初中英语语法讲解--倒装句[1].doc

初中英语语法讲解：倒装句定义为了强调、突出等语用目的而颠倒原有语序的句式叫做倒装句。在倒装句中，颠倒了的成分可以恢复原位而句意基本不变，句法成分不变。 英语倒装句(Inversion) 主语和谓语是句子的核心，它们之间有两种语序： 一是主语在谓语之前称为自然语序（Natural Order）； 二是主语在谓语之后则称为倒装语序（Inverted Order）。 而倒装语序中又有完全倒装（Full Inversion）和部分倒装（Partial Inversion） 完全倒装（Full Inversion）:又称“全部倒装”，是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。部分倒装（Partial Inversion）：指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装，二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。前一种情况，倒装是必须的，否则就会出现语法错误；后一种情况，倒装是选择性的，倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异。一、表示强调:倒装句最突出、最常见的修辞效果就是强调，其表现形式如下：1、only +状语或状语从句置于句首,句子用部分倒装。例子:Only in this way can you solve this problem.只有用这种方法,你才可以解决这个问题。Only after he had spoken out the word did he realize he had made a big mistake.只有当他已经说出那个字后才意识到自己犯了个大错误。2、hardly、in no way、little、scarcely、seldom、never、no more、 no longer、not、not only、no sooner、not only (but also)、not until 等具有否定意义的词或词组位于句首，句子用部分倒装。例子：No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.我刚到家就下起了雨。Seldom do I go to work by bus.我很少乘公共汽车上班。 她还没来得及坐下来，就听见有人敲门。Not until twelve oclock did he go to bed last night .3、so / such.that结构中的so或such位于句首可以构成部分倒装句,表示强调so /such和that之间的部分。例子:So unreasonable was his price that everybody startled.他的要价太离谱，令每个人都瞠目结舌。To such length did she go in rehearsal that the two actors walked out.她的彩排进行得那么长，以致于那两个演员都走出去了。以上各例都用倒装语序突出了句首成分，其语气较自然语序强烈，因而具有极佳的修辞效果。二、承上启下1.为了避免句子部分内容不必要的重复，常用so+be动词（助动词、情态动词）+主语或neither/nor + be动词（助动词、情态动词）+主语的倒装句式。其中第一个句式表示与前面所述的肯定情况相同，第二个句式表示与前面所述的否定情况相同。例子:A：His brother is a college student B：so is mine.(nor is mine .)A：他弟弟是大学生B：我弟弟也是。(我弟弟也不是。)A：He used to have his further study abroadB：so did I.(neither did I.)A：他曾去国外深造过。B:我也去过。(我也没有。)A：One of my friends can speak three foreign languagesB：so can his wife.(neither can his wife .)A：我的一个朋友会说三门外国语。B：他的妻子也会。(他的妻子也不会。) 2、倒装可把前一句说到的人或物，或与前一句有联系的人或物在下一句紧接着先说出来，从而使前后两句在意思上的关系更加清楚，接更加紧密,起到承上启下的作用。例子:They broke into her uncles bedroom and found the man lying on the floor, dead. Around his head was a brown snake.他们破门进入她叔叔的卧室,发现他躺在地板上死了。一条棕褐色的蛇缠在他头上。We really should not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are，and paupers we shall remain.我们确实不应因为被称作穷光蛋而愤愤不平。我们的确是穷光蛋，而且还会继续是穷光蛋。三、制造悬念，渲染气氛在新闻或文学创作中,有时为了内容的需要,或是为了强调,作者常常运用倒装来制造悬念,渲染气氛。如朗费罗(Longfellow)雪花中的一节:Out of the bosom of the Air,Out of the cloud-folds of her garments shaken,Over the woodlands brown and bare,Over the harvest-fields forsaken,Silent, and soft, and slow,Descends the snow.在这一节诗里，诗人就富有创意地运用了倒装。在前五行中，诗人堆砌了七个状语，状语连续出现而主语和谓语却迟迟未露，造成一种悬念效应。全节读罢，读者才对诗歌的主题恍然大悟，因而收到了不同凡响的艺术效果。四、平衡结构英语修辞的一个重要原则是尾重原则，即把句子最复杂的成分放在句尾以保持句子平衡。在语言使用中为了避免产生头重脚轻、结构不平衡的句子，我们常采用倒装语序。 1、以作状语的介词短语开头：当主语较长或主语所带修饰语较长时，为了使句子平衡,常将状语置于句首,句子用完全倒装语序。例子:A、To the coal mine came a com-pany of PLA soldiers with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners.B、A company of PLA soldiers came to the coal mine with orders from the headquarters to rescue the trapped miners.一个连队的解放军战士来到了那座煤矿,奉司令部之命解救受困的矿工。A、 On the ground lay some air conditioners，which are to be shipped to some other cities.B、 Some air conditioners lay on the ground， which are to be shipped to some other cities.地上放着一些空调，等着用船运到其他城市去。从例句中可看出，采用倒装语序的A句结构平衡稳妥，读起来自然流畅，而采用自然语序的B句结构零乱，读起来也别扭。因而，在主语较长时就应采用倒装语序以取得理想的表达效果。2、以表语开头的句子：有时为了把较长的主语放在后面，须将表语和谓语都提到主语前。例子:Such would be our home in the future.我们将来的家就是这个样子。3、以副词here , there开头的句子,也采用完全倒装来保持句子平衡。例子:Here is the letter you have been looking forward to.你盼望已久的信在这儿。五、使描写生动有时为了使叙述或描绘更加生动形象，增加语言效果，可将表示方向的副词(如:down, up, out, in, off, on, away等)或拟声词(bang, crack等)置于句首,句子采用全部倒装的语序(主语为人称代词的句子除外)。例子:Up went the rocket into the air.嗖地一声火箭就飞上天了。Down jumped the criminal from the third floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him.当警察把手枪瞄准那个罪犯时，嘭地一下他就从三楼跳了下去。Boom went the cannon!轰隆一声大炮开火了!Bang came another shot!砰!又是一声枪响!以上句子简洁明快，生动逼真地描述了有关动作，令我们一览此类倒装的风采。但这种倒装句的修辞功能在语段中可以体现得更为清楚。“Stop thief! Stop thief！：There is a magic cry in the sound. The tradesman leaves his counter, . Away they run, pellmell, helterskelter, yellingscreaming, .“Stop thief ! Stop thief !” The cry is taking by a hundred voices, . Away they fly, splashing through the mud, up go the window， out run the people. ( Dickens )作者在第一段和第二段中分别用副词away, up和out位于句首引出四个倒装句Away they run , Away they fly, up go the window , out run the people。从而制造出一种紧张、急促的气氛 ,生动地刻画了一个紧张、混乱的捉贼场面。倒装是英语中一个重要的修辞手段。倒装句的使用丰富了我们的语言表达,了解并掌握倒装句各种句式的用法 , 不仅会提高我们对英语语言的欣赏能力 , 对英语表达能力的提高也将大有裨益。因此，写作中适当用一些倒装句式定会使文章表达更生动、有力。初中英语倒装句练习 1. Look,_. A. here the bus comes B. here is the bus coning C. here comes the bus D. here the bus is coming 2. Where is Kate? Look，_, she is at the school gate. A. there she is B. there is she C. here you are D. here it is 3. Which of the following sentences is correct? A. In the teacher came B. In did come the teacherC. In did the teacher come D. In came the teacher 4. Out _, with a stick in his hand. A. did he rush B. rushed he C. he rushed D. he did rush 5. _, he is honest. A. As he is poor B. Poor is he C. Poor as he is D. Poor as is he 6. _, he knows a lot of things. A. A child as he is B. Child as he is C. A child as is he D. Child as is he 7. _, you cant lift yourself up. A. Even youre strong B. Strong as you are C. How strong you are D. In spite youre strong 8. So carelessly _that he almost killed himself. A. he drives B. he drove C. does he drive D. did he drive 9. Early in the day _the news _the enemy were gone. A. come; that B. came; that C. comes; that D. came; what 10. Only when you realize the importance of foreign languages_ them well. A. you can learn B. can you learn C. you learned D. did you learn 11. Only after liberation _ to be treated as human beings. A.did they begin B. they had begun C. they did begin D. had they begun 12. Not only _ to stay at home, but he was also forbidden to see his friends. A. he was forcing B. he was forced C. was he forcing D. was he forced 13. Not until his father was out of prison_ to school. A. can John go B. John can go C. could John go D. John could go 14. Never before _ seen such a stupid man. A. am I B. was I C. have I D. shall I 15. Rarely _such a silly thing. A. have I heard of B. I have heard of C. am I heard of D. had I heard of 16. Little _ about his own health though he was very ill. A. he cared B. did he care C. does he care D. he cares 17. Only when _ in the afternoon _ able to leave. A. the match was over; they were B. was the match over; were they C. was the match over; they were D. the match was over; were they 18. Hardly _ down _ he stepped in. A. had I sat; than B. I had sat; when C. had I sat; then D. had I sat; when 19. No sooner _asleep than she heard a knock at the door. A. she had fallen B. had she fallen C. she had fell D. had she fell 20. She did not see Smith. _. A. Neither did I B. Nor didnt I C. Neither I did D. So didnt I 21. In front of the farmhouse _. A. lay a peasant boy B. laid a peasant boy C. a peasant lay D. did a peasant boy lie 22. You ought to have given them some advice. _, but who cared what I said ? A. So ought you B. So I ought C. So did you D. So I did 23. It was hot yesterday. _. A. It was so. B. So was it. C. So it was. D. So it did 24. No longer _ to be monitor of the class. A. is he fit B. he is fit C. he fit D. fit be 25. You like football very much. _. A. So do I B. So I do C. I do too D. It is the same with me26. Only by practicing a few hours every day_ be able to master the language. A. you can B. can you C. you will D. will you 27. Hardly _ the bus stop _ the bus arrived. A. we had got to; when B. we had got to; then C. had we got to; than D. had we got to; when 28. Where is your brother? There _. A. he is coming B. he comes C. comes he D. does he come 29. _ earlier you would have met him. A. If you came B. If you did come C. Did you come D. Had you come 30. Not only _ polluted but _crowded. A. was the city; were the street B. the city was; were the street C. was the city; the streets were D. the city was; the streets were 31. She is a teacher and works at the college. _. A. So is Li Ming B. So does Li Ming C. So is it with Li Ming D. So it is with Li Ming 32. Now _ Toms turn to recite the text. A. there is B. is going C. has come D. comes 33.Hearing the cat coming, off_. A. fled all the mice B. away fled the mice C. all the mice fled away D. fleeing all the mice 34. _ reading and speaking English every day, he would speak it well enough now. A. Had he practiced B. Did he practice C. Should he practice D. Were he to practice 35. Nearby _ in which they had spent their summer vacation. A. was two houses B. two houses were C. were two houses D. are two houses 36. Not only a writer but also _ here. A. an actor was wanted B. was an actor wanted C. an actor were wanted D. were an actor wanted 37. So tired _ after a whole days heavy work that I _ stand on my feet A. was I; could hardly B. was I felt; could hardly C. was I; couldnt hardly D. I was; hardly couldnt 38. Only in this way_expect to get over so many difficulties. A. we are sure to B. can we C. that we can D. that can we 39. After that we never saw her again, nor _ from her. A. did we hear B. we heard C. has we heard D. we have heard 40. Not until I began to work _ how much time I had wasted. A. didnt I realize B. did I realize C. I didnt realize D. I realize 41. Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother? I dont know, _. A. nor dont I care B. nor do I care C. I dont care neither D. I dont care also 42. You cant imagine _ when they received these nice Christmas presents. A. how they were excited B. how excited they were C. how excited were they D. they were how excited 43. Not until all the fish died in the river _ how serious the pollution was. A. did the villagers realize B. the villagers realized C. the villagers did realized D. didnt the villagers realize 44. Little _ about his own safety, though he was in great danger himself. A. does he care B. did he care C. he cares D. he cared 45. David has made great progress recently. _, and _. A. So he has; so you have B. So he has; so have you C. So has he; so have D. So has he; so you have 46. It was careless of you to have left your clothes outside all night. My God! _. A. So did I B. So I did C. So were you D. So did you 47. Not a single song _ at yesterdays party. A. she sang B. sang she C. did she sing D. she did sing 48. _ the people have become masters of their own country that science can really serve the peopleA. Only then B. It is only then C. Only when D. It is only when 49. Not only _ difficult to understand, but it was too long. A. it was B. it made C. did it make D. was it 50. Only when the rain stopped _ again. A. the match started B. does the match start C. did the match start D. the match had started 初中英语主谓一致练习题及答案 1. Either Jane or Steven _ watching TV now. A. were B. is C. was D. are 2. Two days _enough for me to finish the work, I need a third day. A. isnt B. is C. arent D. are 3. How many lessons do you usually have a day? Six lessons a day. And each of then _45 minutes. A. last B. lasts C. have D. are 4. Neither Li Ping nor I _a basketball player. A. am B. is C. be D. are 5. There _ many new words in lesson one, It is very easy. A. is B. arent C. isnt D. are 6. The number of the students in our school _1200. A. is B. are C. has D. have 7. Maths _ my favorite subject. A. be B. is C. am D. are 8. The boy with the two dogs _ when the earthquake rocked the city. A. were sleeping B. is sleeping C. was sleeping D. are sleeping 9. Every one except Tom and John _there when the meeting began. A. are B. is C. were D. was 10. That place is not interesting at all, _of us wants to go there. A. Neither B. Both C. All D. Some 11. Nobody but Jane _ the secret. A. know B. knows C. have know D. is 12. Whats on the plate? Some eggs and cakes on it? There _some eggs and cakes on it.A. is B. are C. was D. were 13. This pair of glasses _mine. A. are B. be C. is D. will be 14. Both Lily and Lucy _ to the party yesterday. A. invited B. was invited C. had invited D. were invited 15. Two months _quite a long time. Yes, Im afraid that he will miss lots of his lessons. A. is B. are C. was D. were 16. In the city the old _. A. take good care of B. are taken good care of C. is taken good care of D. are been taken good care of 17. His family _all very kind and friendly, His family _a happy one. A. are, is B. is, is C. are, are D. is, are 18. The singer and the dancer _come to Beijing. A. has B. have C. are D. is 19. The children in this class each _new school bag. A. have B. has C. has got D. are having 20. All but one _ here just now. A. is B. was C. has been D. were 21. If Bobs wife wont agree to go on holiday in winter, _. A. neither he will B. neither wont he C. neither will he D. he wont neither 22. I havent finished my homework yet. _. A. so has he B. Neither he has C. He has too D. He hasnt either 23. “Im going to visit the Lu Gou Bridge tomorrow.” “ _.” A. I am so B. So am I C. So go I D. So I go 24. You as well as he _ to blame(责备) for the accident (交通事故). A. are B. is C. have D. has 25. Neither my wife nor I myself _able to teach my daughter to sing English songs. A. has been B. is C. are D. am定语从句6. The freezing point is the temperature _ water changes into ice. A. at which B. on that C. in which D. of what 7. This book will show you _ can be used in other contexts. A. how you have observed B. what you have observed C. that you have observed D. how that you have observed 8. The reason is _ he is unable to operate the machine. A. because B. why C. that D. whether 9. Ill tell you _ he told me last week. A. all which B. that C. all that D. which 10. That tree, _ branches are almost bare, is very old. A. whose B. of which C. in which D. on which 11. I have bought the same dress _ she is wearing. A. as B. that C. which D. what 12. He failed in the examination, _ made his father very angry. A. which B. itC. that D. what 13. Were talking about the piano and the pianist _ were in the concert we attended last night. A. which B. whom C. who D. that 14. The girl _ an English song in the next room is Toms sister. A. who is singing B. is singing C. sang D. was singing 15. Those _ not only from books but also through practice will succeed. A. learn B. who C. that learns D. who learn 16. Anyone _ this opinion may speak out. A. that againstB. that against C. who is against D. who are against 17. Didnt you see the man _? A. I nodded just now B. whom I nodded just now C. I nodded to him just now D. I nodded to just now 18. Can you lend me the novel _ the other day? A. that you talked B. you talked about it C. which you talked with D. you talked about 19. Is there anything _ to you? A. that is belonged B. that belongs C. that belong D. which belongs 20. - “How do you like the book?” - “Its quite different from _ I read last month.” A. that B. which C. the one D. the one what 21. Mr. Zhang gave the textbook to all the pupils except _ who had already taken them. A. the ones