英语国家概况(英国部分Unit2)

DoYouKnow?,FocusIn,1GetReady-main,DoYouKnow?,1.1,Fromthefollowingvideoclip,canyoutelltheelementsofBritishness?,DoYouKnow?,1.1-video,II,HaveageneralideaoftheethnicalcompositionoftheBritishpeopleBeinformedofthestatisticsabouttheBritishpopulationKnowsomethingaboutthelanguagesinBritainUnderstandtheclassstructureinBritainKnowaboutBritishness,FocusIn,1.2,Anagingcountry,2text-main,WhataretheelementsoftheBritishidentity?,Classconsciousness,WhataretheethnicgroupsintheUK?,AnEnglish-speakingcountry?,HowisthepopulationdistributedintheUK?,Inhistorictimes,migrantsfromtheEuropeanmainlandjoinedtheindigenouspopulationofBritainduringtheRomanEmpireandduringtheinvasionsoftheAngles,Saxons,Jutes,VikingsandNormansfromNorthernandWesternEurope.,2.1.1NamesforBritain,1.Ethnicorigins,TheIrishhavelongmadehomesinGreatBritain.ManyJewsarrivedinBritaintowardtheendofthe19thcenturyandinthe1930s.After1945largenumbersofotherEuropeanrefugeessettledinthecountry.ThelargeimmigrantcommunitiesfromtheWestIndiesandSouthAsiadatefromthe1950sand1960s.TherearealsosubstantialgroupsofAmericans,Australians,andChinese,aswellasvariousotherEuropeans,suchasGreeks,Russians,Poles,Serbs,Estonians,Latvians,Armenians,TurkishCypriots,Italians,andSpaniards.Beginningintheearly1970s,UgandanAsiansandimmigrantsfromLatinAmerica,SoutheastAsia,andSriLankahavesought,2.1.1,2.Immigrants,2.Immigrants,2.1.1,refugeintheUK.PeopleofIndian,Pakistani,andBangladeshioriginaccountformorethanhalfofthetotalethnicminoritypopulation,andpeopleofWestIndianoriginarethenextlargestgroup.Theforeign-bornelementofthepopulationisdisproportionatelyconcentratedininner-cityareas,andmorethanhalfliveinGreaterLondon.,EthnicityinEnglandandWales,RomanEmpire,2.1.2,TheRomanEmpirewasthepost-RepublicanperiodoftheancientRomancivilization,characterisedbyanautocraticformofgovernmentandlargeterritorialholdingsinEuropeandaroundtheMediterranean.ThetermisusedtodescribetheRomanstateduringandafterthetimeofthefirstemperor,Augustus.BecauseoftheEmpiresvastextentandlongendurance,theinstitutionsandcultureofRomehadaprofoundandlastinginfluenceonthedevelopmentoflanguage,religion,architecture,philosophy,law,andformsofgovernmentintheterritoryitgoverned,particularlyEurope,andbymeansofEuropeanexpansionismthroughoutthemodernworld.,Angles,Saxons,andJutes,2.1.2,TheAnglesisamodernEnglishwordforaGermanic-speakingpeople.TheAngleswereoneofthemaingroupsthatsettledinBritaininthepost-Romanperiod,andtheirnameistherootofthename“England”.TheSaxonswereaconfederationofOldGermanictribes.Theirmodern-daydescendantsaregenerallyconsideredethnicGermans,Dutch,orEnglish.SaxonsparticipatedintheGermanicsettlementofBritainduringandafterthe5thcentury.,2.1.2,TheJuteswereaGermanicpeoplewhowereoneofthethreemostpowerfulGermanicpeoplesoftheirtime.TheJutes,alongwithsomeAngles,SaxonsandFrisians,sailedacrosstheNorthSeatoraidandeventuallyinvadeGreatBritainfromthelate4thcenturyonwards,eitherdisplacing,absorbing,ordestroyingthenativeCelticpeoplesthere.TheyfinallysettledinKent,Hampshire,andtheIsleofWight.,Angles,Saxons,andJutes,Vikings,2.1.2,ThetermVikingiscustomarilyusedtorefertotheNorse(Scandinavian)explorers,warriors,merchants,andpirateswhoraided,traded,exploredandsettledinwideareasofEuropeandtheNorthAtlanticislandsfromthelate8thtothemid-11thcentury.TheseNorsemenusedtheirfamedlongshipstotravelasfareastasConstantinopleandtheVolgaRiverinRussia,andasfarwestasIceland,Greenland,andNewfoundland,andasfarsouthasAlAndalus.ThisperiodofVikingexpansionknownastheVikingAgeformsamajorpartofthemedievalhistoryofScandinavia,Britain,IrelandandtherestofEuropeingeneral.,Normans,2.1.2,TheNormanswerethepeoplewhogavetheirnametoNormandy,aregioninnorthernFrance.Theyplayedamajorpolitical,military,andculturalroleinmedievalEuropeandeventheNearEast.TheywerefamedfortheirmartialspiritandChristianpiety.TheyquicklyadoptedtheRomancelanguageofthelandtheysettledoff,theirdialectbecomingknownasNorman,animportantliterarylanguage.TheDuchyofNormandy,whichtheyformedbytreatywiththeFrenchcrown,wasoneofthegreatlargefiefsofmedievalFrance.NormanadventurersestablishedakingdominSicilyandsouthernItalybyconquest,andaNormanexpeditiononbehalfoftheirduke,WilliamtheConqueror,ledtotheNormanConquestofEngland.,WestIndies,2.1.3,Doyouknowwhere“WestIndies”is?,WestIndiesisagroupofislandsthatextendsinanarcfromnearsouthernFloridatothecoastofVenezuela.TheWestIndiesarchipelago,whichincludesthousandsoftinyislands,formsabreakwater3,200-kmlongagainsttheAtlanticOcean,separatingitfromtheCaribbeanSea.EuropeanexplorerChristopherColumbusgavetheregionthatnameinerrorwhenhearrivedin1492.HeassumedthattheislandswerenearthecoastofIndia.,Anagingcountry,2.2WhereIstheUKLocated?,Comparedtotherestoftheworld,theUKhasasmallerpercentageofyoungerpeopleandahigherpercentageofolderpeople,with15.8percentovertheageof65;thoseundertheageof14yearsmakeuponly17.7percentofthepopulation.Lifeexpectancyin2005was75.94yearsformenand80.96yearsforwomen.Thispatternisexpectedtocontinue.,DemographicsofUKpopulationbyage,1.Populationstatistics,2.3,TheUnitedKingdomhasapopulationof60,209,500(2005estimate),withanaveragepopulationdensityof243personspersquarekilometre(629persquaremile),oneofthehighestintheworld.Accordingto2004statistics,EnglandisthemostpopulatedpartoftheUnitedKingdom,with50,093,800people,whichmeansaboutfour-fifthsoftheUKpopulationresidesinEngland.Ithasapopulationdensityof383personspersquarekilometre.Scotlandpossesses5,078,400people,andapopulationdensityof65personspersquarekilometre.Waleshas2,952,500people,withapopulationdensityof142personspersquarekilometre.NorthernIrelandspopulationis1,710,300,andithas125personspersquarekilometre.,2.Urbanpopulation,2.3,TheUKpopulationisoverwhelminglyurban,with89.4percentlivinginurbanareasand10.6percentlivinginruralareas.TheIndustrialRevolution(17501850)builtupmajorurbanareas,andmostofBritishpeopleliveinandaroundthemtothisday.EnglandspopulationisdensestintheLondonarea,aroundBirminghamandCoventryintheMidlands,andinnorthernEnglandneartheoldindustrialcentresofLeeds,Sheffield,Manchester,Liverpool,andNewcastleuponTyne.Inthe1980sand1990ssouthernEngland,particularlythesoutheast,becameacentreofpopulationgrowth,dueinlargeparttothegrowthofthe,2.Urbanpopulation,2.3,high-techandservicesectorsoftheeconomy.InWalestwo-thirdsofthepeopleliveintheindustrialsouthernvalleys.InScotlandthree-quartersofthepeopleliveinthecentrallowlands,aroundGlasgowtothewestandEdinburghtotheeast.AbouthalfofthepeoplelivinginNorthernIrelandresideintheeasternportion,inBelfastandalongthecoast.,2.Urbanpopulation,2.3,LargestcitiesoftheUnitedKingdom,1.Celticlanguages,2.4,Ofthesurvivinglanguages,theearliestIndo-EuropeanlanguagetoarrivewastheCeltic,fromwhichIrish,WelshandScottishGaelic,amongothers,havedeveloped.Ofthese,Welsh,closelytiedtotheculturalnationalismofWales,isthestrongest.Todayaboutone-fifthofthetotalpopulationofWales,especiallyinthenorthandwest,areabletospeakit.Manyschoolsinthisregionofferbilingualeducation,andthereisaWelsh-languagetelevisionchannel.In1993,afterlongandconsiderableagitationbyWelshnationalists,thegovernmentmadeWelshajointofficiallanguagewithEnglishinWalesfor,2.3,useinthecourts,thecivilservice,andotheraspectsofthepublicsector.ScottishGaelicisstrongestamongtheinhabitantsoftheislandsoftheOuterHebridesandSkye,althoughitisstillheardinthenearbyNorthWestHighlands.Becauseonlylessthan2percentScotsareabletospeakGaelic,ithaslongceasedtobeanationallanguage.Eveninnorthwesternareas,whereitremainsthelanguageofreligion,business,andsocialactivity,Gaelicislosingground.Similarly,verylittleIrishisspokeninIreland.,1.Celticlanguages,2.3,1.Celticlanguages,WelshandEnglish,2.3,ModernEnglishisderivedmainlyfromtheGermanicdialectsspokenbytheAngles,Saxons,andJutes(whoallarrivedinBritaininthe5thcenturyAD)andheavilyinfluencedbythelanguageoftheDanes(Vikings),whobeganraidingtheBritishIslesinaboutAD790andsubsequentlycolonisedpartsofnorthernandeasternEngland.Fromthe11thto14thcentury,undertheFrench-speakingNormankings,ahybridspeechcombiningAnglo-SaxonandNormanFrenchelementsdevelopedandgraduallybecametheofficiallanguage,knownasMiddleEnglishtoday.Thishybridlanguage,alongwithmanyother,2.English,2.3,otheradditions,subsequentlyevolvedintomodernEnglish.TodayEnglishistheofficiallanguageoftheUnitedKingdomandisthefirstlanguageofthevastmajorityofitscitizens(beingspokenmonolinguallybyroughly95percentoftheUKpopulation).SomepeopleinEnglandregardregionalaccentsandslangassubstandard.Ontheotherhand,manylocalpeople,suchasCockneysinEastLondonandpeopleinnorthernEngland,enjoytheirparticularwayofspeaking,regardingitaswarmerandfriendlierthanStandardEnglish.ScottishpeopleappreciatetheScottishaccentsomuchvery,2.English,2.3,thattheyinsisttheBBCcarryprogrammeswithScottish-accentedspeakers.EnglishisthepredominantlanguageinNorthernIreland,althoughatleastsomeoftheRomanCatholicminorityspeakIrish,anotherGaelicdialect,asasecondlanguage.DespitethelargevarietyofdialectsineverypartoftheUK,themostcommonformofEnglishisthatusedbytheBritishrulingclassofsoutheasternEngland.ThisformofthelanguageisassociatedwithReceivedPronunciation(RP),whichisstillregardedbymanypeopleoutsidetheUKas“theBritishaccent”.,2.English,2.3,Cockney,Haveyouheardof“Cockney”?,ThetermCockneyhasbothgeographicalandlinguisticassociations.Geographicallyandculturally,itoftenreferstoworking-classLondoners,particularlythoseintheEastEnd.Linguistically,itreferstotheformofEnglishspokenbythisgroup.,Classconsciousness,2.5,Britainwasonceaclass-riddensociety.Today,multiculturalismandachangingeconomyaregraduallyerodingtheBritishclasssystem,butsomefeaturesofthesystemstillremain.TheBritishsocietyhasoftenbeenconsideredtobedividedintothreemainclasses:theUpperClassOftenpeoplewithinheritedwealth.Includessomeoftheoldestfamilies,withmanyofthembeingtitledaristocrats.theMiddleClassThemajorityofthepopulationofBritain.Theyincludeindustrialists,professionals,businesspeopleandshopowners.,2.5,theLowerorWorkingClassPeoplewhoareagricultural,mineandfactoryworkers.AlthoughsomepeopleintheUKstillrefertothemselvesas“working-class”,“lower-middle”or“upper-middle”(andofcoursetherearethosewhothinkofthemselvesasthe“elite”class),tothemajorityoftheBritishthemeaningsdontseemtomattermuchthesedays.,ClassidentityincontemporaryBritain,Classconsciousness,WhataretheelementsoftheBritishidentity?,2.6,Whilethecontentof“Britishness”issharedacrossmostgroups,thereareimportantdifferencesinthewaysinwhichdifferentgroupsandindividualsarerelatedto,andidentifiedwith,Britishness.UKpassportholdersallknowtheyareBritishcitizens,butnoteveryoneattachesvalueorsignificancetobeingBritish.InScotlandandWales,whiteandethnicminoritypeopleidentifymorestronglywitheachrespectivecountrythanwithBritain.InEngland,whiteEnglishperceivethemselvesasEnglishfirstandasBritishsecond,whileethnicminoritypeopleperceivethemselvesasBritish,second,WhataretheelementsoftheBritishidentity?,2.6,notEnglish,alabeltheyassociateexclusivelywithwhitepeople.Thus,thepeoplewhoidentifymoststronglywithBritishnessarethosefromethnicminoritybackgroundsresidentinEngland.Ethnicminoritypeoplealsodrawonothersourcesofidentification:religion(forMuslimsonly);ethnicity(region,countryorcontinentoforigins,andtheirassociatedcultures);andraceorcolour(forblackCaribbeanandblackAfricanparticipantsonly).Thesevariousidentitiesbecomemoreorlesssalientindifferentsituations.TheyareseenasbeingcompatiblewithBritishness.,WhataretheelementsoftheBritishidentity?,2.6,ThesefeaturessuggestthatthecontemporaryBritishareaverydiversepeoplewithvaryingidentities.Therehasbeenstrongvoicearguingformulticulturalismorseparatedevelopmentofculturalgroupsandthepreservationoftheiridentities.Others,however,advocateculturalvery,ElementsofBritishness,assimilation.Thelatterimpliesanacceptanceofbasiccommonvalues,includingthoserepresentedbycivicsocialandpoliticalstructures,whichhaveprimacyoverculturalidentities.,3.1,TrueorFalse,MultipleChoice,Discussion,1.TheEnglish,theScots,andtheWelshareAnglo-Saxons,buttheIrishareCelts.2.LondonandEnglandasawholehavegreatinfluenceovertherestoftheUnitedKingdombecauseoftheirlargepopulation.3.PeopleofIndian,Pakistani,andBangladeshioriginarethelargestgroupofimmigrantsinBritain.4.Comparedtotherestoftheworld,theUKhasasmallerpercentageofolderpeopleandahigherpercentageofyoungerpeople.,F,(),TrueorFalse,3.1,T,(),T,(),F,(),3.1,T,(),F,(),T,(),F,(),F,(),5.TheWelshlanguageistheofficiallanguageinWales.6.ScottishGaelicistheofficiallanguageinScotland.7.TheEnglishlanguageisthepredominantlanguageinNorthernIreland.8.EnglishpeopleallstrivetofreethemselvesofregionalorlocalaccentsinordertosoundlikeeducatedEnglish-speakingpeople.9.SocialclassintheUKlaysmoreemphasisonmoneyandproperty.,TrueorFalse,3.1,10.Britishnessisassociatedwithpolitical,historical,technological,sporting,andculturalachievementsinBritain.,T,(),TrueorFalse,1.TheEnglishpeopleandtheEnglishlanguagewerebornfromtheunionof_.A.theAnglesandtheSaxonsB.RomansandtheNormanFrenchC.DanesorVikingsandtheNormanFrenchD.NormanconquerorsandthedefeatedAnglo-Saxons,MultipleChoice,3.2,3.2,2.ThefirstknownsettlersofBritainwere_.A.theIberiansB.theBeakerFolkC.theCeltsD.theRomans,MultipleChoice,3.2,3.About80,000ScotsspeakGaelicwhichisanancient_.A.ScottishlanguageB.EnglishlanguageC.IrishlanguageD.Celticlanguage,MultipleChoice,3.2,4.AboutthreemillionpeoplehavemigratedtoBritainsinceWorldWarII.TheyaremainlyfromtheWestIndies,Indiaand_.A.IndonesiaB.SingaporeC.HongKongD.Pakistan,MultipleChoice,3.2,5.InBritain_ofthepopulationisurbanand_isrural.A.90%;10%B.80%;20%C.70%;30%D.60%;40%,MultipleChoice,3.2,6.TheancestorsoftheWelshweretheancient_.A.CeltsB.RomansC.NormansD.Britons,MultipleChoice,3.2,7.TheaveragepopulationdensityinBritainis_peoplepersquarekilometer.A.250B.370C.800D.500,MultipleChoice,3.2,8.Duringthe5thcenturywhentheRomanEmpirefell,theGermanic_invadedandconqueredBritain.A.AnglesandCeltsB.AnglesandPictsC.AnglesandBrythonsD.AnglesandSaxons,MultipleChoice,3.2,9.TheupperclassinBritainconsistsofthefollowingexcept_.A.peerageB.gentryC.landownersD.professionals,MultipleChoice,3.2,10.“Britishness”canbereflectedinthefollowingexcept_.,A.UnionJackB.conservativenessC.theBeatlesD.ThanksgivingDay,MultipleChoice,DiscusshowtheEnglish,Welsh,IrishandScottishhavedefinedthemselvesintermsoftheirindividualnationalities.,Discussion,3.3,ThecomplicationindefiningtheEnglishisacommontendencyforthewords“English”and“British”tobeusedinterchangeably.“Welshpeople”mayrefertoanyonebornorlivinginWales.PeoplefromNorthernIrelandareBritishcitizensbutmayadditionallyberecognisedasIrishpeople.Inmodernuse“Scottishpeople”or“Scots”referstoanyoneborninScotland.,Hints:,BritainsDirtySecret:ClassStillMattersJenniRussell,4FURTHERREADING,OnraredaysIfeelsorryformembersofthegovernment.Runningthecountrymustbeasfrustratingasbeingaparent:itsonlyinretrospectthatyourealisewhereyouwentwrong.Butyournew-foundwisdomisofnousebecausethecrucialmomentshavepassed,andyoucanthaveyourtimeagain.,4-1,Thatswhatshappenedwiththegovernmentsbelatedengagementwiththequestionofclass.ForyearsnewLabouravoidedtheword.Itwastoodivisive.Itthreatenedthepartysdelicatepositioninthecentreground.Itwastooeasilylinkedwiththeuncomfortableword“struggle”.Itwasmuchbettertotalkinsteadofaspirationanddisadvantage,inclusionandsocialmobility.InLaboursviewoftheworld,anyonecouldgetonaslongastheyraisedtheirsightsandworkedhard.Thetwinproblemsfacingthelessprivilegedwerethoseofmoney,4-2,andambition.Thegovernmentwouldprovidemoreofthefirstthroughredistribution,andmoreofthesecondthrougheducationalreformsandexhortation.Schoolswoulddriveupstandards,thepoorwouldpassmoreexaminations,educationalinequalitywouldberedressedandwewouldenteranewageofmeritocracy.Thestrategyhasntworked.True,peoplefromthelowerandmiddle-incomegroupshavemorequalifications,butitsdonenothingfortheirrelativeposition.Inequalityhaswidenedslightly,socialmobilityremainsamongthe,4-3,worstinEurope,andthewell-offdominatetopuniversitiesandtheprofessionsjustastheyalwaysdid.Itfailedbecauseitignoredthetruth.Labouractedasifsocialdisadvantagewaslargelyapracticalproblem.ForalongtimeitavoidedaddressingthebarriersthatdivideBritonsfromoneanotherandmakeattemptingtomoveoutofonesgroupasriskyandaspsychologicallydifficultaprocessasemigration.,4-4,Theapparentemergenceofaclasslesssociety,inwhichanyonemightwearjeans,watchTheXFactororspeakinavariantofestuaryEnglish,disguisesthefactthatBritainisstillahighlystratifiedsociety,inwhichdifferentclassesarebroughtuptofollowdifferentrulesabouthowtothink,talkandbehave.Theseclassesprefertosocialiseandworkwiththosewhosharetheirvalues.Joiningthesegroupsisnotasimplematterofgainingtherightacademicqualifications.Theywilladmitandpromoteonlythosewhocanreadalltheirunwrittenandunspokenrulesofbehaviour.,4-5,Ithasbeenonlyinthepastyearorsothatpartsofthegovernmenthavesuddenlywokenuptothefactthatthestrategytocreateafairersocietyisntworking.AlanMilburnsblisteringreportonsocialmobilityrecognisedhowsplitBritainwasbecoming,dividedbetweenthosewhohadnetworksandsocialskillsandthosewithout.Itpointedoutthattheordinarymiddleclasseswerenowalsolosingouttothoseintheuppermiddle,whohadtheconnections.Itcalledfornationalmentoringschemesandinternshipsandforschoolstobejudgedonwhethertheyeducatedthewholechild.HarrietHarmanproducedthe,4-6,EqualityBill,aimedamongotherthingsatreducingdiscriminationonthebasisofclass.AndlastweekJohnDenham,thecommunitiesminister,saidclasswasnowaslikelyacauseofdiscriminationasraceusedtobe.Thisisdifficultterritorybecauseitinvolvesuncomfortableissues.Itisnotasimplestoryaboutprejudice.Ontheonehand,thereareissuesofpowerandexclusion.Ontheother,societyisnowbecomingsodividedthatinsomepoorareaspeoplearebeingraisedwithoutdevelopingthecharacterandattitudestheyneedtosurvive.Theyareemergingwithoutbasicmannersand,4-7,skills.OneformerDowningStreetadvisersaysthatitremainshardtohaveanhonestconversationaboutthis.Labourdoesntwanttolooktoocloselyatbehaviourandcharacter.TheTories,ontheotherhand,dontwanttoconfronttherealitiesofstructuralprivilege.ThatseemedominouslytruelastweekwhenDavidCameronpraisedsocialmobilitywhileconfirmingthathewillnotaimtoclosetheincomegap