（整理版高中英语）二冠词

1、二. 冠 词一、冠词的定义 冠词是一种虚词，不能独立使用，只能用在一个名词前，帮助说明这个名词的含义。英语中冠词有两种，一种是定冠词(the definite article，一种是不定冠词the indefinite article。有人把不用冠词的情况叫“零冠词定冠词the与this, that同源，意义接近于this, these, that或those，但指示意义较弱。它在辅音前读/ð/，在元音前读/ði/，在特别强调或单读时读/ði:/，例如：li ming is the /ði/ author of the /ð/ book.李明是

2、该书的作者。 不定冠词与数词one同源，有“一个的含义，它有两种形式：a和an。 a用在以辅音音素开头的词前，an用在以元音音素开头的词前，例如：she is an honest /'nist/ student.她是一个老实的学生。there is a house near the river.河边有所房子。二、不定冠词的用法1. 冠词a和单数可数名词连用，有类指作用，即指某类人或事物，不需翻译。a dog is intelligent.(= dogs are intelligent.= the dog is intelligent.)狗是聪明的。i like a child我喜欢小孩

3、。a big family is hard to support大家庭难支撑。2. 复数可数名词也有类指作用：dogs are intelligenti like childrenbig families are hard to support3. 用于首次提到的对话任何一方不知道的人或物, 表泛指，即同类中任意一个，有“一个或“某个的意思：a dog is comingi see a childi have to maintain a familyhe is a teacherthey call him a foolthere is a man standing in the river.a

4、n old cock is sitting in a tall tree.4.不加冠词的不可数名词，表类指，即某类东西：i am fond of milkair is important to animalshonesty is the best policyjohn hates darkness5.表示单位，有“每一的意思，用于速度、价 格、频率等,可换用“per，但“per显得较为专业。 the cloth is 10 yuan a metre.这布每米10元。 he can walk 100 kilometres a day.他一天能走100公里。6.在一定情况下也可修饰不可数名词，表示

5、特殊含义。1)与物质名词连用可表示：风、雨等“一阵；一场。air is invisible but we can feel its motion when there is a wind.空气是看不见的，但有风时我们能感觉到它在流动。early in the day or after a rain you can find the air is much fresher. 在清晨或下雨之后，你会发现空气要新鲜得多。酒、饮料等“一份；一种；一片。 a coffee，please.请来一杯咖啡。 after a dark cloud comes a clear sky.乌云过后是晴空。 he re

6、ceived a (good) education.他受到过良好教育。 you should buy a (kind of) medicine to treat your wound. 你该买点药治治你的伤。2与抽象名词连用可表示：“一种或“一类。 he feels it a pleasure to help others. 他把帮助别人看作是一种乐趣。“you don't understand, said joe, a cruel light shining in his eyes.“你不懂。乔说，眼睛里闪着凶狠的光。某动作的“一次。 why not have a try? 何不试一

7、试？you must be tired from the long flight. please take a rest today长途飞行您一定累了，今天就请好好休息吧。动词的“同源宾语名词前一般也用不定冠词。 she slept a peaceful sleep and dreamed a good dream. 她睡了一个踏实的觉，做了一个好梦。 under the leadership of the party, we are living a happy life. 在党的领导下，我们现在过着幸福的生活。当抽象名词被赋予特指含义时即抽象名词具体化，前边可用不定冠词，表示一个人的特性或

8、具有某种特征的具体事物。 it came as a surprise that the boss had dismissed his secretary. 没想到老板把他的秘书给开除了。 the newly-built national stadium or the bird's nest is a great success. 新建的国家体育馆鸟巢，是个巨大的成功。7.一些表示重量、长度、时间等的词组中，不定冠词使用特别普遍，例如： a pair of shoes, a hundred, twice a week, at a blow, at a stretch, one at a

9、time, a handful of, in a word, at a glancea few, a little, a lot , a couple ofa large number of许多 as a rule通常；照例for a while一会儿 in a minute立即a great deal of许多 a large amount of许多a large quantity of许多 all of a sudden突然as a matter of fact其实 have a word with与说句话in a sense从某种意义上说in a word简言之；总之make a dec

10、ision作出决定 at a loss茫然；不知所措 do ab. a favor帮某人一个忙have a gift for对有天赋 have an effect on对有影响keep an eye on照看；注意 make a dive for向扑去make a fortune发财 make a difference有影响；起作用make a promise许下诺言 pay a visit to对进行访问等等。9.一日三餐breakfast, lunch, supper前一般不用冠词，当前边有形容词而表示“一顿、一次等意思时，就要加上冠词a来表示“一顿的午饭、晚饭等： have lunch

11、/supper he is very fat and often has a big supper.10.“a most +形容词结构中，most不含有比拟的概念，只用来加强语气，是“极“很“非常的意思，相当于very。而“the most形容词表示“最，如：a most important thing很重要的事the most important thing最重要的事 lesson 3 is a most difficult lesson, but it isn't the most difficult lesson in book ii.11.序数词前加不定冠词a，表“另一个或“又

12、一个。不表顺序，侧重在原有根底上量的增加。would you like a second cup of tea?a second cup of tea 等于 another cup of tea.the author will modify the manuscript a second time. 作者要对那部书稿进行第二次修改。12.专有名词前用不定冠词有两种可能： a mr. smith was in charge of the laboratory.负责实验室的是一位叫史密斯的先生。 he wishes to be an edison.他希望成为像艾迪生那样的人。only a lu s

13、hun could have written that.只有鲁迅那样的作家才能写出那样的作品。 there doesnt seem to be a shenyang city in our province.我们省好似没有一个叫的城市。表示某人的作品或某厂家的产品：i have a van gogh.我有一幅梵高的画。i bought a underwood yesterday.我昨天买了一台安德伍德牌打字机。13.“of/at + a/an + 名词结构中不定冠词的含义: 此结构中不定冠词表“同样的=the same the children are of an age.这些孩子同龄。 no

14、 two men are of a mind.没有两个人是同一条心的。 those boxes are of a size.那些盒子一样大。 虽然a和one都有“一的意思，但意义不同：more than a year 一年多不到两年more than one year不止一年两年、三年等at a time每次；在同一时间at one time曾经有一次14.不定冠词在形容词、副词前后的位置关系：冠词总是放在名词前面，假设这个名词有形容词修饰，冠词通常放在形容词前面，假设形容词前还有副词，那么冠词需放在副词前面，如：this is a cara good cara very good carhe

15、 can answer the questionthe difficult questionthe most difficult question名词前假设有such, many或what, 冠词a应在其后面：i never met such a man he has lived here many a yearwhat a beautiful park it is！如果所用副词为so, how, as, too或no less，冠词a就放在它们所修饰的形容词后：it is soor toobig a doghow big a dog it is!ii is as big a dog as y

16、oursit is no less big a dog than yours=it is as big a dog as yours特殊：quite/rather修饰单数名词前的形容词时，冠词位置有两种，如：quite/rather big a dog和 a quite /rather big dog。注意：如果名词前有all, both, half, double, twice, three times等，定冠词the必须放在它后面：all the guests have comeboth the brothers study spanishi bought it at half the p

17、ricedouble the price但：he has waited half an hour or a half hour三、定冠词的用法1.冠词the可与单数可数名词连用，表示“一类东西，而不指哪一个。the dog is intelligent(a dog is intelligent.= dogs are intelligent.)i play the pianothe palm grows in many countriestomatoes are good for the liver2. the有特指的作用，可用在单数可数名词前，隐约表示“这/那个，这时所指是那个人或东西是很清楚

18、的：i bought a house yesterday afternoonthe house is across the river指新买的房子i want to see the boss你知道the boss指谁what is the price of this pencil？open the window，please当然是指这个房间的窗子the government does not allow gamblingthe enemy was defeatedthe moon is rising3. the也可和复数可数名词连用，隐约地表示“这/那些，这时指那些人或东西也是很清楚的：i b

19、ought several houses yesterdaythe houses are across the riveri met some nice people at the partyit seems i have seen the gentlemen somewhereopen the windows，please where are the children？4.the也有表示集体的作用，用在复数可数名词前，隐约地表示“所有那些：they are the teachers of our schoolthe cities of this country are dirtyhave y

20、ou ever seen the seven wonders？the members of the club are indians 5.特指的the可用在不可数名词前限定其意义，隐约地表示“这或“那：i offered him the tea which i madethe sugar produced here is excellenthe has obtained the experience of an expertthe bread has been eaten up你知道指哪块面包please pass me the salt6.虽然第一次谈到，但假设说话双方都知道或说话

21、者认为对方也明白的事物前，要加定冠词以表示特指。 we go to the company every day.我们每天去公司。 look at the blackboard, please.请看黑板。7.在第二次提到某物或和它有关的东西，因为是表示特指，所以需加定冠词。 i bought a book, but soon i returned the book. 我买了一本书，但不久我退回去了。she bought a bike, but when she rode it one of the wheels went off. 她买了辆自行车，她骑上去时一个轮子掉了。8.用在表示世界上独一无

22、二的东西的名词前包括天体。但如果天体名词有形容词、分词、介词短语或定语从句等修饰那么通常用不定冠词。如：the moon, the sky, the sun, the earth, a red sun, a blue earth, a bright moon, a changing world。a red sun rose in the east.一轮红日从升起。9.还可和一个形容词或分词连用表一类人或东西。the rich must help the poor.富人必须帮助穷人。the dead死者the deaf聋人the blind盲人the young年轻人，the old老年人，th

23、e living活着的人，the dying临死的人，the wounded伤员，the disabled残疾人10.和某些名词连用表一个阶级或阶层。the working class工人阶级 the science circles科学界各类专有名词不加冠词，也无复数：continentasia                         &#

24、160;   countryjapanprovinceguangdong                   statecaliforniacountyhenrico county                harbourpearl harbou

25、rislandrhode island                     hillbacon hillmount mounteverest                  capecape comorinlakelake

26、geneva                     bridgewestminster bridgeparkhyde park                      

27、;     streetfifth avenuesquaretimes square              personwilliam shakespearedomestic animalbobo                 deityjup

28、iterdaymonday                               planetjupiterfestivallabour day            

29、60;        monthfebruary12.下面各类专有名词前需加the：republicthe french republic  railwaythe trans siberian railwaystatethe irish free state              riverthe mekong riverempirethe british emp

30、ire        plateauthe tibetan plateaukingdomthe united kingdom   oceanthe pacificoceanpeninsulathe indian  peninsula     seathe japanese sea   basinthe yangzi basin  canalthe sue canal   

31、60;valleythe rhine valley  polethe north poledesertthe gobi desert 注：湖名前一般不加冠词13.“普通名词+of+专有名词这类词组前均需加the：the cape of good hope             the house of representativesthe strait of gibraltar      

32、60;        the ministry of foreign affairsthe city of new york                the society of natural history14.复数专有名词前都加the：the himalayas the great lakesthe rocky mountains the stu

33、artsthe united states the philippines15.由普通名词和另外一些词构成的专有名词前多数要加定冠词the。某些建筑物 the great wall, the peace hotel, the capital square某些组织机构 the ministry of education教育部 the department of foreign affairs外交部但tsinghua university，beijing university无冠词。某些国家名 the united kingdom联合王国 the united states美国报纸、会议、条约等的

34、名词前 the times泰晤士报 the daily mail每日邮报16.在序数词、形容词最高级以及main, only, same, chief等修饰名词时，前面一般要加定冠词。 the second bag, the longest river, the only man, the same effects17.在有些国家和民族的形容词前，泛指这个国家和民族全体人员。这类形容词一般以-sh，-ch，-ese结尾。the irish，the swedish，the chinese18.首次创造物的名称前，常用定冠词。 who invented the telephone? 谁创造的 ？

35、the compass was invented in china. 指南针是中国创造的。 walt invented the steam engine.瓦特创造了蒸汽机。19.用在姓氏或姓氏复数名词前，表这一姓氏夫妇俩或全家人。 the greens are watching tv now i was at the wang's yesterday.20.用在逢10的复数名词之前，指某世纪的某个年代。 in the 1870s when marx was already in his fifties，he found it important to study the situati

36、on in russia. 在19世纪70年代，马克思五十多岁的时候，他发现学习俄国形势是重要的。以day组成的节日前无冠词。the spring festival春节the mid-autumn festival中秋节christmas day圣诞节may day五一国际劳动节 在美式英语中，“在秋季用in the fall；中国一些传统节日前要用定冠词。如： the spring festival, the mid-autumn day22.在表演奏的动词后，西洋乐器的名词前通常用定冠词中国民族乐器名前不加冠词)：play the piano, play the violin, play

37、erhu拉二胡23.表接触或打击身体某部位时，身体部位名词前通常加the. 在“动词+sb.+介词+the+部位结构中，部位前用the，而且不能省略。动词是beat, hit, strike, knock, slap, pat等，身体部位是head, shoulder, back等时，介词多为onin多与the face连用；动词是catch, grasp, seize, pull, take, lead等，部位是hand，collar等时，介词多为by。when i felt upset，my head teacher patted me on the shoulder.当我感到心烦意乱时，

38、班主任拍了拍我的肩膀。they pulled her by the hair.他们扯她的头发。he took me by the hand.他牵着我的手。i hit him on the chin.我冲他的下巴打了一拳。被动式也与此相似：he was hit on the head.他被击中头部。he was cut in the hand.他的手割破了。在“be+blind/lame/wounded/hurt+in+the+部位中，表示“身体某一部位残疾或受伤。 he is blind in the left eye.他左眼瞎了。 he was wounded in the back.他背部

39、受了伤。“the+比拟级+ of the two结构中，表示“两者中较更.的含义。 of the two laptop computers，which is the more fashionable? 这两台笔记本电脑中，哪一款更时髦？on the left/right, in the east, in the evening, in the end, in the daytime26.当english, german等表示某国语言的名词后出现了language时，前面的english, german就是形容词了，前必须加定冠词the。如：the english language27.除了以现

40、在为基准的时间外，表示一般的时间关系时，next和last前应当加上定冠词the next train to hong kong is at 10:00.下一趟去香港的火车是十点。this maybe the last chance.这可能是最后的时机。next 和the next所表达的时间概念不一样，如next monday 指从说话时刻算起“下一个星期一；the next monday指从过去或将来某时算起“下一个星期一：hell leave here next week.他下周将离开这里。以现在为背景hell get there on monday, and then leave th

41、e next week.他将于星期一到那里，然后下周离开。从将来某一周算起he left there the next week.他于后一周离开了那里。从过去的某一周算起 28. “by + the + 计量词表“按计/论/换 they are paid by the month.他们按月计酬。 meat is sold by the pound.肉是按磅销售的。 electric current is measured by the ampere.电流是按安培计量的。29.带定冠词的常用习语：at the moment此刻 by the day按天计for the time being暂时

42、by the way顺便说一下in the distance在远处 on the increase在增长on the go非常忙碌 on the way 在路上at the same time同时 by the hour按小时计in the dark在黑暗中 on the other hand另一方面in the way挡路 on the air在播送on the spot当场 make the bed铺床all the best 一切顺利；万事如意 at the age of在.岁时at the end of在.快结束时 burn the midnight oil开夜车all the yea

43、r round一年到头 at the cost of以.为代价at the mercy of任凭.摆布 with the exception of除.以外四不用冠词的情况1.非普通名词构成的专有名词前；说明称号、职位、头衔等的名词做专有名词的同位语或补足语；表独一无二的头衔、职位；物质名词、抽象名词、称呼语前一般不加冠词。例如： li ming, china, water, friendship, uncle, professorprofessor li, may i ask you a question? lincoln became president again. 注意抽象名词或物质名词

44、有限制性定语时要用定冠词表特指。 the milk in the bottle has gone bad.抽象名词或物质名词前，或其前加上表示某特殊性质或类别的修饰词，指概念的“一种“一类“一次等时，可用不定冠词。 physics is a science. it's a pleasure to go with you.2.可数名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、名词所有格、数词等限制时，就不再加冠词。 this pen is yours.3.季节、月份、星期、节日、假期、一日三餐名称前一般不加冠词。 spring is the best season of the year.may

45、, march, sunday, lunch, supper etc.注意 表示一日三餐名词如果有了形容词修饰，要用不定冠词；如果后面有定语修饰，可用定冠词表示特指。 we ate an early supper and went to see a great temple with floors made of silver. 我们很早吃了晚饭，就去看一个大神殿，神殿的地板是银制的。 the dinner given by mr. smith was very nice. 史密斯先生款待的晚宴真是美味。专有名词、月份、季节、星期等可用定冠词来表示特指，用不定冠词来表示泛指。如： he joi

46、ned the army in the spring of 1992. 他在1992年的春天参军的。 the accident happened on a sunday in july. 事故发生在六月的一个星期天。daybreak, dawn, dusk黄昏, noon, midnight, night, sunrise(日出)，sunset(日落)等名词前不用冠词。5.学科名称、球类、棋类名词前不加冠词。 do you study english? i take part in all kinds of after-school activities i play football, ba

47、sketball, volleyball, table tennis and i go to theater club.6.表示泛指的复数名词前不加冠词。 they are students.7.与by连用的交通工具名称因表抽象概念，前不加冠词。by car, by bike, by train, 但take a bus, in a boat, on the bike但名词前有表时刻的词语时，就要用the。i'll go by the ten o'clock train. 我将乘坐十点的火车去。8.在turn变成后作表语的职业、职位名词前不用冠词，而become后，除表独一无二

48、的职位名词外，要用冠词。lu xun was a doctor before he turned writer.9.不定冠词可以用在被形容词比拟级修饰的名词前，表示“一个更的。the mp4 player is too expensive for me. i want a cheaper one 这个mp4太贵了，我要一个更廉价一点的。10. 一个人具有双重身份或兼有数职时，只用一个冠词。 a well-known singer and dancer will appear on the stage and give a performance. 一个著名的歌唱家兼舞蹈家将登台表演。 one

49、of the guests was a journalist and novelist. 有一个客人既是新闻记者又是小说家。11.在一个以普通名词或形容词最高级+ as (though开始的让步状语从句中，前面不用冠词。 child as he is, he knows right from wrong.尽管他是个孩子，他明辨是非。 shortest though he is, he runs fastest in our class. 尽管他最矮，但在班上是跑得最快的。12. 表伴随动作的“名词+副词/介词短语作独立结构时，名词前不用冠词。 he settled in an armchair

50、, coat off, head up, and pipe in mouth. the soldier dashed out, rifle in hand. she sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. he entered the forest，gun in hand. our teacher came into the classroom，papers in hand. the old man sat in the chair, book i

51、n hand and pipe in mouth 老人坐在椅子上，手里拿着书，嘴里叼着烟斗。13.kind(s)/sort(s)/type(s)/variety/varieties/diversity/diversities of等表示种类的结构后，名词前不用冠词。 what kind of curtain will you suggest for a sitting room? 你看起居室用哪种窗帘好？14.man泛指 “人类、word作“音讯解时。new arts have been born in the course of the history of man在人类历史开展过程中，新的

52、艺术不断诞生。 he sent word to us to wait for him in his office. 他带信来要我们在他办公室等他。15.某些固定词组，习惯用法构成中，不用冠词。成对使用的词组husband and wife, young and old, hand in hand, sun and moon, bread and butter, knife and fork, step by step, year after year, year in year out, day after day, neck and neck, . arm in arm, face to f

53、ace, day and night, day by day, from beginning to end, shoulder to shoulder, heart and soul, war and peace, from morning till night介词词组at(to/from)school,in(to)class,in(to/at/from)college,to(into/in,/from)church, to(in/into/out of) prison, in bed(hospital), at night(noon/midnight), to(at)sea, by car,

54、 at work, at war, at first, at present, at rest, at war, at hand, at home, at risk,表示时间、地点、方式、状态的一些短语中不用冠词。ahead of time提前 at hand在手边；在附近by accident偶然 by mistake错误地in danger处于危险中 in place of代替in silence沉默地无声地 in surprise惊奇地at first hand第一手 at first thought乍一想at present目前；现在 by way of经由.in advance提前 in need of 需要in sight看得见 in uniform 穿着制服by means of借助手段 in possession of拥有at first sight乍一看;初看起来on second thought(s