2025版高考英语一轮复习第2部分人与社会主题群3历史社会与文化主题语境4法律常识与法律意识等教师用书教案

PAGE主题语境(四)法律常识与法律意识等阅读理解A(2024·北京卷·D)PreparingCitiesforRobotCarsThepossibilityofself­drivingrobotcarshasoftenseemedlikeafuturist'sdream,yearsawayfrommaterializingintherealworld.Well,thefutureisapparentlynow.TheCaliforniaDepartmentofMotorVehiclesbegangivingpermitsinAprilforcompaniestotesttrulyself­drivingcarsonpublicroads.Thestatealsoclearedthewayforcompaniestosellorrentoutself­drivingcars,andforcompaniestooperatedriverlesstaxiservices.California,itshouldbenoted,isn'tleadingthewayhere.Companieshavebeentestingtheirvehiclesincitiesacrossthecountry.It'shardtopredictwhendriverlesscarswillbeeverywhereonourroads.Buthoweverlongittakes,thetechnologyhasthepotentialtochangeourtransportationsystemsandourcities,forbetterorforworse,dependingonhowthetransformationisregulated.Whilemuchofthedebatesofarhasbeenfocusedonthesafetyofdriverlesscars(andrightfullyso),policymakersalsoshouldbetalkingabouthowself­drivingvehiclescanhelpreducetrafficjams,cutemissions(排放)andoffermoreconvenient,affordablemobilityoptions.Thearrivalofdriverlessvehiclesisachancetomakesurethatthosevehiclesareenvironmentallyfriendlyandmoreshared.Dowewanttocopy—orevenworsen—thetrafficoftodaywithdriverlesscars?Imagineafuturewheremostadultsownindividualself­drivingvehicles.Theytoleratelong,slowjourneystoandfromworkonpackedhighwaysbecausetheycanwork，entertainthemselvesorsleepontheride,whichencouragesurbanspread.Theytaketheirdriverlesscartoanappointmentandsettheemptyvehicletocirclethebuildingtoavoidpayingforparking.Insteadofwalkingafewblockstopickupachildorthedrycleaning,theysendtheself­drivingminibus.Theconvenienceevenleadsfewerpeopletotakepublictransport—anunwelcomesideeffectresearchershavealreadyfoundinride­hailing(叫车)services.AstudyfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaatDavissuggestedthatreplacingpetrol­poweredprivatecarsworldwidewithelectric,self­drivingandsharedsystemscouldreducecarbonemissionsfromtransportation80%andcutthecostoftransportationinfrastructure(基础设施)andoperations40%by2050.Feweremissionsandcheapertravelsoundprettyappealing.Thefirstcommerciallyavailabledriverlesscarswillalmostcertainlybefieldedbyride­hailingservices,consideringthecostofself­drivingtechnologyaswellasliabilityandmaintenanceissues(责任与维护问题).Butdriverlesscarownershipcouldincreaseasthepricesdropandmorepeoplebecomecomfortablewiththetechnology.Policymakersshouldstartthinkingnowabouthowtomakesuretheappearanceofdriverlessvehiclesdoesn'textendtheworstaspectsofthecar­controlledtransportationsystemwehavetoday.Thecomingtechnologicaladvancementpresentsachanceforcitiesandstatestodeveloptransportationsystemsdesignedtomovemorepeople,andmoreaffordably.Thecarofthefutureiscoming.Wejusthavetoplanforit.【语篇解读】本文是一篇争论文。文章主要探讨了有关无人驾驶汽车的发展前景和面临的问题。1．Accordingtotheauthor,attentionshouldbepaidtohowdriverlesscarscan________.A．helpdealwithtransportation­relatedproblemsB．providebetterservicestocustomersC．causedamagetoourenvironmentD．makesomepeoplelosejobsA[细微环节理解题。依据其次段第一句“Whilemuchofthedebatesofarhasbeenfocusedonthesafety...offermoreconvenient,affordablemobilityoptions.”可知，人们对无人驾驶汽车的关注点在于其平安性以及有助于削减交通拥堵等方面。故选A。]2．Asfordriverlesscars,whatistheauthor'smajorconcern?A．Safety. B．Sideeffects.C．Affordability. D．Management.D[推理推断题。依据最终一段第一句“Policymakersshouldstartthinkingnowabout...thecar­controlledtransportationsystemwehavetoday.”并结合上文内容可知，作者希望政策的制定者要考虑这些无人驾驶车辆的管理，不要扩大现有汽车管理运输系统中的最糟糕的方面，故选D。]3．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“fielded”inParagraph4probablymean?A．Employed. B．Replaced.C．Shared. D．Reduced.A[词义揣测题。依据第四段中画线词所在句的前半部分内容“Thefirstcommerciallyavailabledriverlesscarswillalmostcertainly”并结合下句中“asthepricesdropandmorepeoplebecomecomfortablewiththetechnology”可知，随着价格的降低以及人们对这项技术起先应用自如，第一批上市的无人驾驶车辆会“被应用”到“叫车服务”中。故选A。]4．Whatistheauthor'sattitudetothefutureofself­drivingcars?A．Doubtful. B．Positive.C．Disapproving. D．Sympathetic.B[观点看法题。依据最终一段最终两句“Thecarofthefutureiscoming.Wejusthavetoplanforit.”可知，无人驾驶车辆的时代立刻来到，打算好迎接它的到来吧。由此推断作者对于这种新科技持主动乐观的看法。]B(2024·江苏卷·C)Ifyouwanttodisturbthecarindustry,you'dbetterhaveafewbilliondollars:Mom­and­popcarmakersareunlikelytobeatthebiggestcarcompanies.Butinagriculture,smallfarmerscangetthebestofthemajorplayers.Byconnectingdirectlywithcustomers,andbyrespondingquicklytochangesinthemarketsaswellasintheecosystems(生态系统),smallfarmerscankeeponestepaheadofthebigguys.Astheco­founderoftheNationalYoungFarmersCoalition(NYFC，美国青年农会)andafamilyfarmermyself,Ihaveafront­rowseattotheinnovationsamongsmallfarmersthataretransformingtheindustry.Forexample,taketheQuickCutGreensHarvester,atooldevelopedjustacoupleofyearsagobyayoungfarmer,JonathanDysinger,inTennessee,withasmallloanfromalocalSlowMoneygroup.Itenablessmall­scalefarmerstoharvest175poundsofgreenvegetablesperhour—ahugeimprovementoverharvestingjustafewdozenpoundsbyhand—suddenlymakingitpossibleforthelittleguystocompetewithlargefarmsofCalifornia.Beforethetoolcameout，smallfarmerscouldn'ttouchthepriceperpoundofferedbyCaliforniafarms.Butnow,withthecombinationofabetterpricepointandagenerallyfresherproduct,theycanstayinbusiness.Thesustainablesuccessofsmallfarmers,though,won'thappenwithoutfundamentalchangestotheindustry.Onecrucialfactorissecureaccesstoland.Competitionfrominvestors,developers,andestablishedlargefarmersmakesowningone'sownlandunattainableformanynewfarmers.From2004to2013，agriculturallandvaluesdoubled,andtheycontinuetoriseinmanyregions.Anotherchallengeformorethanamillionofthemostqualifiedfarmworkersandmanagersisanon­existentpathtocitizenship—thegreatestbarriertobuildingafarmoftheirown.Withfarmersovertheageof65outnumbering(多于)farmersyoungerthan35bysixtoone,andwithtwo­thirdsofthenation'sfarmlandinneedofanewfarmer,wemustclearthepathfortalentedpeoplewillingtogrowthenation'sfood.Therearesolutionsthatcouldlightapathtowardamoresustainableandfairfarmeconomy,butfarmerscan'tclumsilyputthemtogetherbeforeus.WeattheNYFCneedbroadsupportasweurgeCongresstoincreasefarmlandconservation,aswepushforimmigrationreform,andasweseekpoliciesthatwillensurethesuccessofadiverseandambitiousnextgenerationoffarmersfromallbackgrounds.WithanewfarmbilltobedebatedinCongress,consumersmusttakeastandwithyoungfarmers.【语篇解读】本文是一篇争论文。文章分析了美国小农场主具有的优势，同时也分析了目前美国农业发展所面临的问题，督促国会对某些领域进行改革以支持美国国内小农场的发展。5．Theauthormentionscarindustryatthebeginningofthepassagetointroduce________.A．theprogressmadeincarindustryB．aspecialfeatureofagricultureC．atrendofdevelopmentinagricultureD．theimportanceofinvestingincarindustryB[推理推断题。文章开头首先提到汽车行业的特点，“假如想进军汽车行业，你最好有几十亿美元：家庭经营的汽车制造厂不大可能击败最大的汽车公司”；接着指出“但是在农业方面，小农场主可以赛过大农场主”。由此可知，作者开头提到汽车行业是为了通过对比介绍农业不同于工业的地方。]6．WhatdoestheauthorwanttoillustratewiththeexampleinParagraph2?A．Loanstosmalllocalfarmersarenecessary.B．Technologyisvitalforagriculturaldevelopment.C．Competitionbetweensmallandbigfarmsisfierce.D．Smallfarmersmaygainsomeadvantagesoverbigones.D[细微环节理解题。依据其次段中的“suddenlymakingitpossibleforthelittleguystocompetewithlargefarmsofCalifornia”以及“theycanstayinbusiness”可知，QuickCutGreensHarvester的独创让小农场可以与加利福尼亚的大农场竞争，并且可以接着经营下去，也就是说小农场主可能比大农场主获得了一些优势。]7．Whatisthedifficultyforthosenewfarmers?A．Togainmorefinancialaid.B．Tohiregoodfarmmanagers.C．Tohavefarmsoftheirown.D．Towinoldfarmers'support.C[细微环节理解题。依据第四段第一句“Anotherchallenge...thegreatestbarriertobuildingafarmoftheirown.”可知，新农夫面临的最大挑战是无法获得公民身份，因此不能建设自己的农场，故选C。]8．Whatshouldfarmersdoforamoresustainableandfairfarmeconomy?A．SeeksupportbeyondNYFC.B．Expandfarmlandconservation.C．BecomemembersofNYFC.D．Investmoretoimprovetechnology.A[推理推断题。最终一段提到NYFC在敦促国会增加耕地爱护等方面须要支持，有关国会将要探讨的新农业法案，消费者必需与年轻农夫站在一起。由此可知，为了使农场经济可持续和公允发展，农场主须要寻求NYFC以外的支持。]C(2024·天津卷·C)Thismonth,Germany'stransportminister,AlexanderDobrindt,proposedthefirstsetofrulesforautonomousvehicles(自主驾驶车辆).Theywoulddefinethedriver'sroleinsuchcarsandgovernhowsuchcarsperformincrasheswherelivesmightbelost.Theproposalattemptstodealwithwhatsomecallthe“deathvalley”ofautonomousvehicles:thegreyareabetweensemi­autonomousandfullydriverlesscarsthatcoulddelaythedriverlessfuture.Dobrindtwantsthreethings:thatacaralwayschoosesproperty(财产)damageoverpersonalinjury;thatitneverdistinguishesbetweenhumansbasedonageorrace;andthatifahumanremoveshisorherhandsfromthedrivingwheel—tocheckemail,say—thecar'smakerisresponsibleifthereisacrash.“Thechangetotheroadtrafficlawwillpermitfullyautomaticdriving，”saysDobrindt.Itwillputfullydriverlesscarsonanequallegalfootingtohumandrivers,hesays.Whoisresponsiblefortheoperationofsuchvehiclesisnotclearamongcarmakers,consumersandlawyers.“Theliability(法律责任)issueisthebiggestoneofthemall，”saysNatashaMeratattheUniversityofLeeds,UK.AnassumptionbehindUKinsurancefordriverlesscars,introducedearlierthisyear,insiststhatahuman“bewatchfulandmonitoringtheroad”ateverymoment.Butthatisnotwhatmanypeoplehaveinmindwhenthinkingofdriverlesscars.“Whenyousay‘driverlesscars’，peopleexpectdriverlesscars，”Meratsays.“Youknow—nodriver.”Becauseoftheconfusion,Meratthinkssomecarmakerswillwaituntilvehiclescanbefullyautomatedwithouthumanoperation.Driverlesscarsmayendupbeingaformofpublictransportratherthanvehiclesyouown，saysRyanCaloatStanfordUniversity,California.ThatishappeningintheUKandThatwouldgodownpoorlyintheUS,however.“Theideathatthegovernmentwouldtakeoverdriverlesscarsandtreatthemasapublicgoodwouldgetabsolutelynowherehere，”saysCalo.【语篇解读】本文是一篇争论文。随着无人驾驶车辆的逐步推广，无人驾驶车辆出现事故时的责任认定成为一个难题。德国交通部长提出了第一套自主驾驶车辆的交通法规，并就此提出了自己的主见。9．Whatdoesthephrase“deathvalley”inParagraph2referto?A．Aplacewherecarsoftenbreakdown.B．Acasewherepassingalawisimpossible.C．Anareawherenodrivingispermitted.D．Asituationwheredrivers'roleisnotclear.D[词义揣测题。依据下文“thegreyareabetween...thedriverlessfuture”对“死亡谷”的说明，可知这里的“死亡谷”指的是：半自动驾驶与完全无人驾驶的汽车之间的灰色地带(界限不明、难以界定的领域)，故应指驾驶员的角色不明朗的情景，D项描述与之吻合。]10．TheproposalputforwardbyDobrindtaimsto________.A．stoppeoplefrombreakingtrafficrulesB．helppromotefullyautomaticdrivingC．protectdriversofallagesandracesD．preventseriouspropertydamageB[推理推断题。依据第三段提到德国交通部长希望的三件事以及第四段说交通道路法规中关于自主驾驶车辆的这种变更将会允许完全自主驾驶的车辆投入运用(permitfullyautomaticdriving)可知，选B。]11．Whatdoconsumersthinkoftheoperationofdriverlesscars?A．Itshouldgettheattentionofinsurancecompanies.B．Itshouldbethemainconcernoflawmakers.C．Itshouldnotcausedeadlytrafficaccidents.D．Itshouldinvolvenohumanresponsibility.D[推理推断题。题干询问消费者(乘客)对于无人驾驶汽车的看法，在谈到谁应担当无人驾驶车辆的责任时，第七段说，当你说无人驾驶车辆的时候，人们以为是没有司机，从这些信息可以推断出，消费者在这种状况下会觉得没有为无人驾驶车辆的平安问题负责的人，故选D。]12．Driverlessvehiclesinpublictransportseenobrightfuturein________.A．Singapore B．theUKC．theUS D．GermanyC[细微环节理解题。在谈到无人驾驶车辆在各国的前景时，最终两段谈到在英国和新加坡，由政府供应的无人驾驶车辆正在投入运用，但是在美国这种状况就会很糟糕(godownpoorlyintheUS)，在这里，认为政府会接管无人驾驶车辆，把它们作为对公众有益的事物，这是完全行不通的(wouldgetabsolutelynowhere)，由此推断，作者觉得这种无人驾驶车辆在美国看不到光明的发展前景。]13．Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．AutonomousDriving:WhoseLiability?B．FullyAutomaticCars:ANewBreakthroughC．AutonomousVehicles:DriverRemoved!D．DriverlessCars:RootofRoadAccidentsA[标题归纳题。全文以德国交通部长的提议引入，讲解并描述了无人驾驶车辆的法律责任的认定，无人驾驶车辆在遇到车祸时首先应当保障的是车辆还是乘客的平安等问题，因此选A。]D(2024·江苏卷·C)Anewcommoditybringsaboutahighlyprofitable,fast­growingindustry,urgingantitrust(反垄断)regulatorstostepintocheckthosewhocontrolitsflow.Acenturyago,theresourceinquestionwasoil.Nowsimilarconcernsarebeingraisedbythegiants(巨头)thatdealindata,theoilofthedigitalage.ThemostvaluablefirmsareGoogle,Amazon,FacebookandMicrosoft.Alllookunstoppable.Suchsituationshaveledtocallsforthetechgiantstobebrokenup.Butsizealoneisnotacrime.Thegiants'successhasbenefitedconsumers.Fewwanttolivewithoutsearchenginesoraquickdelivery.Farfromchargingconsumershighprices,manyoftheseservicesarefree(userspay,ineffect,byhandingoveryetmoredata).Andtheappearanceofnew­borngiantssuggeststhatnewcomerscanmakewaves,too.Butthereiscauseforconcern.Theinternethasmadedataabundant,all­presentandfarmorevaluable,changingthenatureofdataandcompetition.Googleinitiallyusedthedatacollectedfromuserstotargetadvertisingbetter.Butrecentlyithasdiscoveredthatdatacanbeturnedintonewservices:translationandvisualrecognition,tobesoldtoothercompanies.Internetcompanies'controlofdatagivesthemenormouspower.Sotheyhavea“God'seyeview”ofactivitiesintheirownmarketsandbeyond.Thisnatureofdatamakestheantitrustmeasuresofthepastlessuseful.BreakingupfirmslikeGoogleintofivesmalloneswouldnotstopremakingthemselves:intime,oneofthemwouldbecomegreatagain.Arethinkisrequired—andasanewapproachstartstobecomeapparent,twoideasstandout.Thefirstisthatantitrustauthoritiesneedtomovefromtheindustrialageintothe21stcentury.Whenconsideringamerger(兼并),forexample,theyhavetraditionallyusedsizetodeterminewhentostepin.Theynowneedtotakeintoaccounttheextentoffirms'dataassets(资产)whenassessingtheimpactofdeals.Thepurchasepricecouldalsobeasignalthatanestablishedcompanyisbuyinganew­bornthreat.Whenthistakesplace,especiallywhenanew­borncompanyhasnorevenuetospeakof,theregulatorsshouldraiseredflags.Thesecondprincipleistoloosenthecontrolthatprovidersofon­lineserviceshaveoverdataandgivemoretothosewhosupplythem.Companiescouldbeforcedtorevealtoconsumerswhatinformationtheyholdandhowmuchmoneytheymakefromit.Governmentscouldorderthesharingofcertainkindsofdata,withusers'consent.Restartingantitrustfortheinformationagewillnotbeeasy.Butifgovernmentsdon'twantadataeconomycontrolledbyafewgiants,theymustactsoon.【语篇解读】本文是一篇争论文。随着网络的发展，有些大型数据公司限制着大量的数据。人们呼吁把这些巨头拆分。但问题的根源不在这里，反垄断部门应当出面打破这些公司的数据垄断局面，给小公司更多的生存机会。14．Whyisthereacalltobreakupgiants?A．Theyhavecontrolledthedatamarket.B．Theycollectenormousprivatedata.C．Theynolongerprovidefreeservices.D．Theydismissedsomenew­borngiants.A[细微环节理解题。依据其次段的首句“Suchsituationshaveledtocallsforthetechgiantstobebrokenup.”可知，这种形势要求科技巨头拆分。这种形势是指上文提及的那几家大公司垄断了数据市场，故本题答案为A。]15．WhatdoesthetechnologicalinnovationinParagraph3indicate?A．Datagiants'technologyisveryexpensive.B．Google'sideaispopularamongdatafirms.C．Datacanstrengthengiants'controllingposition.D．Datacanbeturnedintonewservicesorproducts.C[细微环节理解题。从第三段可知，以谷歌公司为例，这些科技巨头发觉了数据可以转变为新的服务，例如翻译和视觉识别，这些都可以卖给其他公司。网络公司对于数据的限制给予了他们巨大的权力，从而可以增加他们的限制地位。]16．Bypayingattentiontofirms'dataassets,antitrustregulatorscould________.A．killanewthreatB．avoidthesizetrapC．favourbiggerfirmsD．chargehigherpricesB[推理推断题。依据第五段可知，反垄断部门在考虑兼并时，通常依据规模的大小来确定何时进行干预，现在当评估这些交易的影响时，他们须要考虑到这些公司的数据资产的范围，再依据“Thepurchasepricecould...anew­bornthreat.”可知，通过重新考虑被兼并公司的数据资产，反垄断部门就可以避开落入规模大小这个陷阱。]17．Whatisthepurposeoflooseningthegiants'controlofdata?A．Bigcompaniescouldrelievedatasecuritypressure.B．Governmentscouldrelievetheirfinancialpressure.C．Consumerscouldbetterprotecttheirprivacy.D．Smallcompaniescouldgetmoreopportunities.D[推理推断题。依据倒数其次段可知，放松网络服务的供应商对于网络数据的限制，把更多的份额给数据供应者，从而让小公司也有机会发展。]Ⅰ.写出所给单词的汉语意思1．materializev.发生；成真2．potentialn.潜力；潜能3．worsenv.使变糟4．ownershipn.全部权5．aspectn.方面6．loann.借贷7．clumsilyadv.笨拙地8．definev.认定；下定义9．delayv.推迟；延期10．issuen.问题；争辩点11．deadlyadj.致命的12．profitableadj.利润丰厚的13．digitaladj.数字的14．initiallyadv.最初15．assessv.评估_16．securityn.平安Ⅱ.依据所给汉语写出英文单词1．debaten.&v.争辩；辩论2．harvestv.收获；收割3．competev.竞赛；竞争4．reformn.改革5．crashn.&v.撞坏；坠毁6．checkv.检查；核对7．legaladj.合法的8．controln.&v.限制9．threatn.威逼Ⅲ.依据所给提示写出派生单词1．apparentadj.明显的→apparentlyadv.自不待言地2．safeadj.平安的→safetyn.平安3．arrivev.到达→arrivaln.到达4．appointv.约会；约定→appointmentn.约会；约定5．insurev.保险；担保→insurancen.保险6．confusev.使困惑→confusionn.困惑；混乱；混淆7．deliverv.运输；输送→deliveryn.运输；输送8．translatev.翻译→translationn.翻译Ⅳ.依据所给汉语写出惯用习语1．lead_the_way领先；带路2．respond_to对……作出反应3．bring_about带来(变更)4．far_from远非5．stand_out突出[即时演练]单句语法填空1．Thelatearrival(arrive)ofthetrainhadmessedupallourplans.2．Ourdaughterisagreatdancer;shestandsoutabovetherest.3．Ofthesixpeopleintheplanethatcrashed(crash),onlyonesurvived.4．Shewasveryangrywithherhusbandbecausehemadetheirroomsinconfusion(confuse)．5．Withtheboyleadingthe_way,wehadnodifficultyfindingthevillage.6．Theboymanagedtoclimboutofthecar,apparently(apparent)unhurt.7．Hesetabouthelpinghomelesswomenandchildrentoplaceofsafety(safe)．8．Hegavemehisassurancethatthegoodsshouldbe_delivered(deliver)tomorrowmorning.9．Thegreatdamagewhichtheearthquakebroughtaboutmademanypeoplehomelessorlosetheirlives.Ⅰ.熟词生义(写出句中黑体词的汉语意思)1．Therearesolutionsthatcouldlightapathtowardamoresustainableandfairfarmeconomy,butfarmerscan'tclumsilyputthemtogetherbeforeus.引路2．...thatitneverdistinguishesbetweenhumansbasedonageorrace...种族3．Whoisresponsiblefortheoperationofsuchvehiclesisnotclearamongcarmakers,consumersandlawyers.操作Ⅱ.似易实难(将句中黑体词部分译成汉语)1．Butinagriculture,smallfarmerscangetthebestofthemajorplayers.[译文]但是在农业方面，小农场主能够战胜主要的竞争对手。2．Andtheappearanceofnew­borngiantssuggeststhatnewcomerscanmakewaves,too.[译文]新生巨头的出现表明新来的也能掀起风波。Ⅲ.困难晦涩(分析句子结构并译成汉语)1．Buthoweverlongittakes,thetechnologyhasthepotentialtochangeourtransportationsystemsandourcities,forbetterorforworse,dependingonhowthetransformationisregulated.[分析]本句是一个主从复合句。句中however引导让步状语从句，主句中dependingonhowthetransformationisregulated为现在分词短语作状语，其中howthetransformationisregulated为宾语从句作介词on的宾语。[译文]但不管须要多长时间，这项技术有潜力变更我们的交通系统和城市向好或坏的方向发展，这取决于转换是如何被监管的。2．Whilemuchofthedebatesofarhasbeenfocusedonthesafetyofdriverlesscars(andrightfullyso),policymakersalsoshouldbetalkingabouthowself­drivingvehiclescanhelpreducetrafficjams,cutemissionsandoffermoreconvenient,affordablemobilityoptions.[分析]本句是一个主从复合句。While引导让步状语从句，主句中howself­drivingvehiclescanhelpreducetrafficjams,cutemissionsandoffermoreconvenient,affordablemobilityoptions为宾语从句，作talkingabout的宾语。[译文]虽然到目前为止的争辩大多集中在无人驾驶汽车的平安问题上(应当如此)，但决策者也应当探讨自动驾驶汽车如何有助于缓解交通堵塞、削减排放，并供应更多便利、更实惠的出行选择。3．Theproposalattemptstodealwithwhatsomecallthe“deathvalley”ofautonomousvehicles:thegreyareabetweensemi­autonomousandfullydriverlesscarsthatcoulddelaythedriverlessfuture.[分析]本句是一个主从复合句。whatsomecallthe“deathvalley”ofautonomousvehicles为宾语从句，thatcoulddelaythedriverlessfuture为定语从句修饰先行词thegreyarea。[译文]该提案试图解决一些人所说的无人驾驶汽车的“死亡谷”问题：半自动驾驶汽车和真正意义上的无人驾驶汽车之间的灰色地带，而这可能会推迟无人驾驶汽车的到来。4．Thesecondprincipleistoloosenthecontrolthatprovidersofon­lineserviceshaveoverdataandgivemoretothosewhosupplythem.[分析]本句是一个复合句。主句的主语是Thesecondprinciple，系动词is后是两个并列的不定式短语toloosenthecontrol和(to)givemore...，thatprovidersofon­lineserviceshaveoverdata为定语从句修饰先行词thecontrol，whosupplythem为定语从句修饰先行词those。[译文]其次个原则是放松在线服务供应商对数据的限制，并将更多的数据供应应用户。1．permitn.执照；许可证；通行证v.许可；允许；准许(1)permitdoingsth.允许做某事permitsb.todosth.允许某人做某事eq\b\lc\\rc\}(\a\vs4\al\co1(2weather/timepermitting,ifweather/timepermits))天气/时间允许的话(3)permissionn.允许；许可askforpermission恳求许可withoutpermission未经许可needtoobtainaworkpermit须要获得一个工作执照bepermittedtocarryonlyonepieceofhandluggageontotheplane只允许携带一个手提行李包登机askthegovernmentforpermissiontomovethebookstoasafeplace恳求政府把书籍转移到一个平安的地方[名师点津]permit既可用于permitdoingsth.，也可用于permitsb.todosth.，有相同用法的动词还有：advise,allow,forbid等。[基础练习]——单句语法填空①Thesecuritysystemwillnotpermityouto_enter(enter)withoutthecorrectpassword.②Thevisitorsareremindedthatthemuseumdoesn'tpermitsmoking(smoke)．③Iwillcomeafterthemeetingiftimepermits，butIshouldaskformyheadmaster'spermission(permit)first.[实力提升]——句式升级一般表达：Iftimepermits,Iexpecttohavemoresparetimetospendwithmyfriendssothatwecanhaveabetterrelationship.高级表达：Time_permitting,Iexpecttohavemoresparetimetospendwithmyfriendssothatwecanhaveabetterrelationship.(独立主格结构)2．convenientadj.便利的；便利的(1)Itisconvenientforsb.todosth.对于某人来说做某事是便利的beconvenientforsb.对某人来说是便利的beconvenientfor/tosth.离……很近(2)conveniencen.便利；便利atone'sconvenience在某人便利的时候forconvenience为便利起见(3)inconvenientadj.不便利的；麻烦的enjoythepleasuresandconvenienceoflivinginacitycenter享受住在市中心的乐趣和便利arrangeaconvenienttimeandspacefortheapplicantstohaveaninterview为参与面试的求职者支配了合适的时间和地点makeitmoreconvenientforustochoosewhatbookswelike使得我们选择喜爱的书籍更加便利[名师点津]“当你便利的时候”应译成“whenitisconvenientforyou”，而不是“whenyouareconvenient”。[基础练习]——单句语法填空①Woulditbeconvenientforyouto_pick(pick)meupatfouro'clockandtakemetotheairport?②Mostofuschoosetousecreditcardstobuythingsbecauseoftheirconvenience(convenient).③Weboughtthehouseforconvenience.It'sveryneartotheshopwhereIwork.[实力提升]——一句多译你能在便利的时候过来帮我一把吗？①Canyoucomeandgivemeahandat_your_convenience?(convenience)②Canyoucomeandgivemeahandwhen_it_is_convenient_for_you?(convenient)3．toleratev.容忍，忍受；对……有耐性(1)toleratesb.doingsth.容忍某人做某事(2)tolerantadj.容忍的；宽容的betolerantof对……宽容；对……有耐受性(3)tolerancen.容忍，忍耐力toleratetheextremesofheatinthedesert忍受沙漠的酷热nottolerateanycheatingonexams容不得任何考试作弊行为createatolerantandcosmopolitanculture促成了宽容和应有尽有的文化[名师点津]除了tolerate外，其他表示“容忍，忍受”的动词及短语还有：stand,bear,putupwith等。[基础练习]——单句语法填空①Hewon'ttolerateanyonequestioning(question)hisdecisions.②Luckily,myparentsaretolerantofmychoiceofmusic.③WhatIwanttostressisthatsuchbehaviourcannotbe_tolerated(tolerate)．[实力提升]——完成句子我们应当对他人的缺点更宽容一些。Weshouldbemore_tolerant_ofothers'shortcomings.4．causevt.引起；导致n.缘由；事业；目标(1)causesb.sth.给某人带来某事causesb.todosth.导致某人做某事causedamage/lossto对……造成损害/损失(2)thecauseof...……的缘由causeandeffect因果won'tcauseyoutoomuchtrouble不会给你造成太多麻烦causeglobalconcernaboutflightsafety引起全球对飞行平安的关注findthecauseofthemineaccident找出这起矿难的起因fightforthecauseofpeaceallherlife她毕生为和平事业而抗争[基础练习]——单句语法填空①Hearguesthatoneoftherootcauses(cause)ofcrimeispoverty.②Istilldon'tknowwhatcausedthecomputerto_crash(crash)．③Drinkinganddrivingisoneofthemostcommoncausesoftrafficaccidents.[实力提升]——句式升级一般表达：Thatsummer,aterriblefloodbrokeoutinthesouthofChina,anditcausedgreatlosstothepeoplethere.高级表达：Thatsummer,aterriblefloodbrokeoutinthesouthofChina,causing_great_loss_to_the_people_there.(现在分词短语作状语)5．replacevt.代替；取代；把……放回原处(1)replace...with/by...用……替换……，以……接替……(2)taketheplaceof＝takeone'splace接替；代替inplaceof＝inone'splace代替(3)replacementn.替代；替代的人(物)gototheconferenceinplaceofher代替她出席了这次会议largelyreplacethetraditionalletter极大地替代了传统书信replaceallthefurnituredamagedintheflood更换在洪水中损坏的全部家具replacethechinaplateontheshelf把磁盘放回到架子上[基础练习]——单句语法填空①Teacherswillneverbe_replaced(replace)withcomputersintheclassroom.②It'snotagoodideatomissmealsandreplacethemwithsnacks.③Joeresignedaschairpersonin2024andItooktheplaceofhim.[实力提升]——一句多译我们的班长将代替我们的班主任参与这次会议。①Ourmonitorwillreplace/take_the_place_ofourheadteachertoattendthemeeting.②Ourmonitorwillattendthemeeting_in_place_ofourheadteacher.6．urgev.督促；极力主见n.冲动；剧烈的愿望；迫切的要求(1)urgesb.todosth./intodoingsth.力劝/敦促某人做某事urgethat...剧烈要求；极力主见[从句谓语动词用(should＋)动词原形]urge(sb.)on力劝；强调；剧烈要求(2)urgentadj.紧急的；迫切的inurgentneedof急需(3)urgencyn.紧急；紧急状况inurgentneedoffood,medicineandshelter急需食品、药品和居处urgeyoutodomorereading督促你多阅读amatterofgreaturgency一件特别紧急的事[基础练习]——单句语法填空①Theyknowthatourcountryisinurgent(urge)needofthosewhohavemuchknowledge.②It'sofgreaturgency(urge)thatweneedtomaketherelativelawswiththerapidgrowthofonlineshopping.③Theteacherurgedhisstudentsontheimportanceofstudyingabroad.[实力提升]——一句多译随着高考的接近，我们的老师督促我们要更加努力学习。①Ourteacherurges_us_to_study_harderwiththeCollegeEntranceExaminationdrawingnear.(urgesb.todo)②Ourteacherurges_that_we_(should)_study_harderwiththeCollegeEntranceExaminationdrawingnear.(urgethat)7．holdv.保持；拿着；限制；容纳；实行n.握住；限制；把握；保持holdback阻挡；隐瞒；抑制，限制；扣留holdup举起；支撑；使停顿；耽搁holdon(打电话时)等一下，不要挂断；坚持holdonto抓住；坚持；不放弃holdout伸出；接着；坚持；忍耐[一词多义]——写出下列句中hold的含义①Sheisholdinganotebookandapen.拿着②Heholdstheworldrecordforthe100­metredash.保持③Theywillholdameetingtodiscussthisproblemtomorrow.实行④Thestadiuminourschoolcanhold5,000peopleinall.容纳biteherliptoholdbackthetears她咬着嘴唇强忍住眼泪beheldupinthetrafficjam受困于交通拥堵bereadytoholdoutafriendlyhand乐于伸出友情之手[基础练习]——单句语法填空①WomenareplayingamoreandmoreimportantroleinsocietyinmodernChina—theyholduphalfthesky.②Whenheleftthetelephonetofindapencil,heaskedmetoholdon.③Doyouthinkthatmixedabilityclassesholdbackthebetterstudents?[实力提升]——完成句子无论困难有多大，我们绝不会被其阻挡。Wewillnever_be_held_back_by_difficulties,nomatterhowgreattheyare!1．WithanewfarmbilltobedebatedinCongress,consumersmusttakeastandwithyoungfarmers.在国会要探讨新的农业法案，消费者必需与年轻农夫站在一起。[句型公式]WithanewfarmbilltobedebatedinCongress属于“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”的复合结构。该结构常作缘由、条件、时间、方式或伴随状语，也可作后置定语。常见的with复合结构：(1)with＋宾语＋形容词/副词/介词短语(2)with＋宾语＋doing(表主动、进行)(3)with＋宾语＋done(表被动、完成)(4)with＋宾语＋todo(表未做)[基础练习]——单句语法填空①Withtheexamapproaching(approach),itisagoodideatoreviewyourclassnotes.②Withsomanyessaysto_write(write),hewon'thavetimet