Chap06-The-Plitical-Economy-of-International-TradePPT优秀课件

1、Shandong Economic University 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityInternational Business 国际商务 Shandong Economic University 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityChapter 6 The Political Economy of International Trade 1-3 山东经济学院国际贸易学院S

2、chool of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityIntroductionvFree trade occurs when governments do not attempt to restrict what its citizens can buy from another country or what they can sell to another country v自由贸易发生在政府并没有什么企图限制其公民可以购买其他国家或他们能够销售到其他国家 vWhile many nations are nominally co

3、mmitted to free trade, they tend to intervene in international trade to protect the interests of politically important groupsv虽然许多国家在名义上实行自由贸易，他们往往在国际贸易干预，以保护重要的政治团体的利益1-4 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityInstruments Of Trade PolicyThe main instruments of trade

4、policy are:vTariffsvSubsidesvImport QuotasvVoluntary Export RestraintsvLocal Content RequirementsvAdministrative PolicesvAntidumping Policies1-5 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityTariffsvTariffs are taxes levied on imports that effectively raise the cost of impor

5、ted products relative to domestic products v关税征收的进口税，有效地提高了进口产品的成本相对于国内产品 vSpecific tariffs are levied as a fixed charge for each unit of a good imported v具体征收的关税为每一个好单位的固定费用进口vAd valorem tariffs are levied as a proportion of the value of the imported good v从价征收关税是对进口商品价值的比例vTariffs increase governm

6、ent revenues, provide protection to domestic producers against foreign competitors by increasing the cost of imported foreign goods, and force consumers to pay more for certain importsv关税增加政府收入，提供保护，对外国竞争对手国内生产者，增加外国商品的进口成本，并迫使消费者支付部分进口更多vSo, tariffs are unambiguously pro-producer and anti-consumer,

7、 and tariffs reduce the overall efficiency of the world economy v因此，关税是毫不含糊地支持生产者和反消费者，关税降低对世界经济的整体效率1-6 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversitySubsidiesvSubsidies are government payments to domestic producersvConsumers typically absorb the costs of subsidiesSubsidies

8、 help domestic producers in two ways: vthey help them compete against low-cost foreign importsvthey help them gain export markets1-7 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityClassroom Performance SystemWhen tariffs are levied as a fixed charge for each unit of a good im

9、ported, they are calleda) Specific tariffsb) Ad valorem tariffsc) Tariff rate quotasd) Transit tariffs 1-8 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityImport Quotas And Voluntary Export Restraintsv进口配额直接限制了一些好事，可以得到一个国家的进口数量 v关税税率配额是一种混合的配额和关税降低关税凡适用配额内进口超过配额以上的 v自愿出口限制是由出

10、口国实行贸易配额，通常在进口国政府的要求 v配额租金的额外利润，生产者供应时作出人为进口配额限制 v进口配额和自动限制出口的利益，限制进口竞争的国内生产者，但他们抬高进口商品价格1-9 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityLocal Content RequirementsvA local content requirement demands that some specific fraction of a good be produced domestically vLocal con

11、tent requirements benefit domestic producers, but consumers face higher prices1-10 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityClassroom Performance SystemA _ demands that some specific fraction of a good be produced domesticallya) subsidyb) quota rentc) voluntary export r

12、equirementd) local content requirement1-11 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityAdministrative PoliciesvAdministrative trade polices are bureaucratic rules that are designed to make it difficult for imports to enter a country v管理贸易政策是，旨在使进口难以进入一国的官僚规则vThese polices

13、hurt consumers by denying access to possibly superior foreign productsv这些政策伤害拒绝访问可能优于国外产品的消费者 1-12 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityAntidumping PoliciesvDumping refers to selling goods in a foreign market below their costs of production, or selling goods in a fo

14、reign market below their “fair” market value v倾销是指在出售商品以低于生产成本，或出售在低于“公平”的市场价值的商品国外市场国外市场vDumping enables firms to unload excess production in foreign markets v反倾销使企业能够在国外市场上卸下过量生产vSome dumping may be predatory behavior, with producers using substantial profits from their home markets to subsidize p

15、rices in a foreign market with a view to driving indigenous competitors out of that market, and later raising prices and earning substantial profitsv有些可能是掠夺性的倾销行为，与生产者利用本国市场的丰厚利润补贴在国外市场的出市场，以期推动当地竞争对手的价格，后来提高价格和赚取可观的利润。vAntidumping polices (or countervailing duties) are designed to punish foreign fi

16、rms that engage in dumping and protect domestic producers from “unfair” foreign competitionv反倾销政策（或反补贴税）的目的是进行惩罚的倾销和保护“不公平”的外国竞争的国内生产者的外国公司 1-13 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityThe Case For Government InterventionArguments for government intervention: vPolitica

17、l arguments are concerned with protecting the interests of certain groups within a nation (normally producers), often at the expense of other groups (normally consumers) v政治争拗关心保护一国之内（通常生产者），往往是（消费者通常牺牲其他群体的某些集团的利益）vEconomic arguments are typically concerned with boosting the overall wealth of a nat

18、ion (to the benefit of all, both producers and consumers) v经济参数通常涉及提高一个国家的整体财富（对所有的利益，生产者和消费者）1-14 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityPolitical Arguments For Free TradePolitical arguments for government intervention include:vprotecting jobsvprotecting industries d

19、eemed important for national securityvretaliating to unfair foreign competitionvprotecting consumers from “dangerous” productsvfurthering the goals of foreign policyvprotecting the human rights of individuals in exporting countries 1-15 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic Un

20、iversityClassroom Performance SystemWhich of the following is not a political argument for government intervention?a) protecting jobsb) protecting infant industriesc) protecting industries deemed important for national securityd) protecting consumers from “dangerous” products 1-16 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School

21、 of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityProtecting Jobs And IndustriesvProtecting jobs and industries is the most common political reason for trade restrictions v保护工作和行业，是最常用的贸易限制措施的政治原因 vUsually this results from political pressures by unions or industries that are threatened by more e

22、fficient foreign producers, and have more political clout than the consumers that will eventually pay the costs v通常是由行业工会或政治压力，这是“威胁，更有效的外国生产者”的结果，且有更多的政治，莫过于消费者将最终支付费用的影响力1-17 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityNational SecurityvIndustries such as aerospace or el

23、ectronics are often protected because they are deemed important for national securityv如航空航天和电子等行业，往往保护，因为它们被认为对国家安全的重要1-18 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityRetaliationvWhen governments take, or threaten to take, specific actions, other countries may remove trade

24、 barriersv当各国政府采取或威胁采取具体行动，其他国家可能取消贸易壁垒 vIf threatened governments dont back down, tensions can escalate and new trade barriers may be enactedv如果受到威胁，政府不退缩，紧张局势升级和新的贸易壁垒可能会通过1-19 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityProtecting ConsumersvGovernments may intervene in

25、markets to protect consumersv政府可能干预市场，以保障消费者1-20 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityFurthering Policy Objectivesv外交政策目标可以通过贸易政策支持 v优惠的贸易条件，可给予国家，一个政府要建立强有力的关系 v贸易政策也可以用来惩罚不遵守国际法律或准则的无赖国家 v赫尔姆斯伯顿法和达马托法已获得通过，以保护美国公司的这种行动1-21 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade

26、, Shandong Economic UniversityProtecting Human RightsvTrade policy can be used to improve the human rights policies of trading partners vHowever, unless a large number of countries choose to take such action, it is unlikely to be successful vSome critics have argued that the best way to change the i

27、nternal human rights of a country is to engage it in international tradev一些批评者认为，最好的方法来改变一个国家内部的人权是从事国际贸易vThe decision to grant China MFN status in 1999 was based on this philosophyv决定授予1999年中国最惠国待遇也是基于这样的哲学1-22 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityEconomic Argument

28、s For InterventionEconomic arguments for intervention include: vthe infant industry argument vstrategic trade policy1-23 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityClassroom Performance SystemWhat is the most common political reason for trade barriers? a) To protect infan

29、t industries b) Strategic trade policyc) To protect jobsd) To protect industries that are important for national security1-24 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityThe Infant Industry ArgumentvThe infant industry argument suggests that an industry should be protected

30、 until it can develop and be viable and competitive internationally v新兴业界争论表明，一个行业应该得到保护，直到它可以开发和可行的国际竞争力 vThe infant industry argument has been accepted as a justification for temporary trade restrictions under the WTOv对新兴工业的论点已被接纳为世贸组织下的临时贸易限制的理由vHowever, it can be difficult to gauge when an indus

31、try has “grown up” vCritics argue that if a country has the potential to develop a viable competitive position its firms should be capable of raising necessary funds without additional support from the government v批评者认为，如果一个国家有可能建立一个可行的竞争地位的企业应提高没有从政府更多的支持必要的资金能力1-25 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of Internatio

32、nal Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityStrategic Trade PolicyvStrategic trade policy suggests that in cases where there may be important first mover advantages, governments can help firms from their countries attain these advantages v战略性贸易政策建议的情况下可能有重要的先行者优势，政府可以帮助他们实现这些国家的公司的优势 vStrategic trade pol

33、icy also suggests that governments can help firms overcome barriers to entry into industries where foreign firms have an initial advantagev战略性贸易政策还建议，政府可以帮助企业克服进入的行业壁垒1-26 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityRevised Case For Free TradeRestrictions on trade may be i

34、nappropriate in the cases of:vRetaliation and Trade WarvDomestic Politics 1-27 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityRetaliation And Trade WarvPaul Krugman argues that strategic trade policies aimed at establishing domestic firms in a dominant position in a global in

35、dustry are beggar-thy-neighbor policies that boost national income at the expense of other countriesv保罗克鲁格曼认为，战略性贸易政策的建立在一个全球性的行业主导地位的国内企业，目的是以邻为壑的邻居政策，推动在其他国家为代价的国民收入vCountries that attempt to use such policies will probably provoke retaliation1-28 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandon

36、g Economic UniversityDomestic PoliciesvKrugman argues that since special interest groups can influence governments, strategic trade policy is almost certain to be captured by such groups who will distort it to their own ends克鲁格曼认为，由于特殊利益集团可以影响政府，战略性贸易政策几乎肯定会被捕获这些集团谁会扭曲它来达到自己的目的1-29 山东经济学院国际贸易学院Schoo

37、l of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityClassroom Performance SystemWhich theory suggests that in cases where there may be important first mover advantages, governments can help firms from their countries attain these advantages?a) The infant industry argumentb) Strategic trade theory

38、c) Comparative advantage theoryd) The Leontief paradox1-30 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityDevelopment Of The World Trading SystemvHow has the current world trade system emerged?1-31 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityFrom Sm

39、ith To The Great Depressionv直到20世纪30年代大萧条时期，多数国家都具有某种程度的贸易保护主义 v斯穆特一霍利关税颁布了美国对外国商品创造显着，1930年进口关税 v其他国家采取类似的步骤，并为抑郁症加深，世界贸易的进一步下跌1-32 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic University1947-79: GATT, Trade Liberalization, And Economic GrowthvAfter WWII, the U.S. and other nations

40、realized the value of freer trade, and established the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) v二战后，美国和其他国家实现了自由贸易的价值，并确立了关税和贸易总协定（关贸总协定）vThe approach of GATT (a multilateral agreement to liberalize trade) was to gradually eliminate barriers to tradev在关贸总协定的方法（多边贸易自由化的协议），是逐步消除贸易壁垒 1-33 山东经济学院

41、国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic University1980-1993: Protectionist TrendsvIn the 1980s and early 1990s, the world trading system was strainedvJapans economic strength and huge trade surplus stressed what had been more equal trading patterns, and Japans perceived protectionist

42、(neo-mercantilist) policies created intense political pressures in other countriesv日本的经济实力和巨大的贸易盈余强调了哪些更加平等的贸易格局，和日本认为保护主义（新重商主义）政策，造成其他国家的激烈的政治压力vPersistent trade deficits by the U.S., the worlds largest economy, caused significant economic problems for some industries and political problems for th

43、e governmentv日本的经济实力和巨大的贸易盈余强调了哪些更加平等的贸易格局，和日本认为保护主义（新重商主义）政策，造成其他国家的激烈的政治压力vMany countries found that although limited by GATT from utilizing tariffs, there were many other more subtle forms of intervention that had the same effects and did not technically violate GATT v许多国家发现，虽然限制了关贸总协定利用关税，还有许多其他

44、更微妙形式的干预，具有相同的效果，并没有在技术上违反关贸总协定1-34 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityThe Uruguay Round And The World Trade OrganizationvThe Uruguay Round of GATT negotiations began in 1986The talks focused on several areas:vServices and Intellectual Propertyv-going beyond manuf

45、actured goods to address trade issues related to services and intellectual property, and agriculture vThe World Trade Organizationv-it was hoped that enforcement mechanisms would make the WTO a more effective policeman of the global trade rulesvThe WTO encompassed GATT along with two sisters organiz

46、ations, the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)1-35 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityWTO: Experience To DatevSince its establishment, the WTO has emerged as an effective

47、 advocate and facilitator of future trade deals, particularly in such areas as services v自成立以来，世界贸易组织已成为一个有效的倡导者和将来的贸易协议促进特别是在服务等领域vSo far, the WTOs policing and enforcement mechanisms are having a positive effectvMost countries have adopted WTO recommendations for trade disputes 1-36 山东经济学院国际贸易学院Sc

48、hool of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityWTO: Experience To Datev1997年，68个国家，为超过90的世界电信收入占承诺开放市场，外国竞争，并遵守在电信公平竞争的共同规则 v102个国家的承诺不同程度地开放其银行，证券，保险业外国竞争 v该协议不仅包括跨境贸易和外国直接投资 1-37 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityWTO: Experience To Datev在1999年在西雅图世贸组织

49、会议很重要，不仅对所发生的成员国之间，但大楼的外面也发生 v在内部，成员未能就如何对减灾工作的障碍，跨边界服务的农产品和跨国贸易与投资贸易v世贸组织成了抗议自由贸易的各个组织的磁铁1-38 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityThe Future Of The WTO: Unresolved Issues And The Doha RoundThe current agenda of the WTO focuses on: vthe rise of anti-dumping policie

50、svthe high level of protectionism in agriculturevthe lack of strong protection for intellectual property rights in many nationsvcontinued high tariffs on nonagricultural goods and services in many nations 1-39 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityThe Future Of The W

51、TO: Unresolved Issues And The Doha Roundv世贸组织是促进其成员加强在规例，征收反倾销税 v世贸组织关注的是关税和农业的许多经济部门的补贴高 v知识产权世贸组织成员有义务给予持久的和执行的专利至少有20年和50年的版权持久 v世贸组织希望降低非农业产品和服务的关税率，并减少高关税率选择性的使用范围 1-40 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityThe Future Of The WTO: Unresolved Issues And The Doha R

52、oundvThe WTO launched a new round of talks at Doha, Qatar in 2001The agenda includes:vcutting tariffs on industrial goods and servicesvphasing out subsidies to agricultural producersvreducing barriers to cross-border investmentvlimiting the use of anti-dumping laws 1-41 山东经济学院国际贸易学院School of International Trade, Shandong Economic UniversityClassroom Performance System A