会计英语讲义

1、2008年注册会计师全国统一考试会计英语辅导讲义一、相关背景1、2008年注册会计师全国统一考试将在会计、审计和财务成本管理三门课程中增加10分的英语附加题。这一变化主要是为了满足中国经济和行业发展对国际型人才的需要。财政部cpa考试委员会将逐步推广英语附加题到其他考试科目中。据此看来，在cpa各科考试中加重英语的分量将是一个趋势。2、增加英语附加题后，会计、审计和财务成本管理的总分为110分，及格分仍为60分，总体考试时间不变。英语附加题要求用英语回答，所以考生朋友们一定要根据本人英语水平选择作答。有一定英语基础（大学英语四、六级水平，掌握一定的财经英语词汇），打算选答英语附加题的考生朋友更

2、应该合理规划和安排时间，在考试时认真阅读试卷首页的特别提示和答题导语，争取尽可能多的在英语附加题上拿分。英语基础较差的考生朋友不要慌乱，心态要放平和，力争前面的100分，如果时间允许可尝试做英语附加题。二、可能的题型因为只有10分的英语题，所以估计出客观题的可能性不大，很有可能是主观题，并且是专业题。题型可能包括：名词解释，英汉互译，问答（理论性的或业务性的）。根据2007年的英语附加题判断，今年的会计英语附加题仍有很大可能是业务核算题。三、会计英语讲解accounting一、主要专业术语和基本概念1. financial reporting（财务报告）includes not only fi

3、nancial statements but also other means of communicating information that relates, directly or indirectly, to the information provided by a business enterprises accounting system-that is, information about an enterprises resources, obligations, earnings, etc.2. objectives of financial reporting：财务报告

4、的目标financial reporting should：(1) provide information that helps in making investment and credit decisions. (2) provide information that enables assessing future cash flows. (3) provide information that enables users to learn about economic resources, claims against those resources, and changes in t

5、hem. 3. basic accounting assumptions 基本会计假设(1) economic entity assumption 会计主体假设this assumption simply says that the business and the owner of the business are two separate legal and economic entities. each entity should account and report its own financial activities. (2) going concern assumption 持

6、续经营假设this assumption states that the enterprise will continue in operation long enough to carry out its existing objectives. this assumption enables accountants to make estimates about asset lives and how transactions might be amortized over time. this assumption enables an accountant to use accrual

7、 accounting which records accrual and deferral entries as of each balance sheet date. (3) time period assumption 会计分期假设this assumption assumes that the economic life of a business can be divided into artificial time periods. the most typical time segment = calendar year next most typical time segmen

8、t = fiscal year (4) monetary unit assumption 货币计量假设this assumption states that only transaction data that can be expressed in terms of money be included in the accounting records, and the unit of measure remains relatively constant over time in terms of purchasing power. in essence, this assumption

9、disregards the effects of inflation or deflation in the economy in which the entity operates. this assumption provides support for the "historical cost" principle.4. accrual-basis accounting 权责发生制会计5. qualitative characteristics 会计信息质量特征(1) reliability 可靠性for accounting information to be r

10、eliable, it must be dependable and trustworthy.accounting information is reliable to the extent that it is：verifiable：means that information has been objectively determined, arrived at, or created. more than one person could consider the facts of a situation and reach a similar conclusion. represent

11、ationally faithful：that something is what it is represented to be. for example, if a machine is listed as a fixed asset on the balance sheet, then the company can prove that the machine exists, is owned by the company, is in working condition, and is currently being used to support the revenue gener

12、ating activities of the company. neutral：means that information is presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and practices, and without bias. (2) relevance 相关性relevant information is capable of making a difference in the decisions of users by helping them to evaluate the

13、potential effects of past, present, or future transactions or other events on future cash flows (predictive value) or to confirm or correct their previous evaluations (confirmatory value). (3) understandability 可理解性understandability is the quality of information that enables users who have a reasona

14、ble knowledge of business and economic activities and financial reporting, and who study the information with reasonable diligence, to comprehend its meaning. (4) comparability 可比性comparability： suggests that accounting information that has been measured and reported in a similar manner by different

15、 enterprises should be capable of being compared because each of the enterprises is applying the same generally accepted accounting principles and practices. consistency： suggests that an entity has used the same accounting principle or practice from one period to another, therefore, if the dollar a

16、mount reported for a category is different from one period to the next, then chances are that the difference is due to a change like an increase or decrease in sales volume rather than being due to a change in the method of calculating the dollar amount. (5) substance over form 实质重于形式substance over

17、form emphasizes the economic substance of an event even though its legal form may provide a different result.it requires that business enterprise should perform accounting recognition, measurement and reporting in accordance with the economic substance rather than the legal form of an event or trans

18、action.(6) materiality 重要性information is material if its omission or misstatement could influence the resource allocation decisions that users make on the basis of an entitys financial report. materiality depends on the nature and amount of the item judged in the particular circumstances of its omis

19、sion or misstatement. deciding when an amount is material in relation to other amounts is a matter of judgment and professional expertise. (7) conservatism 谨慎性conservatism dictates that when in doubt, choose the method that will be least likely to overstate assets and income, and understate liabilit

20、ies and expenses.(8) timeliness 及时性timeliness means having information available to decision makers before it loses its capacity to influence decisions. if information becomes available only after the time that a decision must be made, it has no capacity to influence that decision and thus lacks rel

21、evance. 6. basic accounting elements 基本会计要素(1) asset 资产an asset is a resource that is owned or controlled by an enterprise as a result of past transactions or events and is expected to generate economic benefits to the enterprise. (2) liability 负债a liability is a present obligation arising from past

22、 transactions or events which are expected to give rise to an outflow of economic benefits from the enterprise. a present obligation is a duty committed by the enterprise under current circumstances. obligations that will result from the occurrence of future transactions or events are not present ob

23、ligations and shall not be recognized as liabilities. (3) owners equity 所有者权益owners equity is the residual interest in the assets of an enterprise after deducting all its liabilities. owners equity of a company is also known as shareholders equity. (4) revenue 收入revenue is the gross inflow of econom

24、ic benefits derived from the course of ordinary activities that result in increases in equity, other than those relating to contributions from owners. (5) expense 费用expenses are the gross outflow of economic benefits resulted from the course of ordinary activities that result in decreases in owners

25、equity, other than those relating to appropriations of profits to owners. (6) profit 利润profit is the operating result of an enterprise over a specific accounting period. profit includes the net amount of revenue after deducting expenses, gains and losses directly recognized in profit of the current

26、period, etc. 7. five measurement attributes 会计计量属性(1) historical cost 历史成本assets are recorded at the amount of cash or cash equivalents paid or the fair value of the consideration given to acquire them at the time of their acquisition. liabilities are recorded at the amount of proceeds or assets rec

27、eived in exchange for the present obligation, or the amount payable under contract for assuming the present obligation, or at the amount of cash or cash equivalents expected to be paid to satisfy the liability in the normal course of business. (2) current replacement cost 现时重置成本assets are carried at

28、 the amount of cash or cash equivalents that would have to be paid if a same or similar asset was acquired currently. liabilities are carried at the amount of cash or cash equivalents that would be currently required to settle the obligation. (3) net realizable value 可实现净值assets are carried at the a

29、mount of cash or cash equivalents that could be obtained by selling the asset in the ordinary course of business, less the estimated costs of completion, the estimated selling costs and related tax payments. (4) present value 现值assets are carried at the present discounted value of the future net cas

30、h inflows that the item is expected to generate from its continuing use and ultimate disposal. liabilities are carried at the present discounted value of the future net cash outflows that are expected to be required to settle the liabilities within the expected settlement period. (5) fair value 公允价值

31、assets and liabilities are carried at the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arms length transaction. 8. financial statements 财务报表(1) balance sheet 资产负债表a balance sheet is an accounting statement that reflects the financ

32、ial position of an enterprise at a specific date. (2) income statement 损益表an income statement is an accounting statement that reflects the operating results of an enterprise for a certain accounting period. (3) statement of cash flows 现金流量表a cash flow statement is an accounting statement that reflec

33、ts the inflows and outflows of cash and cash equivalents of an enterprise for a certain accounting period. (4) statement of changes in ownersequity 所有者权益变动表a statement of changes in owners equity reports the changes in owners equity for a specific period of time.(5) notes to financial statements 财务报

34、表附注notes to the accounting statements are further explanations of items presented in the accounting statements, and explanations of items not presented in the accounting statements, etc. 9. accounting entry 会计分录debit： cash   credit： common stock10. basic accounting equation 基本会计等式assets =

35、liabilities + owners equity11. list of present and potential users of financial information 财务信息的使用者investors, creditors, employees, suppliers, customers, and governmental agencies. 第二章 货币资金 cash库存现金、银行存款cash in hand/cash in bank银行汇票、银行本票、商业汇票、商业承兑汇票、银行承兑汇票bank draft/bank promissory note/commercial

36、draft/commercial acceptance draft/bank acceptance draft支票、信用卡、汇兑、委托收款、托收承付、信用证check/credit card/remittance/ consignment collection/collection with acceptance/lines of credit现金溢余和短缺：cash over and short第三章 金融资产 financial assets1金融资产：financial assets2金融资产初始确认时的分类：the way in which an instrument is measu

37、red subsequently depends on its classification. there are four categories：以公允价值计量且其变动计入当期损益的金融资产：可进一步分为交易性金融资产（financial assets held for trading）和指定为以公允价值计量且其变动计入当期损益的金融资产（designated financial assets at fair value through profit or loss）financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit o

38、r loss持有至到期投资held to maturity investments： have fixed or determinable payments and fixed maturity. the company must have the positive intention and ability to hold them to maturity. equity instruments cannot be held to maturity investments. 贷款和应收款项loans and receivables： have fixed or determinable pa

39、yments and are not quoted in an active market.可供出售的金融资产available-for-sale financial assets： are all items that do not fall into the other categories.3金融资产的初始计量：the initial measurement of financial assetsall financial assets and liabilities should be measured at fair value when they are first recogni

40、zed. this is normally their cost (the fair value of the consideration given or received). fair value includes transaction costs unless the instrument is classified as at fair value through profit or loss, in which case transaction costs are recognized in the income statement.4金融资产的后续计量：subsequent me

41、asurement of financial assetsafter first recognition, most financial assets are measured at fair value. exceptions are held to maturity investments and loans and receivables, which are measured at amortized cost, using the effective interest rate method.5. the way in which gains and losses on remeas

42、urement are treated also depends upon the classification of the instruments. gains and losses relating to instruments at fair value through profit or loss are recognized in the income statement, even if they are unrealized. gains and losses relating to changes in the fair value of available for sale

43、 financial assets are recognized in equity and recycled to the income statement when the asset is sold. changes in amortized cost are recognized in the income statement.6金融资产的减值：the impairment of financial assetsat each balance sheet date, an entity should assess whether there is any objective evide

44、nce that a financial asset or group of assets is impaired. indications of impairment include： (1) significant financial difficulty of the issuer; (2) the probability that the borrower will enter bankruptcy; (3) a default in interest or principal payments; or (4) (for available for sale financial ass

45、ets) a significant and prolonged decline in fair value below cost.the recognition of the impairment of financial assets：(1) for financial assets carried at amortized cost (held to maturity investments and loans and receivables) the impairment loss is the difference between the assets carrying amount

46、 and its recoverable amount. the assets recoverable amount is the present value of estimated future cash flows, discounted at the financial instruments original effective interest rate.(2) for financial assets carried at cost because their fair value cannot be reliably measured, the impairment loss

47、is the difference between the assets carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows, discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial instrument.(3) for available for sale financial assets, the impairment loss is the difference between the acquisition cos

48、t (net of any principal repayment and amortization) and current fair value (for equity instruments) or recoverable amount (for debt instruments).(4) assets at fair value through profit or loss are not subject to impairment testing, because changes in fair value are automatically recognized immediate

49、ly in profit or loss.example：ellesmere co entered into the following transactions during the year ended 31 december 20x3：(1) entered into a speculative interest rate option costing $10,000 on january 20x3 to borrow $6,000,000 from ab bank commencing 31 march 20x5 for 6 months at 4%. the value of the

50、 option at 31 december 20x3 was $15,250.(2) purchased 6% debentures in fg co on 1 january 20x3 (their issue date) for $150,000 as an investment. ellesmere co intends to hold the debentures until their redemption at a premium in 5 years time. the effective rate of interest of the bond is 8.0%.(3) pur

51、chased 50,000 shares in st co on 1 july 20x3 for $3.50 each as an investment. the share price on 31 december 20x3 was $3.75.requiredshow the accounting treatment and relevant extracts from the financial statements for the year ended 31 december 20x3. ellesmere co only designates financial assets as

52、at fair value through profit or loss where this is unavoidable.notes：1. interest rate option： this is a derivative（衍生金融工具） and so it must be treated as at fair value through profit or loss.initial measurement (at cost)dr. financial asset 10,000   cr. cash 10,000at 31.12.20x3 (re-measured t

53、o fair value)dr. financial asset 15,250   cr. cash 15,2502. debentures： on the basis of the information provided, this can be treated as a held-to-maturity investment.initial measurement (at cost)dr. financial asset 150,000   cr. cash 150,000at 31.12.20x3 (amortized cost)dr. fina

54、ncial asset (150,000×8%) 12,000   cr. finance income 12,000dr. cash (150,000×6%) 9,000   cr. financial asset 9,0003. shares： these are treated as an available for sale financial asset .initial measurement (at cost)dr. financial asset (50,000×3.50) 175,000 

55、0; cr. cash 175,000at 31.12.20x3 (re-measured to fair value)dr. financial asset (50,000×3.75-175,000) 12,500   cr. equity 12,500第四章 存货 inventories1存货的确认 the recognition of inventories2存货的初始计量 the initial measurement of inventoriesinventories should be measured at cost when they are fi

56、rst recognized. cost is the cost of bringing items of inventory to their present location and condition (cost of purchase and costs of conversion).cost of purchase comprises purchase price including import duties, transport and handling costs and any other directly attributable costs, less trade dis

57、counts, rebates and subsidies.cost of conversion comprises (1) costs which are specifically attributable to units of production, e.g. direct labor, direct expenses and subcontracted work; (2) production overheads; (3) other overheads, if any, attributable in the particular circumstances of the busin

58、ess to bringing the product or service to its present location and condition.3发出存货的计量 four methods： (1) first-in, first-out; (2) moving weighted average cost; (3) weighted average cost; (4) actual unit cost (specific identification)the same method of arriving at cost should be used for all inventori

59、es having similar nature and use to the enterprise.4期末存货的计量 the year-end measurement of inventoriesending inventories should be valued at the lower of cost and net realizable value.net realizable value is the actual or estimating selling price less all costs to complete and all costs necessary to make the sale (i.e.