科学的英文知识课件

ScientificEnglishcoursewarepptcoursewarepptc目录CONTENTSTheDefinitionandClassificationofScienceScientificMethodsandExperimentalDesignTheprocessofscientificresearchTheEthicsandNormsofScientificResearchTheChallengesandFutureDevelopmentofScientificResearch01TheDefinitionandClassificationofScienceNaturalscienceisabranchofsciencethatstudiesnaturalphenomenaandthephysicalandchemicalprocessesthatexplainthemItincludesbranchessuchasphysics,chemistry,biology,andEarthscienceNaturalscienceusesmethodslikeobservation,experimentation,andmathematicalmodelingtounderstandandexplainnaturalphenomenaNaturalsciencecanbefurtherclassifiedintofieldslikephysicalgeography,environmentalscience,ecology,andmeteorologyEachfieldstudyspecifiesaspectsofthenaturalworld,suchasthebehaviorofEarth'satmosphereortheinteractionsbetweenorganizationsandtheirenvironmentNaturalscienceEngineeringandtechnicalsciencearebranchesofsciencethatfocusonthedesign,development,andapplicationoftechnologytosolvepracticalproblemsItincludesfieldslikemechanicalengineering,electricalengineering,chemicalengineering,andcivilengineeringEngineeringandtechnicalscienceaimtocreatepracticalsolutionstorealworldproblemsbycombiningscientificprincipleswithdesignandmanufacturingtechniquesTheyoftenrequireacombinationoftheoreticalknowledgeandpracticalskillstodevelopfunctionalsystemsordevicesEngineeringandTechnicalScienceSocialscienceisabranchofsciencethatstudieshumansocietyandtheinteractionsbetweenindividualswithinit.Fieldslikesociety,psychology,politicalscience,andeconomicsareconsideredsocialsciencesSocialscienceusesmethodslikeobservation,interviews,surveys,andexperimentstounderstandhumanbehaviorandsocialprocessesItaimstoexplainhowsocialworks,thepatternsofhumanbehaviorwithinit,andhowsocialfactorsinfluenceindividualoutcomesSocialscienceBiologicalscienceisabranchofsciencethatstudieslifeandlivingorganizationsItincludesfieldslikebiology,zoology,botany,andmicrobiologyBiologicalscienceusesmethodslikeobservation,experimentation,andDNAanalysistostudythestructure,function,evolution,andbehavioroflivingorganismsItaimstounderstandthefundamentalprocessesthatgovernlifeandthediversityofspecificationsonEarthBiologicalScience02ScientificMethodsandExperimentalDesignVSObservationmethodisamethodofcollectingdatabydirectlyobservingandrecordingphenomena.CharacteristicsTheobservationmethodhasnon-interferenceandsystematiccharacteristics,whichcanobtainrealandnaturaldataandissuitableforthestudyofhumanbehaviorandsocialphenomena.DefinitionObservationmethodWidelyusedinpsychology,sociology,anthropology,andotherfields.Theobservationmethodrequiresthedevelopmentofadetailedobservationplanandtableinadvancetoensuretheobjectivityandaccuracyoftheobservation.ApplicationfieldsAttentionObservationmethodDefinitionExperimentalmethodisamethodofstudyingcausalrelationshipsbetweenvariablesbycontrollingcertainconditions.CharacteristicsTheexperimentalmethodhasthecharacteristicsofrepeatabilityandcontrollability,whichcanaccuratelyverifyhypotheses.ApplicationareasWidelyusedinnaturalsciences,socialsciences,engineering,andotherfields.AttentionTheexperimentalmethodrequiresstrictcontrolofexperimentalconditionstoensurethereliabilityandaccuracyoftheexperimentalresults.ExperimentalmethodDefinitionSimulationmethodisamethodofsimulatingtherealworldbyestablishingamodel.ApplicationareasWidelyusedincomputerscience,engineering,economics,andotherfields.AttentionThesimulationmethodneedstoestablishanaccuratemodelandensureitsapplicabilityandreliability.CharacteristicsSimulationmethodshavethecharacteristicsofrepeatabilityandpredictability,whichcanprovideabasisfordecision-making.SimulationmethodInferencemethodDefinitionCharacteristicsApplicationfieldsAttentionInferenceisamethodofderivingnewconclusionsfromknownfactsorpremises.Thereasoningmethodhasthecharacteristicsoflogicandrigor,whichcanprovideabasisfordecision-making.Widelyusedinmathematics,logic,philosophy,andotherfields.Thereasoningmethodneedstoensurethecorrectnessofpremisesandthelogicalrigorofreasoning.03TheprocessofscientificresearchFormulateaclearandfocusedresearchquestionThefirststepinscientificresearchistoidentifyaclearandfocusedresearchquestionthatcanbeansweredthroughscientificmethods要点一要点二ConductbackgroundresearchItisessentialtoconductathroughbackgroundresearchtounderstandthecurrentstateofknowledgeinthefieldandidentifyanygapsthatneedtobefilledIdentifyresearchquestionsDesignrigorousexperimentsToanswertheresearchquestion,itisnecessarytodesignrigorousexperimentsthatarewellcontrolled,reproducible,andethicalAdvisorethicalandlegalissuesItisimportanttoconsiderethicalandlegalissuesthatmayariseduringtheconductofexperiments,suchastheuseofhumansubjectsoranimalsDesignexperimentsCollectdataAfterdesigningtheexperiments,itisnecessarytocollectdatathroughsystematicobservationsorbyconductingsurveysorexperimentsEnsuredataqualityItisessentialtoensurethequalityandreliabilityofthecollecteddatabyusingappropriatemethodsandtechniquesCollectingdataAnalyzedataAftercollectingthedata,itisnecessarytoanalyzeitusingstatisticalorqualitativemethodstodrawmeaningfulconclusionsAnalyzedataItisimportanttointerprettheresultsofthedataanalysisinthecontextoftheresearchquestionandthecurrentstateofknowledgeinthefieldInterprettheresultsDrawconclusionsBasedontheanalysisofthedata,itisnecessarytodrawconclusionsthataresupportedbytheevidenceandcontributiontothefieldofscientificknowledgeCommunicatethefindingsItisessentialtocommunicatethefindingsoftheresearchtoothersciencesandthebroadercommunitythroughpresentations,publications,orothermeansofscholarlycommunicationDrawaconclusion04TheEthicsandNormsofScientificResearchInspecttherightsanddiversityofresearchsubjectsEnsurethatresearchsubjectsareinformedaboutthepurpose,methods,andpotentialrisksoftheresearch,andprovidethemwiththeopportunitytooptoutordrawfromtheresearch要点一要点二ObtainingvolumetricinformedconsentMakesurethatresearchsubjectsunderstandthenatureandpurposeoftheresearch,thepotentialrisksandbenefits,andtheirrightsandobjectivesbeforepromotingtheirconsentInspectresearchsubjectsImplementappropriatesecuritymeasurestoprotecttheprivacyandconfidenceofresearchsubjects,includingencryption,accesscontrols,andsecurestorageofdataEnsuretheconfidenceofresearchdataOnlyallowauthorizedpersonneltoaccessresearchdata,andensurethattheyhavealegalreasontodosoRestrictaccesstoresearchdataProtectingprivacyandsecurityDeclareandmanageconflictsofinterestMakesurethatresearchersdeclareanypotentialconflictsofinterest,suchasfinancialrelationshipswiththeresearchsponsororcompetitioninterests,andtakeappropriatemeasurestomanagetheseconflictsAvoidanceunderinfluencePreventanyunderinfluenceontheresearchprocess,suchasfinancialorpersonalrelationshipsbetweenresearchersandresearchsponsorsthatcouldbiastheresearchoutcomesAvoidingconflictsofinterestEnsurethattheresultsofresearcharemadeavailabletothepublicinatimelymanner,regardlessoftheoutcomesMakepublictheresultsofresearchProvideobjectiveandtransparentinformationabouttheresearchmethods,results,andlimitstoallowreaderstoevaluatethereliabilityandvalidityoftheresearchfindingsProvideobjectiveandtransparentinformationPublicresearchresults05TheChallengesandFutureDevelopmentofScientificResearchVSGuarantyingthesecurityofresearchdataiscritical,includingpreventivedatafrombeingaccessed,Stolen,oralternatebyunauthorizedindividualsEncryption,securestorage,andaccesscontrolsareessentialmeasuresPrivacyconcernsEnsuringtheprivacyofresearchparticipantsisamountThisinvolvesprotectingpersonalinformation,suchasnames,addresses,andmedicalrecords,frombeingdisclosedwithoutexplicitconsentDatasecurityDatasecurityandprivacyissuesEthicalguidelinesFollowingethicalguidelinessetbyprofessionalorganizationsandinstitutionsisessentialtoensurethatresearchisconductedinanethicalmanualThisincludesobservinginformedconsent,minimizingharmtoparticipants,andhandlingdataresponsiveResearchintegrityMaintainingtheintegrityofresearchiscritical,ensuringthatresearchisconductedhonestly,accurately,andtransparentlyPlagiarism,falsehood,andotherethicalbreaksmustbeavoidedResearchethicsandintegrityissuesDiscussionchan