导的宾语从句）We are talking about whether we admit students into our clubs.They look similar except that one is a little tall.3)作系表结构的宾语。常用于此类结构的形容词有:sure, certain, glad, pleas

14、ed, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied,sorry等表示“情感”的形容词。Wd re all pleased that we have once again overcome the difficulty.I am extremely sorry that I have troubled you so much.that引导的宾语从句that引导的宾语从句表示陈述意义。that无实际意义，在从句中不充当任何成分。that可以省略。I don t think （that） there will be time to do it.Many people be

15、lieve that robots will do most of our work.whether/if引导的宾语从句1) 可用whether/if的情况whether/if常放在ask, care, wonder, find out等后引导宾语从句。whether/if在从句中不作成分，但是有“是否”含义，不可省略。I asked them whether/if they would win the match.Do you care whether/if you win?2)只用whether不用if的情况引导介词后的宾语从句时。It depends on whether it will

16、 snow tomorrow.与or not连用时。I asked your secretary whether she could come or not.与不定式连用时。I really don ' t want know whether to accept or refuse.有些动词，如leave, put, discuss, doubt等后的宾语从句常用whether引导。 We doubt whether he will keep his promise.宾语从句前置，置于句首时。Whether they can come here on time, we don'

17、 t know.连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句1) 连接代词 what, who, whom, , whose, which , whatever, whoever, whichever等在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语，不可以省略。I don ' t know whom you should depenchoCould you tell me which gate we have to go to?2) 连接副词 when, where, why, how , whenever, however, wherever 等在从句中作状语。He didn ' t tell me

18、when the traffic accident had taken place.Could you please tell me how I can read the new world?注：how构成的疑问短语也可以引导宾语从句，常见的有how old, how many, how much, howfar, how soon, how long 等。e.g. Do you know how old your English teacher is.宾语从句的注意事项1)宾语从句的时态宾语从句谓语动词的时态常常受到主句谓语动词的影响，因而在使用时要注意主句和从句两部分的时态。用法例句当主句

19、的谓语动词是一般过去，其宾语从句 的时态一般要用相应的过去时态The policewoman asked the little boy where he lived. He said (that) he was going to take care of the baby.当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时或祈使句， 其宾语从句的时态可以任何适当的时态Do you know how Amy came to school this morning?Please tell me whom you went to the garden with this morning.当宾语从句表达客观事实或规律时，其

20、时态Everyone knew that there are sixty minutes in an hour.应用一般现在时The teacher said that the earth goes around the sun.2）宾语从句的语序陈述句作宾语从句时，仍然用陈述语序；疑问句作宾语从句时，原来的倒装语序要改为陈述语序。Tom advised that I should take more water.I don ' t know why he is leaving.宾语从句的语序：引导词 +主语+谓语+其他3）宾语从句的否定转移主语是第一人称I/we,主句的谓语动词是表示

21、“想，认为"等意义的动词，如：think , believe,imagine, suppose, expect, guess等，若后面的从句时否定意义时，从句的否定一般要转移到主句中，其反义疑问句的人称和时一般要与宾语从句一致。We don ' t think you can play the guitar.I don ' t believe that fault, is hisWe find that he seldom goes to visit his teacher, does he? （否定词否定,hardly, never,seldom, no, few,

22、 little 等）4）不能省略that的情况在that引导的宾语从句中，连接词that只起引导作用，无具体意义，不在从句中充当任何成分，常常可以省略。但是，在下列情况中不可以省略。句中出现两个或两个以上的由that引导的宾语从句时。此时，只有第一个从句中的that可以省去，其余并列的宾语从句中的that都要保留。He said （that） the film was excellent and that he wanted to see it once again.that从句中又有其他从句时。I am afraid that if you' ve lost it, you must

23、 pay for it.it作形式宾语代替that引导的宾语从句时，不能省略that。We took it for granted that they would help us.当宾语从句的主语是this, that或者被this, that修饰时。He said that this book was very useful.当宾语从句时双宾语中的直接宾语时。I want to tell you that this problem is very common.宾语从句前有插入语时。We hope, on the contrary, that he will stay at home wit

24、h us.that引导的宾语从句谓语句首时。That our team will win, I believe.宾语从句在 except, but, except, in等介词之后。He also likes playing the piano besides that he is good at playing basketball.5）宾语从句的语气（略）动词wish, suggest, advise, order, insist等后接含虚拟语气的宾语从句。（见虚拟语气专题）6）宾语从句的简化（略）动词+不定式疑问词+不定式宾语+宾补 名词或名词短语表语从句表语从句位于主句的连系动词be,

25、 seem, look, sound, taste, feel, remain, appear等之后，常用的连接词与主语从句和宾语从句的连接词相同，用法也一样。此外，表语从句还可用as if, asthough, because 来弓 I 导。that, whether引导的表语从句that, whether只起连接作用，在从句中不作成分。that无实义，一般不可省略，whether意为“是否”，不能换成if.（一般不用if引导表语从句）Our problem is that I don' t look any different from other people.Another i

26、mportant difference is whether schools are state schools or private schools.as if, as though, because 弓I导的表语从句1） as if, as though引导的表语从句可用陈述语气，也可用虚拟语气。You look as if you ' ve had a good 咻述语气）You look as if he were from the Mars. （虚拟语气）注：此类表语从句常跟在特定的动词后面，如 seem, appear, look, taste, sound, feel等。

27、2） because引导的表语从句主语不能用reason。-You look tired.-That may be because I didn ' t have a good sleep yesterday morning.注：如果主句主语是 reason,表语从句的连接词用 that,不能用我 why或becausa常见 的句型为The reason（why） is that "。The reason （why） he came late was that he got up late.（that 不能换成 because）表语从句的注意事项1） wh-表语从句应注意的问

28、题wh-类连接词引导的表语从句作表语时，通常不含疑问意义，而是分别表示具体的地点、 时间、原因和方式等。This is why I think my happiest days will be in the future.（表示具体原因）Tomorrow is when it will be most convenient.（表示具体时间）This is where I met Peter for the first time.（表示具体地点）2）表语从句用虚拟语气的情况如果主句的主语是 advice, demand, order, suggestion, requirement, reque

29、st, command 等时， 表语从句用虚拟语气，结构是“ （should）+动词原形”。同位语从句同位语从句是用以解释说明某一名词内容和实质的从句。常见的连接词有：that, whether, why,who, where, how, when等。if 一般不引导同位语从句。that, whether不作成分，whether表示“是 否”，其它连接词具有实义，同时在同位语从句中作一定成分。引导同位语从句的连接词一般不可省略。常跟同位语从句的名词或短语。belief信念withtheexception除外explanation解释doubt怀疑idea土息hope希望opinion观点new

30、s消息thought想法possibility可能性truth事实wish愿望question问题fact事实problem问题promise诺后report报道Reply答复advice建议suggestion建议word消息warning外生W 口The story goes that the lost child has gone abroad.Jim kept his promise that he would always do everything he could for Mary to make sure of her happiness.同位语从句的注意点1）同位语从句的语气

31、在 suggestion, advice, request, order ,demand, requirement 等意为 “建议， 命令, 要求” 的名 词后，同位语从句中的谓语动词常用“ should+动词原形”的虚拟语气结构，其中should可 以省略。The suggestion came from the chairman that the new rule （should） be adopted.The government gave the order that all these houses （should） be pulled down in three weeks.2）同位语从句与定语从句区别从性质上区别：同位语从句相当于一个名词，对前面的抽象名词进行解