英文【IEC】以新能源为主体的零碳电力系统

WhitePaper

WesupporttheSustainableDevelopmentGoals

Zerocarbonpowersystembasedprimarilyonrenewableenergy

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Executivesummary

TheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangehasstatedthat“itisunequivocalthathumaninfluencehaswarmedtheatmosphere,oceanandland”,andthat“thestabilizationofgreenhousegasconcentrations…requiresafundamentaltransformationoftheenergysupplysystem”.Decarbonizing,orreducingthecarbonintensityof,theelectricitysectorisakeycomponentofreducingthesegreenhousegasemissions.

Thiswhitepaperconsidersthechallengeofdecarbonizingthepowersystem,theresultingrequiredtransitionahead,andwhatthismaymeanfortheIEC,itsmembersandthestandardsitproduces,whichguidetheworld’selectrotechnologysector.

Exposuretoavarietyofpressuresmeanspowersystemsaroundtheworldarealreadychangingandhavebeendoingsoforsomeyears.Powersystemoperators,usersandotherstakeholdersarefacingaonce-in-a-lifetimelevelofprofoundchallenges,rangingfromtheneedtosignificantlyincreasecapacitytosupporttheglobalreplacementoffossilfuelssourceswithelectricity,totheuptakeofnewgenerationdevicessuchassolar,windandmarineenergygeneration,todramaticallyshiftinggenerationandloadprofiles,andsignificantchangesinthecontrolandcommunicationsequipmentusedinthenetworkitself.

Commitmentstowardsnetzero

Over130countriesaroundtheworldhavecommittedtoagoalofcarbonneutralityornetzerocarbonemissions,andmanymorehavecommittedtosignificantreductionsintheirenergyintensity.Thesecommitments,tobemetoverthecomingdecades,willonlyacceleratethechangesalreadyseeninpowersystems.

Thechallengeofnetzero

Fundamentally,acommitmenttonetzerocarbonemissionshasprofoundimplicationsfortheelectricalpowersystemofanation.Theelectricitysectorisoneofthehighestsourcesofemissionsinmostnationsandisalsooftenconsideredthesectormostreadilydecarbonized.Thus,anationalcountry’snetzerocarbongoalcanbetakentoalsomeanagoalofnetzerocarbonfortheelectricityorpowersector.Furthermore,thetransitionofothereconomicsectorssuchastransport,towardslowercarbongoalswillhaveasignificantflow-onimpactonthepowersector.

Realizationofanetzerocarbonpowersystemisanincrediblechallenge.Atthetimeofwriting,carbon-emittinggenerationsourcesmakeupover60%ofelectricitysupplyaroundtheworld.Theremovaloftheseemissions,andtheneedtoaddcarbon-freecapacitytomeetnewelectricaldemands,willrequireanimmenseamountofworkacrossaverybroadrangeoftopics.Effortwillberequiredinpolicyandlaw,regulation,standardization,andtechnologydevelopment.

Theimplicationsofnetzero

Anetzeropowersystemwilllookverydifferenttothepowersystemoftoday.Anetzeropowersystemwillrelyonlargeamountsofwindandsolargeneration,perhapsnuclear,hydroormarinegeneration,andwillinvolvemuchmoreenergystoragecapacities,frompumped-hydrotobatteries.Fossilfuelgeneratorswilleitherbephasedoutorconvertedtozerocarbonoperation.

Thebroaderrequirementofnetzerocarbonemissionswilllikelyseemanynewloadsappearingonthepowersystem.Industriesfromtransport

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Executivesummary

tomanufacturingwillconvertfromfossil-fuelledequipment,suchasboilersorcombustionengines,toelectrically-drivenprocesses.Spaceheatingforhomesandbuildingswilltransitionawayfromfossilfuelstoelectricalheatingincludingtheuseofheatpumptechnology.Thesenewloadswilldramaticallyincreasedemandonthepowersystem–someestimateshavecountriessuchasCanadaneedingtomorethandoublesystemcapacityby2050.Ifmanagedcarefully,theincreaseindemandmayalsoassistwithpowersystemoperationandtheintegrationofvariablerenewableenergygeneration.

Generationandloadprofilesinthepowersystemwillbemuchmoredynamic,withsignificantswingsfromverylowconsumptiontohighconsumptionthroughoutaday,andseasonally.Thiswillrequiregenerationtobemuchmoreflexibleinordertomatchsupplywithrapidlychangingdemand,anditislikelysomeloadswillbedynamicallymanagedtomatchsupply.Anetzeropowersystemwillhavefarlessrotatinginertiathanthetraditionalpowersystemthatreliedonlargerotatingmachineswithsignificantmechanicalinertia.Inordertomaintainsystemsecurityandensurethereliableoperationofprotectiondevicesacrossthepowersystem,generatorsandstoragedevicesthatrelyonpowerelectronicinterconnection(suchassolarandwindgenerators,orbatteries)willneedtoemulatetheoperationalcharacteristicsofrotatingmachines.Thiswillrequirenewoperationalapproachesandregulatoryorotherincentivestoseetheseoperationalmodesbuiltintothemachinesandsystemsdeployed.

Thesechangesmeanthetransitiontoanetzeropowersystemwillrequirethepowersystemtochangeinmultipledimensions.Generationwillneedtomovetozerocarbonoperation.Thecontrolofelectricitygenerationwillbemuchmorecloselyintegratedwiththecontrolofloadsandstorage.Lastly,thepowersystemcontroltechnologieswillneedtobecomemoresophisticated,takingadvantageofthelatestdigitaltechnologiesto

manageapowersystemthatismuchmorecomplexthanthosebeforeit.

Thetechnologiesofazerocarbonpowersystem

Multiplestudieshaveshownthatinmanynations,hydro,windandsolararethecheapestformsofcarbon-freegeneration.Thesetechnologiesaregenerallywellunderstood.Thekeychallengeaheadisnotsomuchtheoperationofwindandsolargeneration,butrathertheirintegrationintothepowersystem,andthereliableoperationofapowersystemwithverylargeportionsofsupplycomingfromwindandsolargenerators.Windandsolargenerationneedtobelocatedwherethewindandsolarresourceisavailable.Insomecases,thiswillbeatgreaterdistancesfromelectricityloadcentres,requiringsignificanttransmissioninfrastructuretocarryenergytowhereitisused.Inothercases,solarandwindmaybeavailableclosetoloadcentres,andthiswillreducetheneedforsignificantlongdistancetransmissioninfrastructure.Theelectricitydistributionsystemwillneedtoabsorbmassiveamountsofdistributedrenewablegeneration,electricvehicles,heatpumpsandlocalenergystorage.Thishassignificantrepercussionsonthedesignofthepowersystem,whichwillnowneedtoenablesignificantlyvaryingandbi-directionalpowerflows.Meetingthischallengewillrequirenewsensingandcontrolschemesandtheprovisionofverylargeamounts(rangingfromsecondstoseasons)ofenergystorage.

Avarietyofothergenerationtechnologieshavepotentialtoassistinthetransitiontozerocarbon.Theseincludenuclearenergy(includingsmallmodularnuclearreactors),andhighlyefficientandflexiblecoalorgasgeneratorspartneredwithcarboncaptureutilizationandstorage.Thesetechnologiesremainintheirinfancy,andmanychallengesstillexisttotheirwidespreaduptake,nottheleastofwhichisthecostinvolved.

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Executivesummary

Whilemuchanalysisofthepathtozerocarbonpowersystemsfocusesontheenergygenerationandstoragetechnologiesonthe“supplyside”ofthesystem,considerationofthe“demand”sideofthepowersystemwillbecomeincreasinglyimportant.Insimplyreducingtheamountofenergyneededtobegenerated,energyefficiencymeasureswillhaveakeyroleinthetransitiontozerocarbonandhavebeenlegislatedbymostcountriesaroundtheworld.Demand-sideintegrationtechnologies,whichseektoactivelyanddynamicallymanagetheloadonthepowersystem,willalsohaveanincreasingrole,helpingtoreduceemissions,avoidinfrastructureupgrades,enableendcustomerstomakechoicesintheirenergyusageandinvestment,andensurepowersystemreliability.

Powersystemswillbecomemore“digitalized”,withnewinformationandcommunicationtechnologiesbeingintroducedacrossallreachesofthepowersystem.Similarly,thisdigitalizationwillimpactalloperationalprocesseswithinthesystem.Technologiessuchasedgecomputing,dataanalyticsandtheindustrialInternetofThingswillallowforbettermonitoringandcontrol,improvedenergyprovisioningandfasterresponsetofaults.Thebenefitsprovidedwillhelpacceleratethetransitiontonetzerocarbonoperation.

Standardsimplicationsofthetransitiontozerocarbon

Toensurethatenergysystems,platforms,devicesandmarketscantransitionandworkeffectivelyinazerocarbonpowersystem,standardshaveacriticalroletoplay,ensuringinteroperability,maintainingaminimumlevelofperformanceandsafety,andhelpingguidethetransitiontowardsnewtechnologiesandoperatingregimes.Whilearangeofstandardsexisttodaythatarerelevanttothezerocarbonvision,azerocarbonpowersystemwillrequireabroadrangeofnewstandardstoensurereliable,efficientandresilientsystemoperation.Thestandardsrequiredcovera

broadspectrum,rangingfromstandardsfornewtechnologies,suchasoffshorewindgeneration,tostandardsforfacilitatingthemuchtighterintegrationbetweengenerationanddemandthatwilloccurinthepowersystemofthefuture.Thesestandardsmustnotonlysupportintegrationwithinthepowersystemitself,butalsointeractionsbetweenthepowersystemandbothconsumersofenergyandexternalprovidersofenergyservicestothepowersystem.Giventhemassivecomplexityofazerocarbonpowersystem,asystemsapproachwillneedtobetaken.Systemstandardsarelikelytobeneededconsideringrequirementssuchastheenvironment,safetyandhealth.

Tomeetclimatetargets,thetransitiontoazerocarbonpowersystemneedstohappenveryrapidly,muchfasterinfactthanmanyofthechangesseeninthepowersystemoverrecentdecades.Ifstandardsandregulationlagtherolloutofnewtechnologiesinthepowersystem,thereisasignificantriskofdelayedimplementation,inefficiency,misapplication,majoroutage,technicalfailuresorotherharm.

Standardsandregulatorychangeoftenhappenatapacesignificantlyslowerthansomeofthechangesoccurringinthejourneytozerocarbonpowersystems.Thus,inthisjourney,aswellasaneedfornewstandards,thereisalsoaneedtoconsidertheprocessesofcreatingnewstandardsandregulation,sothattheseprocessescan(attheveryleast)keepupwiththepaceofchangeoftechnologyandtheshorttimeframesinvolvedinthetransitionofthepowersystemtonetzero.

Theabundanceofnewtechnologiesinazerocarbonpowersystem,andtheconvergenceofdistributedresourcesandnon-powersystemtechnologieswithlarge-scalepowersysteminfrastructure,willrequireamoretop-downapproachtostandardization.Thisshouldbebasedonasystemsapproachthatstartsattheoverallsystemarchitecturelevel,ratherthanthetraditionalbottom-upapproachthatfocusesonindividualcomponents.

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Executivesummary

Thiswhitepaperisstructuredasfollows:

Section1introducesthemassivechangesoccurringintheworld’spowersystems,thewhitepaperanditsaim.

Section2considerstheforcesthataredrivingpowersystemstotransitiontonetzero.

Section3reviewswhatazerocarbonpowersystemmaylooklike.

Section4considersthevariouspathwaystoazerocarbonpowersystem.

Section5introducesthetechnologiesthatwillunderpintherealizationofareliable,economicnetzeropowersystem.

Section6considerswhatthechangesdiscussedintheprevioussectionmeanfortheIEC,itsstakeholdersandstandardswork.

Section7concludesthepaperandprovidessomekeyrecommendations.

Netzerocarbonpowersystemsarenolongeraremotepossibilityofsomedistantfuture.Manycountriesaroundtheworldhavecommittedtonetzerocarbonemissionstargets,andavarietyofpressuresmeanthatpowersystemsaroundtheworldarechangingdramatically.ThesechangeshaveprofoundimplicationsforallIECstakeholders–fromsystemoperatorstoequipmentmanufacturersandserviceproviders,orpowersystemend-users.Understandingthechangesdetailedinthispaper,thenewtechnologies,operatingprinciplesandstandardsrequirementsinvolved,willensurethattheIECremainsattheforefrontoftheevolutionnowunderway.

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Executivesummary

Acknowledgments

Thiswhitepaperhasbeenpreparedbyaprojectteamrepresentingavarietyoforganizations,workingundertheIECMarketStrategyBoard.Theprojectteamincludedrepresentativesfromelectricalpowernetworkbusinesses,standardsorganizations,andequipmentvendorsfromaroundtheworld.TheprojectsponsorwasDrJianbinFan,fromtheStateGridCorporationofChinaandanIECMarketStrategyBoardmember.ProjectcoordinationwasbyPeterJLanctot,SecretaryoftheIECMarketStrategyBoard.CoordinatingauthorandprojectpartnerwasDrGlennPlattfromN.OGEEconsulting.

Theprojectteammemberswere(inalphabeticalorder):

MrCarlosAlvarez-Ortega,Huawei

ProfZhaohongBie,Xi’anJiaotongUniversity,China

MrGeorgeBorlase,UL

MrJonathanColby,StreamwiseDevelopment

MrQixiangFan,ChinaHuanengGroup

DrQiGuo,ChinaSouthernPowerGrid

DrHaoHu,StateGridCorporationofChinaMrYunChaoHu,Huawei

MrHuaHuang,StateGridShanghaiResearchInstitute

MrHirokazuIto,TokyoElectricPowerCompanyMrQunLi,StateGridJiangsuResearchInstitute

MrGangLin,HuanengYangtzeEnvironmentalTechnologyCompany

MrTianyangLiu,ChinaHuanengGroupCarbonNeutralityResearchInstitute

MrZhongLiu,ChinaSouthernPowerGridMrGeertMaes,Huawei

MrAndrewMcConnell,CitiPower,PowercorandUnitedEnergy

DrLucMeysenc,SchneiderElectricMrJedongNoh,EnSTARLtd.

MrJu-MyonPark,ZeroENLtd.

MrSalvatorePugliese,ItalianElectrotechnicalCommittee(CEI)

MrHaiQian,ChinaSouthernPowerGrid

MrKeSun,EconomicResearchInstituteofStateGridZhejiangElectricPowerCompany

MrJonSojo,TratosLtd.MrPascalTerrien,EDF

MrSebastiaanVanDort,BritishStandardsInstitution

ProfDirkVanHertem,KULeuven

MrIvanoVisintainer,ItalianElectrotechnicalCommittee(CEI)

MrDi(Andy)Wang,Huawei

MrZiweiWang,HuanengLancangRiverHydropowerInc

MrHee-JeongYim,KoreanAgencyforTechnologyandStandards

MsEllenYin,Huawei

DrWedianYoussef,SchneiderElectricMrGuoxinYu,Haier

MrLiangZhao,ChinaHuanengGroupCarbonNeutralityResearchInstitute

MrDehuaZheng,Goldwind

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Tableofcontents

Executivesummary3

Listofabbreviations13

Glossary17

Section1Introduction19

1.1Background19

1.2Scopeanddefinitions21

1.3Structure22

Section2Thezerocarbonpowersystem:drivingfactorsandmarketneeds23

2.1Climatechange23

2.2Achievingnetzero23

2.3Governmentpolicy24

2.3.1Africa25

2.3.2Australia25

2.3.3China26

2.3.4France26

2.3.5Italy27

2.3.6Japan27

2.3.7RepublicofKorea28

2.3.8TheUnitedStates28

2.4Marketchanges29

2.5Reliablepowersupply30

2.6Affordableandeconomicallycompetitiveenergy30

2.7Changingenergyconsumption31

2.7.1Changingloadprofiles31

2.7.2Newloads32

Section3Characteristicsofazerocarbonpowersystem34

3.1Largescaledeploymentofzerocarbonenergygeneration34

3.2Highpenetrationpowerelectronicsanddecreasinginertia34

3.3Digitalizationofthepowersystem36

3.4Decentralizationofthepowersystem36

3.5Bulkpowertransfer37

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Tableofcontents

Section4Alternativepathwaystoazerocarbonpowersystem38

4.1Centralizedvsdecentralized38

4.2Energyefficiency38

4.2.1Electrificationmakesenergyefficiencyeasier39

4.2.2Standardsareessentialtohelprealizeenergyefficiencyoutcomes39

4.3Load/demandintegration39

4.4Electricalvschemicalenergytransferandstorage40

4.5Comparingtechnologyoptions:evaluatingemissions40

4.6Evaluatingzerocarbonsystems41

Section5Keynewtechnologiesandtheirchallenges43

5.1Newgenerationtechnologies43

5.1.1Efficientcoalgenerationtechnology43

5.1.2Carboncapture,utilizationandstorage44

5.1.3Nuclearpower45

5.1.4Solar46

5.1.5Wind46

5.1.6Smarthydropower47

5.2Energystorage48

5.2.1Usesofenergystorage49

5.2.2Energystoragetechnology49

5.3Transmissionanddistributionsystemtechnology50

5.3.1Control50

5.3.2Congestionmanagement51

5.3.3Highvoltagedirectcurrent52

5.3.4Protection53

5.3.5Demand-sideresponseandenergymanagement53

5.3.6Virtualpowerstations54

5.3.7Vehicle-to-gridtechnology55

5.4Hydrogen56

5.5Digitalizationofthepowersystem57

5.5.1IoT/smartsensing58

5.5.2BigdataandAI60

5.5.3Blockchain61

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5.5.4Cybersecurity61

5.5.5Simulation65

5.6Alternativetechnologies65

Section6Standardizationandconformityassessmentanalysis67

6.1Standardstofacilitateinterconnection,integrationandinteroperability68

6.1.1Bidirectionalvehicle-to-gridinteractioninthedistributionnetwork68

6.1.2Interactionbetweennaturalgasandelectricitysystems69

6.2Standardsforpowergenerationtechnology69

6.2.1Offshorewindpower69

6.2.2Faultride-through70

6.2.3Casestudy:EuropeanMarineEnergyCentrehydrogentesting70

6.3Standardsforpowertransmissiontechnology70

6.3.1Lowfrequencypowertransmission70

6.3.2HighvoltageDCpowersystemswithdirectgeneratorconnection70

6.3.3Superconductingcable71

6.4Pervasivedigitalizationofpowertechnology71

6.5Standardsforcybersecurity71

6.6Standardsforhydrogen-basedpowersystems72

6.7Powersystemcarbonmanagement/lifecycleassessment72

6.7.1Powersystemcarbonfootprintcalculation72

6.7.2Greenpowermarkets72

6.7.3Carbonstructure,utilizationandstorage72

6.8ConformityAssessment72

6.9Simulationandtestingprocedures73

6.10Thestandardizationprocess73

6.11Asystemsapproach74

Section7Conclusionsandrecommendations75

7.1Recommendationstogovernment,industryandbroaderstakeholders76

7.2Recommendationsregardingnewstandards76

7.3Recommendationsregardingstandardizationpracticesandprocesses76

AnnexA78

Bibliography80

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Listofabbr