现代语言学名词解释

1、现代语言学名词解释 现代语言学名词解释现代语言学一绪论1 Linguisitics :Linguistics is generally defined as thescientic study of language2 Phonetics : The study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication is called example, vowels and consonants3 Phonologyv : The study of how sounds are put together and used in commun

2、ication is called example, phone, phoneme, and allophone4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called example, boy and“ish”boyish, teach1eacher5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called esample, ” John like li

3、nguistics”6 Semantics:The study of meaning in languageis called semantics For example, :The seal could not be zoo keeper became worried ” The seal could not be found, The king became worried ” Here the word seal means different things7 Pragmatics: The study of meaning in con text of use is called ex

4、ample, “I do” The word do means different context8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called example, regional dialects, social variation in language9Psycholinguistics : The study oflanguage with reference toworkings of mind is called psycholinguistics二音系学1 Phonetic

5、s: The study of sounds that are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language A phone is a phonetic unit

6、or segement It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do, some don' t4 Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value.5 allophone: The different phones which can repr

7、esent a phoneme in different phone tic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme6 Complementary distribution: These two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in compkenebtary distribution.7 Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound seg

8、ement which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair8 Stress: When a certain syllable of a word is stressed, it means that the syllable is prounced with great force than the other or others9 tones: Tones are pitch variation, which are caused by the differ

9、ent rates of vibration of the vocal cords Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phoneme; therefore, the tone is a suprasegemental feature10 intonation： When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonati

10、on. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language, especially in a language like English三形态学1 morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammer which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed2 inflectional morphology: Inflectional

11、morphology studies the inflections of word-formation.3 derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word-formation.4 morpheme: Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language5 free morpheme: Free morpheme are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be us

12、ed freely all by themselces or in combination with other morphemes6 bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word7 :root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never sta

13、nd by itself although it bears clear,definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word8 affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational9 prefix: Prefix occur at the beginning of a word.10 suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify

14、the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech11 derivation： Derivation affixes are added to an existing form to creat a can be viewed as the adding of affixes to stem to form nes words12 compounding： Like derivation, compounding is another popular and important way of

15、forming new words in English Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to creat new words.四句法学1 linguistic competence: Comsky defines competence as the ideal user' s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this

16、knowledge in linguistic communication.2 sentence : A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement question or command3 transformation rules: Syntactic movement is governed by transformational rules The operation of the transformati

17、onal rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence4 Dstructure : A sentence may have two levels of syntactic representation. One exists before movement take place, the other occurs after movement take place In formal linguistic exploration, these two syntactic representation are common

18、ly termed as D-structure5 Move a : Just as there is a general rule for all phrase structure rules, i,e the Xbar schema, there is a general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement This movement rule is called Move a人TOP五语义学1 semantics: Semantics can be simply d

19、efined as the study of meaning in language2 sense : Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized3 reference : Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, phy

20、sical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience4 synonymy : Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning Words that are close in meaning are called synonymy.5 polysemy : Polysemy refers to the fact that the same

21、one word may have more than one word having more than one meaning is called a polysemic word6 antonymy : Antonymy refers to the oppositeness of meaning Words that are opposite in meaning are called antonyms7 homonymy : Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words七历史语言学1 historical linguistics: Histo

22、rical linguistics is the subfield of linguistics that studies language change2 apocope: Another well-documented sound loss is the deletion of a word-final vowel segement, a phenomenon called apocope3 epenthesis： A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a wo

23、rd is known as epenthesis4 metathesis: Sound change as a resuIt of sound movement is known as metathesis5 compounding: Compounding is a process of combining two or more words into one lexical unit6 derivation： Derivation refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes

24、to the roots.7 blending: Blending is a process of forming a newword by combining parts of other words.8 back-formation: Back-formation is a process by which new words are formed by taking away the suffix of an existing word9 semantic broadening: Semantic broadening refers to the process in which the

25、 meaning of a word becomes general or inclusive than its his to rically earlier denotation10 semantic narrowing: Semantic narrowing is a process in which the meaning of a word becomes less general or inclusive than its historically earlier meaning11 semantic shift: Semantic shift is a process of sem

26、antic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquire a new, sometimes related, meaning12 protolanguage: It refers to a family of a language13 sound shift: It refers to the systematic modification of a series of phonemesTOPabsee管理员#8UID 5精华0积分3990帖子1111阅读权限200注册2007_6_4状态离线使用道具发表于2007-7-

27、26 21:20 资料个人空间短消息加为好友八社会语言学1 sociolinguistics: Sociolinguistics is the study of language in social context2 speech community: A speech community is thus defined as a group of people who form a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language3 speech variety: Speech variety,

28、 also known as language variety, refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers4 language planning: One way out of the communication dilemma is language standardization known as language planning This means that certain authorities, such as the government or gove

29、rnment agency of a country, choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunci a tion and spelling sys tem, across regional boundaries5 idiolect: Such a personal dialect is refered to as idiolect.6 standard language: The standard language is a superposed, socially pr

30、estigious dialect of language It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system, used by the mass media7 nonstandard language: Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, or vernacular, languages8 lingua franca: A lingua franca is a variety of language tha

31、t serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds9 pidgin： A pidgin is a variety of language that is generally used by native speakers of other languages as a medium of communication.10 Creole: A Creole language is originally a pidgin that has become est

32、ablished as a native language in some speech communication.11 diglossia: Diglossia usually describes asituation in which two very different varieties of language co-exist in a speech communication, each with a distinct range of purely social function and appropriate for certain situations12 bilingua

33、lism: Bilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers, such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation.13 ethie dialect: An ethnic language variety is a social dialect of a language , often cutting ac

34、ross regional differences14 sociolect: Social dialect, or sociolects, are varieties of language used by people belonging to particular social classes15 register: Registers are language varieties which are appropriate for use in particular speech situations, in contrast to language varieties thatare

35、associated with the social or regional grouping of their customaty users For that reason, registers are also known as situational dialects.16 slang: Slang is a causal use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinage an

36、d figure of speech characterized by spontaneity and sometimes by raciness17 tabo A linguistic taboo refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite" society from general use18 euphemism: Euphemism comes from the Greek word euphemismos, meaning "to speak with good words M A

37、 euphemism, then , is mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression substitute when the speaker or writer fears more direct wording might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensiveTOPabsee#9管理员©令使用道具发表于2007-7-26 21:20 资料个人空间短消息加为好友UID 5九心理语言学精华o1 psycholinguistics:Psycholinguistics is th

38、e积分3990study of language in relation to the mind As the帖子misuggests, psycholinguistics is viewed as the阅读权限intersection of psychology and linguistics,200drawing equally upon the language we acquire,注册2007produce and comprehend_6_42 cerebral cortex: The most important part of the状态离线brain is the outs

39、ide surface of the brain, called the cerebral cortex.3 brain lateralization: The localization of cognitive of cognitive and percpetual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called lateralization4 linguistic lateralization: In their research ofbrain lateralization, psycholinguistics ar

40、eparticulary interested in linguistic1steralization, which is the brain* s neurological specialization for language5 dichotic listening： Evidence in support of1steralization for language in the left hemisphere comes from researches in dichotic listening tasks6 right ear advantage: Stimuli heard in t

41、he left ear are reported less accurately than those heard in the right car. This phenomenon is knowas the right ear advantage7 critical period hypothesis： The critical period hypothesis refers to a period in one" s life extending from about age two to puberty during which the human brain is mos

42、t ready to acquire a particular language and language learning can proceed easily, swiftly and without explicit instruction8 linguistic determinism: Whorf proposed first that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on language That is, language det ermines thought,hence the strong notion of ling

43、uistic determinism.9 linguistic relativism: Whorf also believed that speakers of different language perceiveand experience the world differently, that is， relative to their linguistic background, hence the notion10 subvocal speech: When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each

44、other, we may regard thought as u subvocal speechv of linguistic relativism.TOPabsee#10管理员©令使用道具发表于2007-7-26 21:20 资料个人空间短消息加为好友UID 5十语言习得精华01 language acquisition: Language acquisition is积分3990concerned with language development in humans In帖子1111general, language acquisition refers to阅读权限chil

45、dren' s development of their first language,200that is, the native language of the community in注册2007which a child has been brought up._6_42 telegraphic speech: The early multiword状态离线utterance of children have a special characteristic. They typically lack inflectional morphemes and most minor l

46、exical categories Because of their resemblance to the styly of language found in telegrams, utterance at this acquisition stage are often called telegraphic speech3 holophrastic sentence: Childrens one-wordutterance are also called holophrastic sentences4 acquisition: According to Krashen,acquisition refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.5 learning: Learning, however, is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school setti