2019届江苏专用高考英语专题复习命题规律探究+题组分层精练专题十四词义猜测讲义

专题十四词义猜测高考英语

(江苏省专用)A组

自主命题·江苏卷题组Passage1(2017江苏,D)词数:690OldProblem,NewApproachesWhilecleanenergyisincreasinglyusedinourdailylife,globalwarmingwillcontinueforsome

decadesafterCO2emissions(排放)peak.Soevenifemissionsweretobegintodecreasetoday,we

wouldstillfacethechallengeofadaptingtoclimatechange.HereIwillstresssomesmarterand

morecreativeexamplesofclimateadaptation.Whenitcomestoadaptation,itisimportanttounderstandthatclimatechangeisaprocess.Weare

thereforenottalkingaboutadaptingtoanewstandard,buttoaconstantlyshiftingsetofconditions.

Thisiswhy,inpartatleast,theUSNationalClimateAssessmentsaysthat:“Thereisno‘one-size

fitsall’adaptation.”Nevertheless,therearesomeactionsthatoffermuchandcarrylittleriskor

cost.Aroundtheworld,peopleareadaptinginsurprisingways,especiallyinsomepoorcountries.Floods五年高考havebecomemoredamaginginBangladeshinrecentdecades.MohammedRezwansawopportunity

whereotherssawonlydisaster.Hisnot-for-profitorganizationruns100riverboatsthatserveas

floatinglibraries,schools,andhealthclinics,andareequippedwithsolarpanelsandothercommuni-

catingfacilities.Rezwaniscreatingfloatingconnectivity(连接)toreplacefloodedroadsandhigh-

ways.Butheisalsoworkingatafarmorefundamentallevel:hisstaffshowpeoplehowtomake

floatinggardensandfishpondstopreventstarvationduringthewetseason.ElsewhereinAsiaevenmoreastonishingactionsarebeingtaken.Chewang

Norphellivesinamoun-

tainousregioninIndia,whereheisknownastheIceMan.Thelossofglaciers(冰川)theredueto

globalwarmingrepresentsanenormousthreattoagriculture.Withouttheglaciers,waterwillarrive

intheriversattimeswhenitcandamagecrops.Norphel'sinspirationcamefromseeingthewasteof

wateroverwinter,whenitwasnotneeded.Hedirectedthewastedwaterintoshallowbasinswhere

itfroze,andwasstoreduntilthespring.Hisfieldsoficesupplyperfectlytimedirrigation(灌溉)wa-

ter.Havingcreatedninesuchicereserves,Norphelcalculatesthathehasstoredabout200,000m3of

water.Climatechangeisacontinuingprocess,soNorphel'sicereserveswillnotlastforever.Warm-

ingwillovertakethem.Butheisprovidingafewyearsduringwhichthefarmerswill,perhaps,beabletofindothermeansofadapting.IncreasingEarth'sreflectivenesscancooltheplanet.InsouthernSpainthesuddenincreaseof

greenhouses(whichreflectlightbacktospace)haschangedthewarmingtrendlocally,andactually

cooledtheregion.WhileSpainasawholeisheatingupquickly,temperaturesnearthegreenhouses

havedecreased.Thisexampleshouldactasaninspirationforallcities.Bypaintingbuildingswhite,

citiesmayslowdownthewarmingprocess.InPeru,localfarmersaroundamountainwithaglacierthathasalreadyfallenvictimtoclimate

changehavebegunpaintingtheentiremountainpeakwhiteinthehopethattheaddedreflectiveness

willrestorethelife-givingice.Theoutcomeisstillfarfromclear.ButtheWorldBankhasincluded

theprojectonitslistof“100ideastosavetheplanet”.Moreordinaryformsofadaptationarehappeningeverywhere.Afriendofmineownsanareaofland

inwesternVictoria.Overfivegenerationsthelandhasbeentoowetforcropping.Butduringthe

pastdecadedecliningrainfallhasallowedhimtoplanthighlyprofitablecrops.Farmersinmany

countriesarealsoadaptinglikethis—eitherbygrowingnewproduce,orbygrowingthesamethings

differently.Thisiscommonsense.Butsomesuggestionsforadaptingarenot.Whenthepollutingindustriesarguethatwe'velostthebattletocontrolcarbonpollutionandhavenochoicebutto

adapt,it'sanonsensedesignedtomakethecaseforbusinessasusual.Humanbeingswillcontinuetoadapttothechangingclimateinbothordinaryandastonishingways.

Butthemostsensibleformofadaptationissurelytoadaptourenergysystemstoemitlesscarbon

pollution.Afterall,ifweadaptinthatway,wemayavoidtheneedtochangeinsomanyothers.1.TheunderlinedpartinParagraph2implies

.A.adaptationisanever-changingprocessB.thecostofadaptationvarieswithtimeC.globalwarmingaffectsadaptationformsD.adaptationtoclimatechangeischallenging2.WhatisspecialwithregardtoRezwan'sproject?A.Theprojectreceivesgovernmentsupport.B.Differentorganizationsworkwitheachother.C.Hisorganizationmakesthebestofabadsituation.D.Theprojectconnectsfloodedroadsandhighways.3.WhatdidtheIceMandotoreducetheeffectofglobalwarming?A.Storingiceforfutureuse. B.Protectingtheglaciersfrommelting.C.Changingtheirrigationtime. D.Postponingthemeltingoftheglaciers.4.WhatdowelearnfromthePeruexample?A.Whitepaintisusuallysafeforbuildings.B.Theglobalwarmingtrendcannotbestopped.C.Thiscountryisheatinguptooquickly.D.Sunlightreflectionmayrelieveglobalwarming.5.Accordingtotheauthor,pollutingindustriesshould

.A.adapttocarbonpollution B.planthighlyprofitablecropsC.leavecarbonemissionalone D.fightagainstcarbonpollution6.What'stheauthor'spreferredsolutiontoglobalwarming?A.Settingupanewstandard. B.Reducingcarbonemission.C.Adaptingtoclimatechange. D.Monitoringpollutingindustries.答案[语篇解读]本文为议论文,题材为环境问题类。话题为“老问题,新方法”——适应我们所面

临的严峻的气候环境,而且要意识到环境的改变和适应环境是一个过程。1.A词义猜测题。根据第二段主题句Whenitcomestoadaptation,itisimportanttounderstand

thatclimatechangeisaprocess.可知气候的改变是一个不断变化的过程。再结合后面几段给出

的事例可知,适应也是一个不断变化的过程,由此可推断出画线部分意为adaptationisanever-

changingprocess,故答案为A项。2.C推理判断题。根据第三段第三句MohammedRezwansawopportunitywhereotherssawon-

lydisaster.及后面的描述可知他的非营利组织在充分利用糟糕的环境,故正确答案为C项。本题

干扰项为D项,由第三段第五句Rezwaniscreatingfloatingconnectivitytoreplacefloodedroads

andhighways.可知D项错误。3.A细节理解题。根据第四段第六句Hedirectedthewastedwaterintoshallowbasinswhereit

froze,andwasstoreduntilthespring.可知A项正确。4.D推理判断题。根据第六段首句InPeru,localfarmersaroundamountainwithaglacierthat

hasalreadyfallenvictimtoclimatechangehavebegunpaintingtheentiremountainpeakwhiteinthehopethattheaddedreflectivenesswillrestorethelife-givingice.可推断出答案为D。5.D观点态度题。根据倒数第二段中的Whenthepollutingindustriesarguethatwe'velostthe

battletocontrolcarbonpollutionandhavenochoicebuttoadapt,it'sanonsensedesignedtomake

thecaseforbusinessasusual.可推知D项为正确答案。6.B推理判断题。根据最后一段第二句Butthemostsensibleformofadaptationissurelyto

adaptourenergysystemstoemitlesscarbonpollution.可知最明智的适应应该是改变我们的能量

体系以减少碳排放污染,故B项正确。长难句原句:Whenthepollutingindustriesarguethatwe'velostthebattletocontrolcarbonpollu-

tionandhavenochoicebuttoadapt,it'sanonsensedesignedtomakethecaseforbusinessasusual.分析:本句为复合句。when引导的时间状语从句中,that引导的宾语从句作动词argue的宾语;it's

anonsense...为主句,其中designed为过去分词作后置定语修饰名词nonsense。译文:当污染企业辩解说我们已经在控制碳污染的战斗中失败并且别无选择只好适应它时,这是

惯用的为了商业利益而设计好的胡说八道的伎俩。重点词汇adaptationn.适应adaptto适应fundamentaladj.基本的,根本的Passage2(2014江苏,B)词数:399Howeverwealthywemaybe,wecanneverfindenoughhoursinthedaytodoeverythingwewant.

Economicsdealswiththisproblemthroughtheconceptofopportunitycost,whichsimplyrefersto

whethersomeone'stimeormoneycouldbebetterspentonsomethingelse.Everyhourofourtimehasavalue.Foreveryhourweworkatonejobwecouldquiteeasilybedoing

another,orbesleepingorwatchingafilm.Eachoftheseoptionshasadifferentopportunitycost—

namely,what

they

cost

us

in

missed

opportunities.Sayyouintendtowatchafootballmatchbuttheticketsareexpensiveanditwilltakeyouacouple

ofhourstogettoandfromthestadium.Why

not,youmightreason,watchthegamefromhomeand

usetheleftovermoneyandtimetohavedinnerwithfriends?This—thealternativeuseofyourcash

andtime—istheopportunitycost.Foreconomists,everydecisionismadebyknowledgeofwhatonemustforgo—intermsofmoney

andenjoyment—inordertotakeitup.Byknowingpreciselywhatyouarereceivingandwhatyou

aremissingouton,yououghttobeabletomakebetter-informed,morereasonabledecisions.Consider

thatmostfamouseconomicruleofall:there'snosuchthingasafreelunch.Evenifsomeoneofferstotakeyououttolunchforfree,thetimeyouwillspendintherestaurantstillcostsyousomethingin

termsofforgoneopportunities.Somepeoplefindtheideaofopportunitycostextremelydiscouraging:imaginespendingyourentire

lifecalculatingwhetheryourtimewouldbebetterspentelsewheredoingsomethingmoreprofitable

orenjoyable.Yet,inasenseit'shumannaturetodopreciselythat—weassesstheadvantagesand

disadvantagesofdecisionsallthetime.Inthebusinessworld,apopularphraseis“valueformoney.”Peoplewanttheircashtogoasfaras

possible.However,anotherisfastobtaininganadvantage:“valuefortime.”Thebiggestrestriction

onourresourcesisthenumberofhourswecandevotetosomething,sowelooktomaximizethere-

turnwegetonourinvestmentoftime.Byreadingthispassageyouaregivingoverabitofyourtime

whichcouldbespentdoingotheractivities,suchassleepingandeating.In

return,however,thispas-

sagewillhelpyoutothinklikeaneconomist,closelyconsideringtheopportunitycostofeachofyour

decisions.1.Accordingtothepassage,theconceptof“opportunitycost”isappliedto

.A.makingmoremoneyB.takingmoreopportunitiesC.reducingmissedopportunitiesD.weighingthechoiceofopportunities2.The“leftover...time”inParagraph3probablyreferstothetime

.A.sparedforwatchingthematchathomeB.takentohavedinnerwithfriendsC.spentonthewaytoandfromthematchD.savedfromnotgoingtowatchthematch3.Whatareforgoneopportunities?A.Opportunitiesyouforgetindecision-making.B.Opportunitiesyougiveupforbetterones.C.Opportunitiesyoumissaccidentally.D.Opportunitiesyoumakeupfor.答案[语篇解读]本文属于说明文,题材为技巧指导。文章主要介绍了如何更好地支配自己的时间

和金钱,以及如何在作决定时考虑花费的机会成本。1.D推理判断题。根据文章第三段最后一句This—thealternativeuseofyourcashandtime—is

theopportunitycost.可知,opportunitycost的意思就是对你金钱和时间的其他用法。由此可推断

opportunitycost和“对机会选择的权衡”有关。故选D项。2.C词义猜测题。上文提到你打算去体育场观看一场足球比赛,但门票太昂贵,而且从家到体

育场的往返时间要花费几个小时。然后提到“为什么不在家里看比赛,而把剩余的金钱和时间

用来和朋友共进晚餐呢?”由此可推断“leftover...time”指的就是从家到体育场的往返时间。

故选C项。3.B推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句...thetimeyouwillspendintherestaurantstillcostsyou

somethingintermsofforgoneopportunities.可知,即使有人带你出去享用免费的午餐,而从forgone

opportunities的角度来看你却要付出花费时间的代价。再结合第二句Byknowingpreciselywhat

youarereceivingandwhatyouaremissingouton,yououghttobeabletomakebetter-informed,

morereasonabledecisions.可知,通过准确了解你会得到什么和你会错失什么获利的机会,你应该能够作出更明智的选择。由此可推断forgoneopportunities指的就是那些为了获得更好的机会

而放弃的机会。故选B项。高级语块

1.missouton错过失去……的好机会2.intermsof就……而言,在……方面3.inasense从某种意义上说长难句

Thebiggestrestrictiononourresourcesisthenumberofhourswecandevotetosome-

thing,sowelooktomaximizethereturnwegetonourinvestmentoftime.我们资源上最大的限制

是我们可以投入在某事上的时间,因此我们期盼我们能从时间投资上得到最大的回报。整个句子是so连接的并列句。前一分句中wecandevotetosomething为定语从句,修饰hours。后

一分句中wegetonourinvestmentoftime也是定语从句,修饰thereturn。B组

统一命题、省(区、市)卷题组Passage1(2017课标全国Ⅲ,C)词数:291Afteryearsofheateddebate,graywolveswerereintroducedtoYellowstoneNationalPark.Fourteen

wolveswerecaughtinCanadaandtransportedtothepark.Bylastyear,theYellowstonewolfpopu-

lationhadgrowntomorethan170wolves.GraywolvesoncewereseenhereandthereintheYellowstoneareaandmuchofthecontinentalU-

nitedStates,buttheyweregraduallydisplacedbyhumandevelopment.Bythe1920s,wolveshad

practicallydisappearedfromtheYellowstonearea.Theywentfarthernorthintothedeepforestsof

Canada,wheretherewerefewerhumansaround.Thedisappearanceofthewolveshadmanyunexpectedresults.Deerandelkpopulations—major

foodsources(来源)forthewolf—grewrapidly.Theseanimalsconsumedlargeamountsofvegetation

(植被),whichreducedplantdiversityinthepark.Intheabsenceofwolves,coyotepopulationsalso

grewquickly.Thecoyoteskilledalargepercentageofthepark'sredfoxes,andcompletelydrove

awaythepark'sbeavers.Asearlyas1966,biologistsaskedthegovernmenttoconsiderreintroducingwolvestoYellowstone

Park.Theyhopedthatwolveswouldbeabletocontroltheelkandcoyoteproblems.Manyfarmersopposedtheplanbecausetheyfearedthatwolveswouldkilltheirfarmanimalsorpets.Thegovernmentspentnearly30yearscomingupwithaplantoreintroducethewolves.TheU.S.

FishandWildlifeServicecarefullymonitorsandmanagesthewolfpacksinYellowstone.Today,the

debatecontinuesoverhowwellthegraywolfisfittinginatYellowstone.Elk,deer,andcoyote

populationsaredown,whilebeaversandredfoxeshavemadeacomeback.TheYellowstonewolf

projecthasbeenavaluableexperimenttohelpbiologistsdecidewhethertoreintroducewolvesto

otherpartsofthecountryaswell.1.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.WildliferesearchintheUnitedStates.B.PlantdiversityintheYellowstonearea.C.Theconflictbetweenfarmersandgraywolves.D.ThereintroductionofwolvestoYellowstonePark.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“displaced”inparagraph2mean?A.Tested.

B.Separated.

C.Forcedout.

D.Trackeddown.3.Whatdidthedisappearanceofgraywolvesbringabout?A.Damagetolocalecology.B.Adeclineinthepark'sincome.C.Preservationofvegetation.D.Anincreaseinthevarietyofanimals.4.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardstheYellowstonewolfproject?A.Doubtful.

B.Positive.C.Disapproving.

D.Uncaring.答案[语篇解读]本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述的是,经过多年的激烈争论之后,灰狼又回到了黄石

国家公园。1.D主旨大意题。文章第一段第一句为文章的主题句,文章围绕其展开,讲述的就是黄石国家

公园再次引入灰狼这件事,故答案选D。2.C词义猜测题。根据第二段第一句和第二句可知,答案选C。灰狼曾经在黄石地区随处可

见,可后来由于人类的发展,该种群被渐渐驱离这里。3.A推理判断题。根据第三段可以推断灰狼的消失对生态造成了破坏。4.B推理判断题。由文章最后一段最后一句话中的avaluableexperiment可知,作者觉得这个项

目很有价值,说明作者的态度是积极的。重点词汇

consumev.消耗;吃opposev.反对reintroducev.重新引入Passage2(2017课标全国Ⅰ,D)词数:311Abuild-it-yourselfsolarstill(蒸馏器)isoneofthebestwaystoobtaindrinkingwaterinareaswhere

theliquidisnotreadilyavailable.DevelopedbytwodoctorsintheU.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,

it'sanexcellentwatercollector.Unfortunately,youmustcarrythenecessaryequipmentwithyou,

sinceit'sallbutimpossibletofindnaturalsubstitutes.Theonlycomponentsrequired,though,area

5'×5'sheetofclearorslightlymilkyplastic,sixfeetofplastictube,andacontainer—perhapsjusta

drinkingcup—tocatchthewater.Thesepiecescanbefoldedintoaneatlittlepackandfastenedon

yourbelt.Toconstructaworkingstill,useasharpstickorrocktodigaholefourfeetacrossandthreefeet

deep.Trytomaketheholeinadampareatoincreasethewatercatcher'sproductivity.Placeyour

cupinthedeepestpartofthehole.Thenlaythetubeinplacesothatoneendrestsallthewayinthe

cupandtherestofthelinerunsup—andout—thesideofthehole.Next,covertheholewiththeplasticsheet,securingtheedgesoftheplasticwithdirtandweighting

thesheet'scenterdownwitharock.Theplasticshouldnowformacone(圆锥体)with45-degree-

angledsides.Thelowpointofthesheetmustbecentereddirectlyover,andnomorethanthreeinch-esabove,thecup.Thesolarstillworksbycreatingagreenhouseundertheplastic.Groundwaterevaporates(蒸发)and

collectsonthesheetuntilsmalldropsofwaterform,rundownthematerial,andfalloffintothecup.

Whenthecontainerisfull,youcansucktherefreshmentoutthroughthetube,andwon'thaveto

breakdownthestilleverytimeyouneedadrink.1.Whatdoweknowaboutthesolarstillequipmentfromthefirstparagraph?A.It'sdelicate.

B.It'sexpensive.C.It'scomplex.

D.It'sportable.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“thewatercatcher”inparagraph2referto?A.Thetube.

B.Thestill. C.Thehole.

D.Thecup.3.Whatisthelaststepofconstructingaworkingsolarstill?A.Digaholeofacertainsize. B.Putthecupinplace.C.Weightthesheet'scenterdown. D.Covertheholewiththeplasticsheet.4.Whenasolarstillworks,dropsofwatercomeintothecupfrom

.A.theplastictube

B.outsidetheholeC.theopenair

D.beneaththesheet答案[语篇解读]本文为说明文,题材为科普实验类。文章具体描述了利用自制太阳能蒸馏器获取

饮用水的方法。1.D细节理解题。根据第一段最后两句,尤其是尾句Thesepiecescanbefoldedintoaneatlittle

packandfastenedonyourbelt.可知该装置是可折叠的、便携的(portable),故答案为D项。2.B词义猜测题。根据第二段前两句可知,画线短语指代的是该段首句中的aworkingstill,故

答案为B项。3.C细节理解题。根据第二、三段可知四个选项正确的顺序是A→B→D→C,故答案为C项。4.D细节理解题。根据尾段前两句可知该装置是利用蒸发到塑料薄片上的水分凝聚成水滴,

最后滴落到杯子中,故答案为D项。长难句

原句:Thenlaythetubeinplacesothatoneendrestsallthewayinthecupandtherestoftheline

runsup—andout—thesideofthehole.分析:本句为复合句。主句laythetubeinplace为祈使句;sothat引导目的状语从句,从句是

and连接的并列句。inplace在恰当的地方;alltheway自始至终。译文:接着把管子放在恰当的位置,使得管子的一端一直放在杯子里并且管子的其余部分向上延

伸到所挖坑的外部。重点词汇substituten.代用品componentn.零件,构成要素;成分productivityn.生产力;生产

效率securev.把……弄牢falloffinto落入,注入Passage3(2017课标全国Ⅱ,B)词数:289IfirstmetPaulNewmanin1968,whenGeorgeRoyHill,thedirectorofButch

Cassidy

and

the

Sun-

dance

Kid,introducedusinNewYorkCity.Whenthestudiodidn'twantmeforthefilm—itwant-

edsomebodyaswellknownasPaul—hestoodupforme.Idon'tknowhowmanypeoplewould

havedonethat;theywouldhavelistenedtotheiragentsorthestudiopowers.ThefriendshipthatgrewoutoftheexperienceofmakingthatfilmandThe

Stingfouryearslaterhad

itsrootinthefactthatalthoughtherewasanagedifference,webothcamefromatraditionoftheater

andliveTV.Wewererespectfulofcraft(技艺)andfocusedondiggingintothecharacterswewere

goingtoplay.BothofushadthequalitiesandvirtuesthataretypicalofAmericanactors:humorous,

aggressive,andmakingfunofeachother—butalwayswithanunderlyingaffection.Thosewerealso

atthecore(核心)ofourrelationshipoffthescreen.Wesharedthebeliefthatifyou'refortunateenoughtohavesuccess,youshouldputsomethingback

—hewithhisNewman'sOwnfoodandhisHoleintheWallcampsforkidswhoareseriouslyill,

andmewithSundanceandtheinstituteandthefestival.PaulandIdidn'tseeeachotherallthatreg-

ularly,butsharingthatbroughtustogether.Wesupportedeachotherfinanciallyandbyshowingupatevents.Ilastsawhimafewmonthsago.He'dbeeninandoutofthehospital.HeandIbothknewwhatthe

dealwas,andwedidn'ttalkaboutit.Ourswasarelationshipthatdidn'tneedalotofwords.1.Whywasthestudiounwillingtogivetheroletotheauthoratfirst?A.PaulNewmanwantedit.B.Thestudiopowersdidn'tlikehisagent.C.Hewasn'tfamousenough.D.Thedirectorrecommendedsomeoneelse.2.WhydidPaulandtheauthorhavealastingfriendship?A.Theywereofthesameage.B.Theyworkedinthesametheater.C.Theywerebothgoodactors.D.Theyhadsimilarcharacteristics.3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph3referto?A.Theirbelief.

B.Theircareforchildren.C.Theirsuccess.

D.Theirsupportforeachother.4.Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthetext?A.Toshowhisloveoffilms.B.Torememberafriend.C.Tointroduceanewmovie.D.Tosharehisactingexperience.答案[语篇解读]本文是一篇记叙文。在电影界初出茅庐的作者得到了著名演员保罗·纽曼的支持,

从而获得了一个重要的演出机会。他们建立了深厚的友谊,这份友谊一直持续到保罗·纽曼去世。1.C推理判断题。根据第一段中的“itwantedsomebodyaswellknownasPaul”可知,这家电

影公司不想把这个角色给作者,是因为他们想把角色给像保罗这样出名的人,作者还不够出名,

所以答案为C项。2.D细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Bothofushadthequalitiesandvirtuesthataretypicalof

Americanactors”可知,保罗和作者之所以有着长久的友谊,是因为他们两个人有着相似的品质,

所以答案为D项。3.A词义猜测题。根据本段第一句话“Wesharedthebeliefthatif...”可知,尽管他们不经常

见面,但是正是那种信念让他们聚在了一起。由此推断出画线单词指的是他们的共同的信念,所

以答案为A项。4.B

推理判断题。文章开头作者介绍了自己与著名演员保罗·纽曼相识的情景,后面描述了两

人的交往和深厚的友谊。最后一段指出两人的最后一面是在医院。由此推断出作者写这篇文章就是为了纪念自己的一位朋友。所以答案为B项。长难句

原句:Wesharedthebeliefthatifyou'refortunateenoughtohavesuccess,youshouldputsomething

back...分析:本句为复合句。句子的主干为Wesharedthebelief。that引导同位语从句,说明belief的内

容。译文:我们有着相同的信念,那就是如果你足够幸运而成功了的话,你应该对这个世界有所回报

……重点词汇experiencen.经历berespectfulof尊重humorousadj.幽默的aggressiveadj.有

进取心的Passage4(2017天津,C)词数:330Thismonth,Germany'stransportminister,AlexanderDobrindt,proposedthefirstsetofrulesfor

autonomousvehicles(自主驾驶车辆).Theywoulddefinethedriver'sroleinsuchcarsandgovern

howsuchcarsperformincrasheswherelivesmightbelost.Theproposalattemptstodealwithwhatsomecallthe“death

valley”ofautonomousvehicles:the

greyareabetweensemi-autonomousandfullydriverlesscarsthatcoulddelaythedriverlessfuture.Dobrindtwantsthreethings:thatacaralwayschoosesproperty(财产)damageoverpersonalinjury;

thatitneverdistinguishesbetweenhumansbasedonageorrace;andthatifahumanremoveshisor

herhandsfromthedrivingwheel—tocheckemail,say—thecar'smakerisresponsibleifthereisa

crash.“Thechangetotheroadtrafficlawwillpermitfullyautomaticdriving,”says

Dobrindt.Itwillput

fullydriverlesscarsonanequallegalfootingtohumandrivers,hesays.Whoisresponsiblefortheoperationofsuchvehiclesisnotclearamongcarmakers,consumersand

lawyers.“Theliability(法律责任)issueisthebiggestoneofthemall,”saysNatashaMeratatthe

UniversityofLeeds,UK.AnassumptionbehindUKinsurancefordriverlesscars,introducedearlierthisyear,insiststhata

human“bewatchfulandmonitoringtheroad”ateverymoment.Butthatisnotwhatmanypeoplehaveinmindwhenthinkingofdriverlesscars.“Whenyousay

‘driverlesscars’,peopleexpectdriverlesscars,”Merat

says.“Youknow—nodriver.”Becauseoftheconfusion,Meratthinkssomecarmakerswillwaituntilvehiclescanbefullyauto-

matedwithouthumanoperation.Driverlesscarsmayendupbeingaformofpublictransportratherthanvehiclesyouown,saysRyan

CaloatStanfordUniversity,California.ThatishappeningintheUKandSingapore,wheregovern-

ment-provideddriverlessvehiclesarebeinglaunched.ThatwouldgodownpoorlyintheUS,however.“Theideathatthegovernmentwouldtakeover

driverlesscarsandtreatthemasapublicgoodwouldgetabsolutelynowherehere,”says

Calo.1.Whatdoesthephrase“death

valley”inParagraph2referto?A.Aplacewherecarsoftenbreakdown.B.Acasewherepassingalawisimpossible.C.Anareawherenodrivingispermitted.D.Asituationwheredrivers'roleisnotclear.2.TheproposalputforwardbyDobrindtaimsto

.A.stoppeoplefrombreakingtrafficrulesB.helppromotefullyautomaticdrivingC.protectdriversofallagesandracesD.preventseriouspropertydamage3.Whatdoconsumersthinkoftheoperationofdriverlesscars?A.Itshouldgettheattentionofinsurancecompanies.B.Itshouldbethemainconcernoflawmakers.C.Itshouldnotcausedeadlytrafficaccidents.D.Itshouldinvolvenohumanresponsibility.4.Driverlessvehiclesinpublictransportseenobrightfuturein

.A.Singapore

B.theUK

C.theUS

D.Germany5.Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.Autonomous

Driving:WhoseLiability?B.FullyAutomaticCars:ANewBreakthroughC.Autonomous

Vehicles:DriverRemoved!D.Driverless

Cars:RootofRoadAccidents答案[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文,题材为社科类。本文介绍了德国交通部部长AlexanderDo-

brindt提出的一系列有关自主驾驶车辆的法规。1.D词义猜测题。根据第一段第二句和第二段的内容可知,“Theywoulddefinethedriver's

role”的目的是处理“deathvalley”,故可推知“deathvalley”是一种司机的角色不明确的状

况,故选D。2.B推理判断题。根据第二段可知,由Dobrindt提出的这项建议旨在帮助促进全自动驾驶。故

选B。3.D推理判断题。根据第七段中的“Youknow—nodriver.”和第八段中的“untilvehicles

canbefullyautomatedwithouthumanoperation”可知,消费者担心的是人的责任问题,故选D。4.C细节理解题。由最后一段中的“ThatwouldgodownpoorlyintheUS”可知选C。5.A主旨大意题。本文主要探讨无人驾驶技术在推广过程中遇到的困难,即难以界定法律责

任的主体,故选A。长难句原句:Theywoulddefinethedriver'sroleinsuchcarsandgovernhowsuchcarsperform

incrasheswherelivesmightbelost.分析:本句为复合句,本句中howsuchcarsperformincrasheswherelivesmightbelost为宾语从句;

宾语从句中包含了一个定语从句wherelivesmightbelost修饰crashes。译文:它们将界定在这样的汽车中司机的角色,并规定这样的汽车在可能危及生命的事故中如何

表现。重点词汇proposev.建议governv.规定distinguishv.区别;辨认出consumern.消费者in-

surance

n.保险;保险业confusionn.混乱;困惑词汇积累autonomousadj.自主的assumptionn.设想;假定launchv.发起Passage5(2016四川,B)词数:242Ifyoucouldhaveonesuperpower,whatwoulditbe?Dreamingaboutwhetheryouwouldwanttoreadminds,seethroughwalls,orhavesuperhuman

strengthmaysoundsilly,butitactuallygetstotheheartofwhatreallymattersinyourlife.Everydayinourwork,weareinspiredbythepeoplewemeetdoingextraordinarythingstoimprove

theworld.Theyhaveadifferentkindofsuperpowerthatallofuspossess:thepowertomakeadifferenceinthe

livesofothers.We'renotsayingthateveryoneneedstocontributetheirlivestothepoor.Yourlivesarebusye-

noughdoinghomework,playingsports,makingfriends,seekingafteryourdreams.Butwedothink

thatyoucanliveamorepowerfullifewhenyoudevotesomeofyourtimeandenergytosomething

muchlargerthanyourself.Findanissueyouareinterestedinandlearnmore.Volunteeror,ifyou

can,contributealittlemoneytoacause.Whateveryoudo,don'tbeabystander.Getinvolved.You

mayhavetheo