英汉互译八种技巧

1、翻译常用的八种技巧,常用的翻译技巧,1. 重复法 (repetition) 2. 增译法 (amplification) 3. 减译法 (omission) 4. 词类转换法 (conversion) 5. 词序调整法 (inversion) 6. 分译法 (division) 7. 正说反译, 反说正译法 (negation)（反译法） 8. 语态 变换法 (the change of the voices),1. 重复法,汉语重复,英译时也重复; 根据两种语言各自的习惯用法,以不同的表达方式进行重复,这种重复通常是为了传达原文的生动性.,重复主要有三种作用： 1，使译文的意思更加明确； 2

2、，加强语气，表示强调； 3，使译文更加生动 这种方法主要用于英译汉，因为英汉语比较起来，汉语更喜欢重复，也更经得起重复。,1.重复名词 1）重复做宾语的名词 We have to analyze and solve problems. 我们要分析问题，解决问题。 Lets revise our safety and sanitary regulations. 我们来修改安全规则和卫生规则吧。 Gentlemen may cry, peace, peace - but there is no peace. 先生们尽管可以高呼和平，和平！但是依然没有和平。,We must enrich our c

3、ultural and material lives. 我们必须丰富我们的精神生活和物质生活。（宾语前有多个定语时，要重复这个做宾语的名词） 2）重复做表语的名词 This is a victorious conference that shows our unity. 这是一个胜利的大会，一个团结的大会。 （表语有多个修饰语时，重复做表语的名词）,Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration. 无知是恐惧的根源，也是崇拜的根源。,3）重复名词，取代代词 Dont be afraid of failure, as it is

4、the mother of success. 不要害怕失败。失败是成功之母。 Translation form Chinese into English is not so easy as that form English into Chinese. 汉译英不像英译汉那么容易。 A large family has its difficulties. 大(家庭)有大(家庭)的难处。,2. 重复动词 Youve read more books than I have. 你读的书比我读的多。 He succeeded because of his good luck rather than of

5、 his ability. 他的成功靠的是运气，而不是靠的能力。 He went to bed again, and thought and thought and thought it over and over. 他有又上床去，左思右想，想个不停。,这种人闹什么东西呢?闹名誉,闹地位,闹出风头。 What are they after? They are after name, after position, and they want to cut smart figure. 天苍苍,野茫茫,风吹草低见牛羊。 The sky is blue, blue; And the steppe w

6、ide, wide; Over grass that the wind has battered low; Sheep and oxen roam.,寻寻觅觅,冷冷清请,凄凄惨惨戚戚;乍暖还寒时侯,最难将息。 (译文1） Seek, seek; search, search; Cold, cold; bare, bare; Grief, grief; cruel, cruel grief. Now warm, then like the autumn cold again, How hard to calm the heart! （译文2） I seek but seek in vain, I

7、 search and search again; I feel so sad, so drear, So lonely, without cheer. （许渊冲译）,青青河边草, 郁郁园中柳。 Green grows the grass upon the bank, The willow shoots are long and lank. 3 保留谚语中的重复 Out of sight, out of mind. 眼不见，心不念。 Work while you work, play while you play. 干要干得投入，玩要玩得尽兴。,4. 保留习语中的重复 Long, long a

8、go 很久很久以前， The flower is very ,very beautiful. 这花可美可美了。 5，英语强势词的译法 Whatever, whatsoever, whoever, whomever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however.,You may take whatever away for all I care. 你想拿什么拿什么，我才不管哩。 Whoever breaks the law must be punished. 谁犯法谁就得受惩罚。 Dont worry about the money. Just repay me

9、 whenever you have. 别把那点钱挂在心上。你什么时候有什么时候还我好了。,6.重复副词 Nels had it all written out neatly. 纳尔斯把它写得清清楚楚。 By and by the building rose up. 楼房一点一点地升起来了。 7，使用四字词组 Come over and have a rest. 过来休息休息。,Such a trifling thing is hardly worth mentioning. 区区小事，不足挂齿。 On returning to India, and ever after, he used t

10、o speak of the pleasure of this period of his existence with great enthusiasm. 他后来回到印度，一提起那一段逍遥自在的日子，总是眉飞色舞。 She spoke little and then after long meditation. 她少言寡语，而且总是在深思熟虑之后才开口。 To be continued!,2. 增译法,为了使译文忠实地表达原文的意思与风格并使译文合乎表达习惯,必须增加一些词语,这就叫增译法. 增词义增加虚词为多，也可酌量增加实词。 英译汉时经常增加的词有结构词、数量词、概念词、语气词等。 从

11、增补的功能来看，可以分为结构增补、意义增补和修辞增补。,I am looking forward to the holidays. 我们等待假日的到来。 Much of our morality is customary. 我们大部分的道德观念都有习惯性。 Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人精确。 Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural phi

12、losophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。,He is young but ambitious. 他人小志大。 She was small and slight, pale, but very beautiful. 她身量瘦小，面色苍白，但模样倒很漂亮。 I dont care about it. You may please yourself. 我倒无所谓，随你的便吧。 Just look at her face, r

13、ed as an apple. 你瞧她的脸哟，红得像个苹果似的。,没有调查研究就没有发言权。 He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak. (No investigation, no right to speak.) 2. 子曰:“学而不思则罔, 思而不学则殆。” Confucius said: “He who learns without thinking is lost. He who thinks without learning remains puzzled.” 3. 虚心使人进步, 骄傲使人落后。 Mo

14、desty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.,4. 交出翻译之前,必须读几遍,看看有没有要修改的地方. 这样你才能把工作做好。 Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved. Only thus can you do your work well. 5. 只许州官放火, 不许

15、百姓点灯。 The magistrate are free to burn down houses, while the common people are forbidden even to light lamps.,(One man may steal a horse, while another may not look over the hedge.) 6. 班门弄斧 Showing off ones proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter. 7. 三个臭皮匠, 顶个诸葛亮。 Three cobblers

16、with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the master mind. 8. 留得青山在, 不怕没柴烧。 So long as green hills remain, there will never be a shortage of firewood.,3. 减译法,增译法的反面 减译法是指原文中有些词在译文中不译出来,因为译文中虽无其词而已有其意,或者在译文中是不言而喻的; 减译法是删去一些可有可无的, 或者有了反而累赘或违背译文习惯表达法的词, 并不是把原文的某些思想内容删去。,省译和增补是相辅相成的两种翻译技巧。省译和分为结构省译和精炼压

17、缩。 所谓结构省译是由于英汉两种语言在句子结构上的差异造成的。在英译汉时经常省略的词有代词、系词、介词、连词、冠词、先行词等。 作主语和定语的人称代词以及做定语的物主代词均可省译。 如果把结构省译看作是消极的省译手段，那么精炼压缩则是积极的省译手段，前者明显，后者隐晦。,A book is useful. 书（是）有用（的）。 The earth goes around the sun. 地球绕太阳转。 On Sundays we have no school. 礼拜天我们不上学。 If you write him, the response would be absolute silence

18、 and void. 你写信给他，总是石沉大海。 A wise man will not marry a woman who has attainments but no virtue. 聪明的人是不会娶有才无德的女子为妻的。,It isnt rum for a woman to want her old husband back, for respectability, though for a man to want his old wife back well, perhaps it is funny, rather! （一个）女人为了体面（的关系）而要（她的从）前（的那个丈）夫回来，这

19、并不（是）奇怪（的事），但是（一个）男人要（他从）前（的那个）妻（子）回来，也许是很有趣的事。,我们要培养分析问题、 解决问题的能力。 We must cultivate the ability to analyze and solve problems. 2. 郭沫若同志曾说: “中国人历来是勇于探索、勇于创造、勇于革命的。” Comrade Guo Moro once said: “The people of China have always been courageous enough to probe into things, to make inventions and to ma

20、ke revolution.” 3. 他们为国家做的事, 比我们所做的多得多。 They have done much more for the state than we have.,4. 词类转换法,英译汉时词类转换的核心是根据需要将具有动作性的名词转换为汉语的动词，或者将可表示概念的动词转换为汉语名词。 汉译英时则反其道而行之。,For students of composition, an awareness that rhetorical patterns differ from one culture to another can help them become more qui

21、ckly proficient in a writing pattern that is not native to them. 学习写作的人若能意识到各种文化在修辞模式上的差别，则有助于他们迅速掌握对他们来说是外在的写作模式。,In those years the Republicans were in. 那些年是共和党执政。 The music is a gas. 这音乐妙极了。 Saud was a frustrated man at that time. 沙特那时已受挫折。 Traditionally, there had always been good relations betw

22、een them. . 他们之间一直有着传统的友好关系。 This experiment is a great success. 这次实验是极为成功的。,Ignorance of the law excuses no man. 不懂法不能成为任何人违法的理由。 He behaves badly. 他的行为不端。 Im sure youve had a good time. 我断定你们玩得很痛快。 Beauty is only skin-deep. 美貌不过是皮相之物。,The war is over. 战争结束了。 After careful investigation, they found

23、 the design behind. 经过认真的调查研究，他们发现这一设计落后了。,1) 语言这个东西不是随便可以学好的, 非下苦功不可。 The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effort. 2) 一定要少说空话,多做工作。 There must be less empty talk and more hard work.,3. 徐悲鸿画马画得特别好。 Xu Beihongs drawings (paintings) of horses are exceptionally good. 4. 林则徐认为, 要

24、成功地禁止鸦片买卖,就得首先把鸦片焚毁。 Lin Zexu believed that a successful ban of the trade in opium must be preceded by the destruction of the drug itself.,5. 词序调整法,1 发生了这样的事不是你的错。 Its not your fault that this has happened. 2 她，一个瘦弱多病的女孩子，以她坚强的毅力写出了一部催人奋进的小说。 A thin and weak girl susceptible to diseases, she wrote o

25、ne inspiring novel after another with her strong will. 3 一直在一旁观看的小学生们开始鼓起掌来。 The pupils that had been watching started to applaud.,会议没能取得一致意见就结束了。 The meeting ended in disagreement (without reaching a consensus). 这所大学现有计算机科学、高能物理、激光、地球物理、遥感技术、遗传工程六个专业。 This university has six faculties, namely, Comp

26、uter Science, High Energy Physics, Laser, Geo-physics, Remote Sensing and Genetic Engineering.,He read the novel with great enthusiasm and could hardly tear himself away from it. 他兴致勃勃地读那部小说，简直爱不释手。 Oxygen is one of he things on which life depends. 氧是生命不可缺少的要素之一。 Send me a message in case you have a

27、ny difficulties. 万一有什么困难，给我捎个信来。,6. 正说反译、反说正译法,反说 英语词句中含有 “never”, “no”, “non-”, “un-”, “im-”, “ir-”, “-less” 等成分； 汉语词句中含有 “不，没，无，未，甭，别，休，莫，非，勿，毋” 等成,我想小李明天不会来了。 I dont think Xiao Li will com tomorrow. 2 我们的人民解放军无愧于伟大的人民军队的称号。 Our PLA is worthy of being called a great army of the people. 3 雷锋的高尚行为是赞

28、扬不尽的。 Lei Fengs noble deeds are above all praise. 她光着脚走进房间。 She came into the room with no shoes on. 5 法律面前人人平等。 Law is no respecter of persons. be no respecter of persons 对任何人一律看待; 不徇私情,黄鼠狼给鸡拜年，不坏好心。 The weasel goes to pay respects to the hen not with the best of intentions. The weasel pays a court

29、esy visit to the hen with evil intent.,She refrained from laughing. 她忍住了，没有发笑。 She was refused admittance by them. 他们不许她进去。 An opportunity is not likely to repeat itself. 良机难再。 All that glitters is not gold. All is not lost. 并非全失。,But all men are not born to reign. 并非人人生来就都是作帝王的。 All that flatter yo

30、u too much are not faithful friends. 吹捧你的人并非都是你的忠实朋友。 Both children are not clever. 并非两个孩子都聪明。,Private. 闲人莫入。 Keep upright. 切勿倒置。 Wet paint. 油漆未干。 Urban clearway. 市区通道，不准停车。 Inflammables - keep away from fire. 易燃物品，请勿近火。 No deposit will be refunded unless ticket produced. 凭票退还押金。 These visits will o

31、perate only if weather permits. 以上参观项目遇雨停止或改期。,If you forward the transcripts yourself, they can be considered official only if the school envelope has remained sealed. 如果你本人递交证件，只有校方信封保持密封才可以被认为是正视的。（误） 如果证件由申请人本人递交，则本人不得擅自启封，否则证件将视为无效。（正）,7. 分译法,分译法主要用于长句的翻译。 以毛泽东选集英译本为例，说明汉语长句的分译法。,如果长句以一表示判断或小结的

32、从句结尾，可使用分译法。例如： 这些国家的共产党和进步党派，正促使它们的政府和我们作生意，以至建立外交关系，这是善意的，这就是援助。 The communist Parties and progressive groups in these countries are urging their government to establish trade and even diplomatic relations with us. This is goodwill. This is help.,2. 如果汉语句子较长，其中有语气或话题的转折， 为了使英译文明确，可进行分译。例如： 蒋介石说，中国

33、过去没有内战，只有剿匪；不管叫什么吧，总之要发动反人民的内战。 Chiang Kai-shek says there has never been any “civil war” in China, only “bandit suppression”. Whatever he likes to call it, the fact is he wants to start a civil war against the people.,3. 如果汉语长句中含有反问句（或反诘句）或感叹号，英译时通常要分译。 不和中国的人民民主专政的当局好好地打交道，却要干这些混帐工作，而且公开地发表出来，丢脸！丢

34、脸！ Instead of dealing with the authorities of the Chinese peoples democratic dictatorship in the proper way, Acheson and his like are doing filthy work, and what is more, they have openly published it. What a loss of face! What a loss of face!,蒋介石说要建国，今后就是建什么国的斗争，是建立一个无产阶级领导的人民大众的新民主主义国家呢，还是建立一个大地主大

35、资产阶级专政的半殖民地半封建的国家呢？ Chiang Kai-shek talks about “building the country”. From now on the struggle will be to build what sort of country. To build a new-democratic country of the broad masses under the leadership of the proletariat? Or to build a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country under the dictato

36、rship of the big landlords and the big bourgeoisie?,4. 如果汉语长句中含有从一般到具体或从具体到一般的过渡，英译时应分译。例如： 这一点现在就必须向党内讲明白，务必使同志们继续地保持谦虚、谨慎、不骄不躁地作风，务必使同志们继续地保持艰苦奋斗地作风。 This must be made clear now in the Party. The comrades must be taught to remain modest, prudent and free from arrogance and rashness in their style

37、of work. The comrades must be taught to preserve the style of plain living and hard struggle.,5. 如果汉语长句中含有几个平行的句子，各讲一方面的内容， 英译时最好分译。例如： 我军的现代化，就是要有一支强大的陆军海军空军，要有现代化的武器装备，包括导弹和核武器，要严格训练，要按实战要求苦练过硬的杀敌本领，熟练掌握使用现代化武器装备的新技术，以及随之而来的新战术。,Our armys modernization calls for powerful ground, air and naval forces and modern arms and equipment, including guided missiles and weapons; it calls for rigorous and hard training to develop the ability to wipe out the ene