学术英语(理工)(第二版)-U4课件 Writing Methods and Results Sections

学术英语理工

AcademicEnglishforScienceandEngineering

第二版byYuNingningInthisunit,youwilllearnhowto:useargumentmappingskillsincriticalthinking;writeamethodssection;controlvariables;writearesultssection;reportthestatisticalresultscientifically;usetablesandfigureseffectively;usecorrecttensesinreportingresults;writeinaformalstyle.Unit4

WritingMethodsandResultsSections1CriticalReading2AcademicWriting3LiteracySkills

UnitContents

Criticalthinking(usingargumentmapping)

UnderstandingthetextEnhancinglanguageabilityDoingresearchprojectsWritingamethodssectionControllingvariablesWritingaresultssectionReportingthestatisticalresultscientificallyUsingtablesandfigureseffectivelyUsingcorrecttenseinreportingresultsWritinginaformstyleTheuseofnominalizationStructuralcompressionTheuseofsingle,formalacademicwordsGroupdiscussion:Whatisanargumentmap?Whatarethecomponentsofanargument?Whatarethepurposesofmapping?1.CriticalReading

Criticalthinking(usingargumentmapping)Anargumentmap

isavisualrepresentationofthestructureofanargument.Components:

amainconclusion,premises(reasons),co-premises,objections,rebuttals…Purposes: 1.CriticalReading

Criticalthinking(usingargumentmapping)1)uncoverthelogicalstructureofarguments2)identifyhiddenassumptions3)evaluatethereasons4)aidtheunderstandingofanissueoradebateTask1Skimthetextandcompletethetablebelow.(P140)KeywordsObjectiveResearchquestionsMethodsused1.CriticalReading

UnderstandingthetextKeywordsInfant-feedingpractices,impacts,urbanizationandsocioeconomicstatus

Objectivetostudytheimpactofurbanizationandwomen’ssocioeconomicstatusonthechangeininfant-feedingpractices

ResearchquestionsWhatimpactsdourbanizationandwomen’ssocioeconomicstatushaveonthechangeininfant-feedingpracticesandwhythereisadrasticchangeintraditionalbreast-feedingpractices?Methodsusedquestionnairesandinterviews1.CriticalReading

UnderstandingthetextTask2Readthetextandanswerthefollowingquestions.(P147)WhywerewomenintheareaofLagoschosenassubjectsofthereport?

Thisareaisheterogeneousinitsethnicandsocioeconomiccompositionanditiswidelyassumedthatwomentheresuffernegativeeffectsofurbanizationandmodernizationoninfant-feedingpracticesandthetraditionalAfricanimageofmothering.Whywasthereasteadydeclineintheprevalenceanddurationofbreast-feedingamongurbanNigeriansaccordingtotheearlierreports?

Mostoftheseearlierreportsattributedthesteadydeclinetoattitudesandinfluencesimportedfromthedevelopedworldandthepreferenceforbottle-feedingbytheurbanizedAfrican.1.CriticalReading

UnderstandingthetextWhatdoesurbanlifemeantotheNigerianwomenandwhateffectsdoesitexertonthem?

Tothemurbanlifemeansextremeindividualandcommunitypoverty.Itexertsagreatpressureonmotherstospendmoretimetryingtoaugmentthefamilyincomeattheexpenseofcaringadequatelyfortheirchildren.WhatisthemainreasonforchildhoodmalnutritioninLagos?

Themainreasonisthepovertyofurbanpeopleratherthantheignoranceonthemother’spart.1.CriticalReading

UnderstandingthetextTask3Readtherowsofwordsandphrasesbelow.Oneortwowordsorphrasesineachrowmaynotbeasynonymforthewordorphrasesinbold.Crossitoutifany.(P147)Para.11○ 2vegetative 3○ 4urbanize 5importance6○ 7indefinitely 8currency,occurrence 9explainPara.21protective,paternal 2○ 3○ 4correctable5different,dissimilar 6○ 7caringfor

1.CriticalReading

UnderstandingthetextParas.3-91augment 2secondary 3clinicalpractice 4describe5portion 6substance,allowance 7○ 8delayed9domesticParas.10-111○ 2takenotice 3interlink 4○ 5contain 6○ 7innumerate 8○Paras.12-131retrain 2substitute 3travel 4○ 5expressed6○ 7○ 8○ 9present 10originality 11○Paras.14-151unbalanceddiet 2○ 3○ 4○ 5○ 6change 7arrangement 8○ 9divergence 10citizen1.CriticalReading

UnderstandingthetextTask4Matcheachofthefollowingmainideas(summarizedfromofParas.1-15）withtheappropriateparagraphnumberofthetext.(P148)Paras.1-5

3 5 2 14Paras.6-10

8 7 10 6 9Paras.11-15

14 12 11 15 131.CriticalReading

UnderstandingthetextTask5Paraphrasethefollowingsentences.(P151)1. Nomorethan29%ofthefamilieshadmonthlyincomesbelowN200,wellbelowthesubsistencelevelinacityratedamongthemostexpensiveintheworldintermsofhousingandgeneralcostofliving.

Monthlyincomesofalmost29%ofthefamiliesarebelowN200,whichcouldbarelysupportthebasicnecessitiesofurbanlifeinacitywherehousingpriceandthecostoflifeisoneofthehighestintheworld.1.CriticalReading

Understandingthetext

2. Quiteoftentheactualpracticefellshortofthemother’snutritionalawareness,thuscontradictingthefrequentlyrepeatedstatementsthatsuchilliterate,urbanizedwomenarevictimsofpoororimpropercounseling.

Thefactthattheactualpracticedidnotmatchthemother’snutritionalawarenessfailedtosupportthefrequentlycitedargumentthattheill-educatedurbanwomendidnotreceiveproperadvice.1.CriticalReading

UnderstandingthetextItisclearthatsuchexplanationsareoversimplifiedandapplytoonlyafewandignorethehardrealitiesofurbanexistencethatmaymakeprolongedbreast-feedingdifficult.

Obviouslysuchexplanationscan’tbeappliedtomanysituationswhereitwasthepovertyoftheurbanmothersthatmadeitdifficultforthemtobreastfeedtheirchildrenaslongastheyexpected.1.CriticalReading

Understandingthetext1.CriticalReading

UnderstandingthetextTask6Summarizethemainideaofthefollowingparagraphwhichiscloselyrelatedtothetextintheme,usingonesentenceonly.Readthemodelcarefullybeforetheexercise.

(P152)Breast-feedingcouldeffectivelyprotectwomenfrombreastcancer.

1.CriticalReading

UnderstandingthetextTask7Writeaparagraphabout120wordstosummarizethemainideasofthetext.Remembertoincludetheobjective,themethodsusedandthemajorfindings.(P152)Breast-feeding,atraditionalinfant-feedingpracticeinNigeria,hasundergoneaseriousdeclinerecently.Inordertoexplorethefactorsresponsibleforthisnegativechangeandoffersomesuggestionsbasedontheresult,asurveywasconductedamongNigerianwomenresidentinSurulere.Theinfant-feedingpracticeandattitudesof558motherswereexaminedviaquestionnairesandpersonalinterviews.Theresultshowedthatdespitethewomen’sawarenessoftheimportanceofbreast-feedingpractice,whichmanyofthembelievedshouldcontinueforuptooneyear,onlyabout24.6%ofthemothersstudiedpracticedbreast-feedingforthatlongand81%usedsupplementaryfoodsforinfantsfrombirthtothreemonths.Itissuggestedthateconomicandsocialpressureswereresponsibleforthechangeintraditionalinfant-feedingpractices.Henceunlessthepovertyofurbanwomenissolved,anynutritioneducationprogramwillbemeaningless.1.CriticalReading

EnhancinglanguageabilityTask2CompletethefollowingsentencesbytranslatingtheChineseintoEnglish,usingtheacademicwordsintheabovebox.Chagentheirformswherenecessary.(P153)Theeventismoreoften_______(错误地)_____（认定）asthemaincauseforthedisturbance.Those______（关键的）factorscanberesponsibleforthelossofits______（威信）.Thefailurecouldbe______（归咎）tothe_____（差别）betweenthetwoversionsoftheaffair.Wearesurprisedbythe________（盛行）ofcheatingoncampuswhichseemsnotto

(扭转)inthenearfuture.Wehavetomakeaneffortto______（处理）theproblemwhichisbeginningto______（呈现）graveseriousness.erroneously,identifiedcritical,prestigeattributed,discrepanciesprevalence,reversedaddress,assume1.CriticalReading

EnhancinglanguageabilityTheproblemis______（凸显)asmanycollegeteachershavetodopart-timeworkto_____(增加)theirfamilyincome.Theirliveswouldbegreatly_____(贫困的)ifnoappropriatemeasurewas_______(制定).Thereisno_____（一致同意）onthe_______(大规模的)alterationsofbuildingsindowntownarea.Itseemsthatsomestudents_____（保持）thebeliefthatcheatingisnotnecessarily_____(与……同义的)withacademicdishonesty.Racialdiscriminationshouldbe_____(消除)ifyouwanttoadapttothe_______（混杂的）populationoftheUSA.underscored,augmentimpoverished,institutedunanimity,extensiveretain,synonymouseliminated,heterogeneousTask3Crossoutthewordineachlistifany,thewordthatdoesnotcollocatethewordinbold.(P154)1○ 2comment 3student 4○ 5○ 6

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7

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1.CriticalReading

EnhancinglanguageabilityTask1WatchLecture4andanswerthequestions.(P156)Whatwastheresearchquestion?

Isthereacasualrelationshipbetweenbreastfeedingandsocialmobility?2. Wheredidtheresearchersgetthedata?

TheyobtainedthedatafromtheBritishBirthCohortstudiesfrom1946to2001.

3. Howdidtheresearchersovercomethepossibleproblemofconfounding?

Theyusedtwodifferentways:toreplicatetheresultsfromtwodifferentstudiesandtousethestatisticalmethodsmimictherandomized.1.CriticalReading

Doingresearchprojects1.CriticalReading

Doingresearchprojects4. Whatwerethedifferencesinthebreast-feedingratesbysocialclassbetween1958and1970accordingtotheCohortdata?

First,thebreastfeedingratein1958wasmuchhigherthan1970,Second,thedifferencebetweenthesocialgradewasnotsomuchgreatin1958than1978cohort.5. Whatwastheresultofthecomparisonbetween1958and1970? Althoughthepatternsweredifferentintwocohorts,theinterpretationofthecasualbetweenbreastfeedingandsocialmobilitywasconsistent.3typesofdatacollection:ByexperimentBysurveyByinterview4subsectionsofamethodssection:SamplesMaterialsProcedureDataanalysis2.AcademicWriting

WritingamethodssectionSamplessubsectiontellsyou:1)thesampleinyourstudy;2)thewayyouchosethesamples.3)thecriteriaofdatacollection.Materialssubsectiontellsyou:whatequipmentandtoolsyouusedtocollectdatainyourexperimentorsurveys.Proceduresubsectiontellsyou:themethodofdatacollection,providingthereaderwithasummaryofeachstepintheexecutionoftheresearch.Dataanalysissubsectiontellsyou:howthedatacollectedfromanexperimentorasurveyareevaluated.2.AcademicWriting

WritingamethodssectionTask1ReadthemethodssectionsofText4answerthefollowingquestions.(P157)1)Whatmethodsdotheauthorsemployintheirstudy?Aninterview.2.AcademicWriting

Writingamethodssection2) Howmanypiecesofinformationdotheauthorwanttoobtainfromthestudysample?Whatarethey?ethnicoriginofthemotherslevelofeducationoccupationandageofthemotherstotalincomeofthefamilynumberofchildrenbornalivetothemotherstypeofinfantfeedingpreferredbythemothersandfactorsinfluencingthedecisionageatwhichbreast-feedingwassupplementedwithotherfoodsspecifictypesofsupplementaryfoodspreferredbythemothersdurationofbreast-feedinginfluenceofhospitals/clinicsandadvertisersofbabyfoodsonchoiceofinfant-feedingpractice.2.AcademicWriting

Writingamethodssection3) Whatresearchquestionsdotheauthorswanttoanswerintheirstudy?Isthereadditionalinformationwhichcanbeincludedintheirstudytobetteranswertheirresearchquestions?

Theresearchquestionsare:1)Whatarecurrentmaternalperceptionsofinfant-feedingamongdifferentethnic,religious,cultural,andsocioeconomicgroupsinNigeria

?2)Isthereadeclineinbreast-feeding

?3)Whataremajorfactorsresponsibleforthenegativechange

?4)Howcanweinstitutecorrectiveeducationalmeasures

?

4) Whatverbtensesandsyntacticstructures(e.g.,passive/activevoice)aremainlyused? Simplepasttenseandpassivevoicestructuresareused.

2.AcademicWriting

WritingamethodssectionTask2RereadthemethodssectionsoftheCriticalReadingtextsinUnits1-4,andthencomparethemwiththemethodssectionbelow.Answerthefollowingquestions.(P157)1)Whatmethodsareusedrespectively?

2.AcademicWriting

WritingamethodssectionTextQuestionnaireInterviewExperimentUnit1√Unit2√Unit3√Unit4√below√2) WhydoesthetextinUnit3usethemethodofexperiments?CouldthesamemethodbeappliedinthestudiesinthetextsofUnits1and2?ThemethodofexperimentisnecessaryiftheeffectsofGMFsonratpupsareinvestigated.No,totestpeople’sunderstandingofradiationorthegreenhouseeffect,wecan’tuseexperimentalmethods.2.AcademicWriting

Writingamethodssection3) WhyareprocedurepartsspeciallydetailedinthemethodsofexperimentsinthetextofUnit3?

Theprocedureisgenerallyintroducedindetailbecauseitmustbereplicableinordertobevalid,oritmusthelpreadersusethesamemethodtoobtainthesameresults.

4) Whyarethepasttenseandthepassivevoicemainlyusedinthethreetexts? Themethodsareusedtoconductastudyataparticulartimebeforethepaperiswritten.Therefore,thepasttenseisused.Assubjectsorparticipantsandmaterialsortoolsarewhattheauthormainlyintroduces,thepassivevoiceisappropriate.

2.AcademicWriting

WritingamethodssectionTask3Analyzethefollowingparagraphsaboutparticipantsandmark“Y”(Yes)or“N”(No)accordingtothethreecriteriainthebox.(P160)2.AcademicWriting

WritingamethodssectionArethemajordemographiccharacteristicsoftheparticipants(suchasage,sex,etc.).describedclearly?Isthewaytheparticipantsareselectedreported?Forexample,weretheyrandomlyselectedfromthewholepopulation?Aretheyofferedmoneyorcoursecreditordotheysimplyvolunteer?Aretheyallassignedtothesamegroupordotheygotodifferentgroups?Iftheygotodifferentgroups,aretheyrandomlyassigned?Y Y NY Y YY Y NY Y YTask4Analyzethefollowingparagraphsaboutmaterialsandmark“Y”(Yes)or“N”(No)accordingtothethreecriteria.2.AcademicWriting

WritingamethodssectionIstheequipmentortoolsusedclearlytold?Istheequipment(suchascomputers,containers,etc.)introducedwithnamesandmodelsorwithoutdetail?Arethereadersreferredtotheappendixforillustrationsandfurtherdetailsiftheequipmentiscomplex?Y Y NN N YY Y NTask5Analyzethefollowingparagraphsaboutprocedureandmark“Y”(Yes)or“N”(No)accordingtothethreecriteria.(P162)2.AcademicWriting

WritingamethodssectionY Y N YY Y Y YIsthedesignofexperimentorsurveydescribed?Isthedesignanddistributionofthequestionnairedescribed?Aretheinstructionstoldtothesubjects?Arethestepsoftheexperimentorsurveydescribed?Agoodexperimentorsurveyshouldincludedependentvariablesindependentvariablescontrolledvariables

(exampleP161)2.AcademicWriting

ControllingvariablesTask1RereadUnit3andUnit4,andfindmorevariablesandcontrolledvariables.(P161)2.AcademicWriting

ControllingvariablesDependentvariableIndependentvariablesandcontrolledvariablesThebirthweightandsurvivalofratpups1.differentfoods2.theamountoffoodfedeachtime3.thetimestheratwasfed4.theageandphysicalconditionofthesubjectsineachgroup

5.thesizeofthecages2.AcademicWriting

ControllingvariablesDependentvariableIndependentvariablesandcontrolledvariablesThemothers’attitudetowardinfant-feedingpractices1.levelofeducation2.age3.occupation4.exposuretomassmedia5.thenumberofchildren6.income

7.religions8.theaccesstofreesamplesTask2ComparethemethodsusedinCriticalReading(Methods1)withthefollowingtwomethodssections(Methods2and3)andfindtheirsimilaritiesanddifferencesandcompletethefollowingtable.Thenexplainthevalidityofeachmethod.(P161)2.AcademicWriting

ControllingvariablesContentMethods1Methods2Methods3Methods(types)Thesample(types)Procedures(detailedornot)Citations(with/without)InterviewandquestionnaireQuestionnaireInterviewNigerianmothersHouseholdsinNorwichGatekeepersofGMFsDetailedDetailedDetailedWithoutWithoutWithTask2(P161)2.AcademicWriting

ControllingvariablesContentMethods1Methods2Methods3DataanalysisVerbtensesPassiveoractivevoice

SignalwordsYesYesYesSimplepastPassivevoicePassivevoiceYesSimplepastSimplepastYesYesPassivevoiceGroupdiscussion:1. Whyistheresultssection(RS)therealmeatofaprimaryresearcharticle?2. WhatarethegeneralguidelinesforwritingaRS?2.AcademicWriting

Writingaresultssection1. Whyistheresultssection(RS)therealmeatofaprimaryresearcharticle? (1)itreportsthedatafromtheexperimentsorsurveys,and (2)ithighlightskeyfindingsfromthedata.

2. WhatarethegeneralguidelinesforwritingaRS? -Donottrytodescribealltherawdata. -Donotofferadescriptionofthedatawithoutasentencethatsummarizestheresultderivedfromthedata. -Donotrepeatthedatawhicharealreadylistedinatableorfigure. -Donotreportthedetaileddatawithoutusingtablesand/orfigures,orwithoutprovidinglocationiftheyareused.2.AcademicWriting

WritingaresultssectionTask1ComparetheresultssectionsofCriticalReadingtextsinUnit3and4andanswerthefollowingquestions.(P165)1. Whatarethesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenthetworesultsections?

Bothusetablesandfiguretoreporttheresults.2. Whichonepresenteditsdataorresultsmoreclearlyandreadably?

Bothareclear.ButUnit4usesatopicsentencetosurmarizeeachresultineachparagraph.Henceitismorereadable.2.AcademicWriting

Writingaresultssection3. WhichtwoparagraphsintheresultssectionoftextinUnit3tellthe“InfluenceofGeneticallyModifiedSoyaontheBirth-WeightandSurvivalofRatPups”? Para.9.4. WhichfourparagraphsintheresultssectionoftextinUnit4answertheresearchquestion“toevaluatecurrentmaternalperceptionsofinfant-feeding”? Paras.7-10.5. WhatarethecommoncharacteristicsofthetabletitlesofthetextsinUnits3and4? Bothusephrases.2.AcademicWriting

WritingaresultssectionWhenyoureportthestatisticresult,descriptivestatisticsaboutthemeansandstandarddeviationsarefrequentlymentioned.

Themeanshowsthereaderwhichgroupscoredhigherandwhichscoredlower.

Thestandarddeviationisalsopresentedtoensurethatthedifferentresultsarefromoverallperformanceofthegroup(normallyindicatedbyarelativelylowSD)ratherthanextraordinaryperformanceofafewindividuals(ahighSD).

2.AcademicWriting

Reportingthestatisticalresultscientifically

FunctionsofTables,FiguresandIllustrations-topresentdatawhicharetoonumerousorcomplicatedtobedescribedadequatelyorpreciselyinthetext,maketheresultsmorereadable2.AcademicWriting

Usingtablesandfigureseffectively

Task1RereadtheresultsectionofthetextsinUnits3and4andanswerthefollowingquestions.(P170)1) Howmanytablesdotheauthorsusetoreporttheresultsrespectively? Unit3uses5tables,andUnit4uses10.2) Doeseachtablecontributetotheresearchquestionsraisedintheintroductionsections? Yes.3) Arethetabletitleswrittenintheformofphrasesorsentences?

Thetabletitlesarewrittenintheformofphrases.2.AcademicWriting

Usingtablesandfigureseffectively

4) Couldyoufindthelocationstatementsinthetextwhichareusedtolocateeachtable? Yes.5) Whyarethestrongversionslike“Table1shows…”and“Table5summarizes…”andthe‘weakversionslike“…(Table8)and…(Tables9and10)”alternativelyusedinthelocationstatements?

Differentversionsareusedtosuitthecontextandmaintainthecoherenceofthetext.2.AcademicWriting

Usingtablesandfigureseffectively

Task2Fillintheblankswiththeappropriateformsofthegivenverbs.(P169)

Table2_________(show)smoking,andcaffeineandalcoholintakeinthePD(Parkinson’sdisease)patientsandcontrols.Allsmokersamongthecontrolsandallexceptonesmokeramongthepatients______(be)cigarettesmokers.There____(be)nosignificantdifferenceinageofonsetofsmokingorthemaximumnumberofcigarettessmokedperdaybetweencasesandcontrols.Durationofsmoking,however,_____(be)significantlyshorterincasescomparedwithcontrols.ThePDpatients__________(stop)smokingamean(SD)16.2(13.9)yearspriortoonsetofsymptomsandthere_____(be)asignificantcorrelationbetweenageofPDsymptomonsetandageofsmokingcessation(rs=0.327,p=0.037).Highercaffeineconsumption_______(be)alsoassociatedwithlowerriskofPD(OR=0.74per10packyears(0.60to0.9),p=0.003,pseudoR2=0.07).Thisfinding________(suggest)thatsomeoftheapparenteffectofshows

caffeineintake_____(be)explainedbytheeffectofZuckerman’sSSS.

2.AcademicWriting

Usingcorrecttensesinreportingresults

shows

were

was

stopped

was

was

suggestswas

is

Thereare13featuresinaformalstyle(P170)Task1.Studytwoversions(TakenfromBailey,S.2011)andpointouttheproblemwithVersionA.(P171)VersionA:Howtomakepeopleworkharder[Imprecisevocabulary–use“motivation”]isatopicthatlotsofpeople[Vague–givenames]havewrittenaboutinthelastfewyears[Vague–givedates].Therearelotsof[Avoid“lotsof”]differenttheoriesandIthink[Toopersonal]

someofthemareOK[Tooinformal].Whenwethinkaboutthis[Toopersonal]weshouldremembertheoldChineseproverbthatyoucanleadahorsetowater[Donotquoteproverbs]butyoucan’tmakeitdrink.Sohowdoweincreaseproduction?[Avoidrhetoricalquestions]It’s[Avoidcontractions]quitea

complexsubjectbutI’lljusttalkaboutacouple[Toopersonalandinformal]ofideas.3.LiteracySkills

Writinginaformalstyle

Task3Rewritethefollowingsentencestocreatetheobjectiveandformaltone.(P171)1) Ifourenvironmentisnotprotected,ourchildrenwillsufferthemost.

Iftheenvironmentisnotprotected,childrenwillsufferthemost.2) Ibelievethatweneedtoaddresstheseproblems.

Theseproblemsneedtobeaddress./itisnecessarytoaddresstheseproblems.3.LiteracySkills

Writinginaformalstyle

3) However,therearemanyrestaurantswhereyoucaneatendangeredanimals. However,therearemanyrestaurantsservingendangeredanimals.4) Participatinginsocialactivitiesasvolunteerscanbeawonderfulexperienceforourchildren.

Participatinginsocialactivitiesasvolunteerscanbeabeneficial/positiveexperienceforchildren.3.LiteracySkills

Writinginaformalstyle

5)Economicsituationwon’timproveuntileffortsaremadebythegovernment. Economicsituationwillnotimproveuntileffortsaremadebythegovernment.6) Theinvestigationdidn’tyieldanynewresults. Theinvestigationyieldednonewresults.3.LiteracySkills

Writinginaformalstyle

7)Thegovernmentdidn’tallocatemuchfundingfortheprogram. Thegovernmentallocatedlittlefundingfortheprogram.8) Thisproblemdoesn’thavemanyviablesolutions. Thisproblemhasfewviablesolutions.3.LiteracySkills

Writinginaformalstyle

Nominalizationiscommoninacademicwriting.Itcannotonlycreateanimpersonalandobjectivetone,butalsoincreasethelexicaldensitybyreducingthefunctionalwordsandclauses.

3.LiteracySkills

Theuseofnominalization

Task2Rewriteeachsentenceusingthewordinbrackets.(P173)1. Themodelexplainshowthefigurefluctuatesinthisperiod.(explanation,fluctuations)

Themodelprovidesanexplanationforthefluctuationsinthefigureforthisperiod.2. Thespaceskillcanbeappliedinexploringtheuniverse.(application,exploration)

Thespaceskillhasfoundapplicationfortheexplorationoftheuniverse.3.LiteracySkills

Theuseofthenominalization

3. Radiationwasaccidentallyreleased,damagingawideareaforalongtime.(release,damage)

Theaccidentalreleaseofradiationcausewidespreadlong-termdamage.4. Tomakeitacceptedbymostreadersandmoreprofitable,thenovelfollowsthemostcommonlyacceptednotionsofmoralityandjustice.(acceptability,profitability)

Toensurethewidestacceptabilityandgreatestprofitability,thenovelfollowsthemostcommonlyacceptednotionsofmoralityandjustice.5. Cropsgrowquicklybecausethesoilinthisareaisveryrich.(richness,growth) Therichnessofthesoilinthisareafavoredthegrowthofcrops.3.LiteracySkills

Theuseofthenominalization

6. Informationhasexplodedandknowledgeisincreasinglyobsolete.Allthisisforcinguponhighereducationanewsetofdemands.(explosion,obsolescence)

Theexplosionofinformationandtheincreasingobsolescenceofknowledgeisforcinguponhighereducationanewsetofdemands.7. Thetimessignalthatitisnecessarytomodifyourlegalsystem.(sign,necessity,modification)

Thesignsofthetimespointtothenecessityofthemodificationofthelegalsystem.3.LiteracySkills

Theuseofthenominalization

8. Itisnecessarytosupervisethecropscarefullysothattheycansurvivewhenharvesttimecomes.(supervision,survival)

Carefulsupervisionisnecessarytoensurethesurvivalofthecropsuntilharvesttime.9. Yetallofhistoryhastaughtusthattheifwedenytheseultimatesandplacemanatthecoreoftheuniverse,therewillbemassselfishness.(denial,placement)

Yetallofhistoryhastaughtusthatthedenialoftheseultimatesandtheplacementofmanatthecoreoftheuniversewillresultinmassselfish