2014-2015年TEM4真题及答案详解

TESTFORENGLISHMAJORS(2014)-GRADEFOUR-TIMELIMIT:135MINPARTIDICTATION[15MIN]Listentothefollowingpassage.Altogetherthepassagewillbereadtoyoufourtimes.Duringthefirstreading,whichwillbedoneatnormalspeed,listenandtrytounderstandthemeaning.Forthesecondandthirdreadings,thepassagewillbereadsentencebysentence,orphrasebyphrase,withintervalsof15seconds.Thelastreadingwillbedoneatnormalspeedagainandduringthistimeyoushouldcheckyourwork.Youwillthenbegiven2minutestocheckthroughyourworkoncemore.PleasewritethewholepassageonANSWERSHEETONE.PARTIILISTENINGCOMPREHENSION[20MIN]InSectionsA,BandCyouwillheareverythingONCEONLY.Listencarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.MarkthebestanswertoeachquestiononAnswerSheetTwo.SECTIONACONVERSATIONSInthissectionyouwillhearseveralconversations.Listentotheconversationscarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.Questions1to3arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Attheendoftheconversation,youwillbegiven15secondstoanswerthequestions.Now,listentotheconversation.1.Whataretheymainlytalkingaboutintheconversation?A.Transport.B.Customers.C.Relocation.D.Restaurants.2.WhichofthefollowingismentionedbyTimasagoodreasonformoving?A.Moreofficespace.B.Convenientparking.C.Fewerofficeworkers.D.Anear-bytrainstation.3.WhyisJaneworriedaboutwinterinthenewlocation?A.Itismuchcolderthere.B.Therearefewactivities.C.Therearenogoodrestaurants.D.Thereisnocinemaortheatre.Questions4to7arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Attheendoftheconversation,youwillbegiven20secondstoanswerthequestions.Now,listentotheconversation.4.MissParkinsonbecameinterestedinherownbusiness_______.A.beforesheworkedforthemediacompanyB.whenshewasonholidayfiveyearsagoC.aftershewenttotherapistsandclassesD.afterherfriendrecommendedittoher5.Whydidsheaskherteacherstoteachherathome?A.Shewasbusierthanbefore.B.Itwasmoreconvenient.C.Shelikedtoexerciseathome.D.Shewasgivenapromotion.6.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtotheconversation?A.Sherecommendedpeopletotakeclasses.B.Shewaswillingtopaymoreforclassesathome.C.Sheleftherjobimmediatelyafterherpromotion.D.Sheregardedthebusinessasapastimeatfirst.7.Whydidshefinallyleaveherjob?A.Shegotboredwithherjob.B.Shesawanopportunity.C.Sheneededthemoney.D.Shewasforcedtoleave.Questions8to10arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Attheendoftheconversation,youwillbegiven15secondstoanswerthequestions.Nowlistentotheconversation.8.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedaboutthesingle-lensreflex?A.Differentlensescanbeused.B.Focusingiseasier.C.Youcanseewhatyouaretaking.D.Itischeaperandlighter.9.Accordingtotheshopassistant,themaindifferencebetweenthetwotypesofcamerasliesin_______.A.lensB.priceC.weightD.size10.Itcanbeinferredfromtheconversationthatthecustomerismorelikelytobuy_______intheend.A.asingle-lenscameraB.nothingC.arangefindercameraD.severallensesinsteadSECTIONBPASSAGESInthissection,youwillhearseveralpassages.Listentothepassagescarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.Questions11to13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Attheendofthepassage,youwillbegiven15secondstoanswerthequestions.Now,listentothepassage.11.WhichofthefollowingdetailsaboutthefrontofthehouseisCORRECT?A.Thefrontispink.B.Thecurtainisdrawn.C.Nowindowcanbeseen.D.Therearetwodoors.12.Whatistotheimmediateleftsideofthehouse?A.Awashingline.B.Anotherhouse.C.Aflatarea.D.Achimney.13.Whereisthesmalltowninthepicture?A.Betweentwohills.B.Furthertotheleftofthehouse.C.Atthebackofthehouse.D.Atthesideofahill.Questions14to17arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Attheendofthepassage,youwillbegiven20secondstoanswerthequestions.Now,listentothepassage.14.WhendidBenfirstbecomeinterestedinMongolia?A.Whenhegrewup.B.WhenhelearnedMongolian.C.Whenhereturnedhome.D.Whenhewasnineyearsold.15.Wheredidhespendmostofhisteenageyears?A.InMongolia.B.IntheArabworld.C.Inhishometown.D.Insomeotherregions.16.WelearnfromthepassagethatBen_______whiledoinghismaster’sdegree.A.becameinterestedinclassicalMongolianB.learnedclassicalandmodernMongolianC.gaveupmodernMongolianD.masteredmodernMongolian17.WhichofthefollowingdetailsisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?A.BenwantstovisitMongoliawhentheweatheriswarm.B.Benconsidersthetravelexpensereasonable.C.Thetriptodayisexpensiveconsideringinflation.D.BenwasunabletotraveltoMongoliain1971.Questions18to20arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Attheendofthepassage,youwillbegiven15secondstoanswerthequestions.Now,listentothepassage.18.WhichistheheightoftowersatSkyGreensverticalfarm?A.9meters.B.20meters.C.100meters.D.40meters.19.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?A.Thefarmsellsitsvegetablestoalocalsupermarket.B.Thefarmuseslesswaterandenergytogrowvegetables.C.Thefarmcauseslesspollutioninitsproduction.D.Thefarmsellsatthesamepriceasimportedproduce20.Accordingtothepassage,oneparticularadvantageoftheSkyGreenis_______.A.localclimateB.localsupportC.planforexpansionD.closenesstothecitySECTIONCNEWSBROADCASTInthissection,youwillhearseveralnewsitems.Listentothemcarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.Questions21and22arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven10secondstoanswerthequestions.Now.listentothenews.21.Accordingtothepassage,Turkishpolicewereunsureabout_______.A.whenthewomanwaskilledB.themaincauseofthedeathC.thewoman’sidentityD.whyshefailedtoreturnhome22.HowmanypeoplehadbeendetainedbyTurkishpolice?A.9.B.19.C.22.D.33.Questions23and24arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven10secondstoanswerthequestions.Now,listentothenews.23.WhatisthesituationnowinKidalaccordingtothenews?A.Islamistmilitantsarestillincontrolofthetown.B.Frenchforceshaveenteredthetown.C.Frencharegoingtolandattheairport.D.Islamistmilitantsareattackingtheairport.24.WhydidtheFrenchlaunchthemilitaryoperation?A.TocontrolKidalairport.B.Toprotectthetown.C.ToprotectthecapitalBamako.D.TofightagainstIslamistmilitants.Questions25and26arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven10secondstoanswerthequestions.Now,listentothenews.25.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEabouttheimmigrationreform?A.Itwasproposedbyagroupofsenators.B.MrObamahadcarriedoutthereform.C.Illegalimmigrantswouldsoonbegivencitizenship.D.Thereformfailedtoimprovethecurrentsystem.26.AccordingtoObama’s2011blueprint,howlongwouldittakeforillegalimmigrantstogaincitizenship?A.Eightyears.B.Fiveyears.C.Thirteenyears.D.Elevenyears.Questions27and28arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven10secondstoanswerthequestions.Now,listentothenews.27.WhatisLorraineMelvill’sbusiness?A.Runningaplasticsurgeryclinic.B.Arrangingforsurgeryandsafaris.C.Providingconsultancytolocalpeople.D.OrganizingtripstoUKandAmerican.28.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtothenewsitem?A.LocalAfricanclientshelpedkeepherbusinessgoing.B.Herclientswereunabletopayherthemoney.C.Herbusinesswasaffectedbytheglobalfinancialcrisis.D.ShestillhadasmanyEuropeanclientsasbefore.Questions29isbasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven5secondstoanswerthequestion.Now,listentothenews.29.Whatisthemainideaofthenewsitem?A.Foreigninvestmentinunstableregions.B.BP’spresenceinNorthAfrica.C.Securityconcernsinriskycountries.D.Protectionforforeignoilworkers.Questions30isbasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven5secondstoanswerthequestion.Now,listentothenews.30.Whatisthemainmessageofthenewsitem?A.Londonattractsshoppersfromallovertheworld.B.MostpeopleinNigerialiveinpoverty.C.WealthierNigeriansbecomeabigspender.D.PeoplefromtheMiddleEastarethemostwealthy.PARTIIICLOZE[15MIN]2Decidewhichofthechoicesgivenbelowwouldbestcompletethepassageifinsertedinthecorrespondingblanks.MarkthebestchoiceforeachblankonANSWERSHEETTWO.TheVictorianshadbecomeaddictedtospeedandtheywantedtogoeverfaster.Timewasmoneyandefficiencybecame(31)____important.Althoughdivisionsoflabourhadbeen(32)____byAdamSmithandillustratedbyapinfactoryinTheWealthofNationsin1776,(33)____couldnowbecomefullyrealised.Thisspecializationoflabourwasin(34)____contrasttotheruralmeansofproduction,in(35)____thefamilywasthemeansofproduction,consumptionandsocialization.(36)____greaterspeedcameagreaterneedforindustriesandbusinessestomakemoreandmakeitquicker.Steammadethis(37)____andchangedworkinglifeforever(38)____werethedayswhenworkwas(39)____bynaturalforces:steamengineswereservant(40)____neitherseasonnorsunshine.Factorieshadforemenandlifebecamecorrespondinglymore(41)____.Theclocking-onmachinewas(42)____in1885andtimeandmotionstudiestoincreaseefficiencywouldbeintroducedonly(43)____twentyyearslater.(44)____itwasnotallbadnews.Agriculturalincomesdependedonvariableharvestsandweather.Factoriesprovided(45)____andpredictableincome,butlonghours.Workinglifewasbecomingincreasinglyregulated,andtheworking(46)____wasreorganisedtopromoteever-greaterefficiency.Theold(47)____St.Monday-whennoworkwasdone-was(48)____,workstoppedaroundmiddayonSaturdayanddidnotresume(49)____Mondaymorning.Anewdivisionbetween“work”and“leisure”emerged,andthisnewblockofweekendleisuretimecoincidedwiththedevelopmentofspectatorsportslikecricketandfootball,andthe(50)____ofmusichallentertainmentforthenewworkingclasses.31.A.increasingly B.surprisingly C.slowly D.obviously32.A.contributed B.informed C.spread D.conceived33.A.he B.it C.these D.those34.A.clear B.marked C.apparent D.firm35.A.that B.what C.where D.which36.A.Upon B.Over C.With D.For37.A.possible B.practical C.worthwhile D.useful38.A.Passed B.Lost C.Gone D.Missed39.A.defined B.controlled C.limited D.dictated40.A.over B.on C.by D.to41.A.standard B.controlled C.difficult D.dreadful42.A.designed B.created C.invented D.bought43.A.some B.certain C.these D.those44.A.For B.But C.ConsequentlyD.Accordingly45.A.safe B.good C.continuous D.secure46.A.week B.period C.pattern D.practice47.A.culture B.behaviour C.custom D.habit48.A.repair B.compensate C.mend D.moderate49.A.before B.until C.on D.after50.A.raise B.increase C.trend D.presentPARTIVGRAMMAR&VOCABULARY[15MIN]Therearethirtysentencesinthissection.Beneatheachsentencetherearefourwords,phrasesorstatementsmarkedA,B,CandD.Chooseoneword,phraseorstatementthatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEETTWO.51.Itisessentialthathe________allthefactsfirst.A.isexamining B.willexamine C.examines D.examine52.Whichofthefollowingsentencesexpressesafutureaction?A.Lucyiscontinuallyfindingfaultwithhersister.B.Wearemeetingthevisitorsaftertheperformance.C.ThecoachisnowcrossingtheGardenBridge.D.I’mhopingthatyou’llgiveussomeadvice.53.Whichofthefollowingitalicizedpartsisusedasanobjectcomplement?A.Thefrontdoorremainedlocked. B.Theboylookeddisappointed.C.Nancyappearedworried. D.Heseemedtohavenomoneyleft.54.WhichofthefollowingsentencesisINCORRECT?A.Physicsisanimportantschoolsubject.B.TheNiagaraFallsisinNorthAmerica.C.TheUnitedStatesbordersCanada.D.Mumpsisakindofinfectiousdisease.55.WhichofthefollowingsentencesindicatesPOSSIBILITY?A.Themooncannotalwaysbeatthefull.B.Youcannotsmokeinsidethebuilding.C.Hecannotcometoday.D.Shecannotplaythepiano.56.Theboysinthefamilyareoldenoughfor________.A.schoolsB.schoolC.theschoolD.theschools57.Whichofthefollowingitalicizedpartsindicatesapredicate-objectrelationship?A.HewasreadingMary’sletterintheroom.B.Youcanbuymen’sshoesinthisshop.C.Mrs.Black’spassportwaslost.D.Theenemy’sdefeatbroughtthewartoanend.58.Pleasepardon________you.A.mydisturbingB.disturbingmeC.todisturbD.thatIdisturb59.WhichofthefollowingtagquestionsisINCORRECT?A.Carrythisparcelforme,willyou?B.Nobodywantstogothere,doeshe?C.Fewpeopleknowhim,don’tthey?D.Everythingisready,isn’tit?60.Whichofthefollowingreflexivepronouns（反身代词）isusedasanobject?A.Ispoketothepresidenthimself.B.Frankisnotquitehimselftoday.C.Lindaherselfwillplaytheviolin.D.Youmustpullyourselftogether.61.Theresearchteamcanhandle________needstobehandled.A.wheneverB.whicheverC.whereverD.whatever62.Whichofthefollowingitalicizedpartsmodifiesanadverb?A.Iratherlikemyteacher.B.Thatwasaveryfunnyfilm.C.Doitrightnow.D.Wewalkedabout6miles.63.Whenthesentence“Theyhadmadeamessofthehouse”isturnedintopassivevoice,whichofthefollowingisCORRECT?A.Amesshadbeenmadeinthehouse.B.Amesshadbeenmadebythem.C.Thehousehadbeenmadeamessof.D.Thehousehadbeenmadeamess.64.Fool________Michaelis,hecouldnothavedonesuchathing.A.asB.whoC.thatD.like65.Whenthesentence“ShallIdriveyoutotheairportfirst?”isturnedintoindirectspeech,whichofthefollowingismostappropriate?A.Heagreedtodrivemetotheairportfirst.B.Heofferedtodrivemetotheairportfirst.C.Headvisedmetogototheairportfirst.D.HesuggestedthatIdrivetotheairportfirst.66.Theinterviewerswereimpressedbythehighcalibreoftheapplicantsforthejob.Theunderlinedpartmeans________.A.criterionB.qualityC.qualificationD.level67.Hercareerhas________anumberofactivities—composing,playingandacting.A.heldB.producedC.embracedD.combined68.Theoperationcould________herlifebytwoorthreeyears.A.prolongB.increaseC.expandD.continue69.Allhercousinsandtheirchildrenhavefairhair.Theunderlinedpartmeans___.A.fineB.darkC.thickD.light70.Johnalwaysfeelssluggishfirstthinginthemorning.Theunderlinedpartmeans________.A.sickB.inactiveC.dizzyD.drowsy71.Thefamilyofthevictimhadtoendurealongwaitbeforethecasecanetotrial.Theunderlinedpartmeans________.A.tolerateB.keepC.faceD.hold72.Thechiefofsurgerybecamecommitteechairmanbyvirtueof________.A.seniorityB.serviceC.ageD.rank73.Heturnedhisbackonthemwhentheymostneededhim.Theunderlinedpartmeans________.A.criticizedB.ignoredC.betrayedD.deceived74.Ourschooldidnot________forChristmasuntilmid-December.A.breakoutB.breakdownC.breakupD.breakin75.Theflagsinthestadium________inthewind.A.flappedB.movedC.shookD.stirred76.Hismotherretiredearlyonaccountofpoorhealth.Theunderlinedpartmeans________.A.despiteB.withC.accordingtoD.becauseof77.Thewholecountrywasin________overtheresultoftheelections.A.suspensionB.suspenseC.suspendingD.suspender78.Thereisnoconceivablereasonwhythereshouldbeanydifficultyduringtheproject.TheunderlinedpartcanbereplacedbyallthefollowingEXCEPT________.A.thinkableB.imaginableC.possibleD.observable79.Theemployersprepared,withalldue________foraconferencewiththeTradeUnions.A.cautionB.concernC.certaintyD.consideration80.Ourexperimentwasconductedunderoptimalconditions.Theunderlinedpartmeans________.A.perfectB.properC.possibleD.proposedPARTVREADINGCOMPREHENSION[25MIN]Inthissectiontherearefourpassagesfollowedbyquestionsorunfinishedstatements,eachwithfoursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatyouthinkisthebestanswer.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEETTWO.TEXTAAfterbreakfasttheboyswanderedoutintotheplay-ground.Heretheday-boysweregraduallyassembling.Theyweresonsofthelocalclergy,oftheofficersattheDepot,andofsuchmanufacturersormenofbusinessastheoldtownpossessed.Presentlyabellrang,andtheyalltroopedintoschool.Thisconsistedofalarge,longroomatoppositeendsofwhichtwoundermastersconductedthesecondandthirdforms,andofasmallerone,leadingoutofit,usedbyMr.Watson,whotaughtthefirstform.Toattachthepreparatorytotheseniorschoolthesethreeclasseswereknownofficially,onspeechdaysandinreports,asupper,middle,andlowersecond.Philipwasputinthelast.Themaster,ared-facedmanwithapleasantvoice,wascalledRice;hehadajollymannerwithboys,andthetimepassedquickly.Philipwassurprisedwhenitwasquartertoelevenandtheywereletoutfortenminutes'rest.Thewholeschoolrushednoisilyintotheplay-ground.Thenewboysweretoldtogointothemiddle,whiletheothersstationedthemselvesalongoppositewalls.TheybegantoplayPigintheMiddle.Theoldboysranfromwalltowallwhilethenewboystriedtocatchthem:whenonewasseizedandthemysticwordssaid-one,two,three,andapigforme-hebecameaprisonerand,turningsides,helpedtocatchthosewhowerestillfree.Philipsawaboyrunningpastandtriedtocatchhim,buthislimpgavehimnochance;andtherunners,takingtheiropportunity,madestraightforthegroundhecovered.ThenoneofthemhadthebrilliantideaofimitatingPhilip’sclumsyrun.Otherboyssawitandbegantolaugh;thentheyallcopiedthefirst;andtheyranroundPhilip,limpinggrotesquely,screamingwithshrilllaughter.Theylosttheirheadswiththedelightoftheirnewamusement,andchokedwithhelplessmerriment.OneofthemtrippedPhilipupandhefell,heavilyashealwaysfell,andcuthisknee.Theylaughedallthelouderwhenhegotup.Aboypushedhimfrombehind,andhewouldhavefallenagainifanotherhadnotcaughthim.ThegamewasforgottenintheentertainmentofPhilip’sdeformity.Philipwascompletelyscared.Hecouldnotmakeoutwhytheywerelaughingathim.Hisheartbeatsothathecouldhardlybreathe,andhewasmorefrightenedthanhehadeverbeeninhislife.Hestoodstillstupidlywhiletheboysranroundhim,mimickingandlaughing;theyshoutedtohimtotryandcatchthem;buthedidnotmove.Hedidnotwantthemtoseehimrunanymore.Hewasusingallhisstrengthtopreventhimselffromcrying.81.Fromthebeginningofthepassagewelearnthat________.A.somepupilscamefromthelocalareaB.theschoolonlyacceptedday-boysC.theschoolhadonlythreeclassesD.Philip’sclasswaspartoftheseniorschool82.WhatwasPhilip’sreactiontohisclass?A.Hethoughtclasswastooshort.B.Hefoundhisclasssurprising.C.Heseemedtohaveenjoyedit.D.Hewantedtochangeclass.83.InthegamePhiliplosthisgroundbecause________.A.thegamewasn’tfitfornewboyslikehimB.theplaygroundwasn’tbigenoughforthegameC.hedidnotknowtherulesofthegameD.hecouldnotrunasquicklyasotherboys84.WhatdidtheboysdoafterPhiliplosthisground?A.Theycontinuedwiththegame.B.Theystoppedtomakefunofhim.C.Theychangedtoanothergame.D.Theystoppedandwentinside.85.HowdidPhilipfeelintheend?A.Hewasashamedofhimself.B.Hewasverynervous.C.Hewasreallyhorrified.D.Hefelthimselfstupid.TEXTBForparentswhosendtheirkidsofftocollegesaying,“Thesewillbethebestyearsofyourlife,”itwouldbeveryappropriatetoadd,“Ifyoucanhandlethestressofcollegelife.”Freshmenareshowingupalreadystressedout,accordingtothelatestresearchstudythatreportedstudents’emotionalhealthlevelsattheirlowestsincethesurveystartedin1985.Whileinschool,morestudentsareworkingpart-timeandnear-full-timejobs.Atgraduation,only29percentofseniorshavejobslinedup.Pressuretoexceloftencreatesstress,andmanystudentsarenotlearninghowtoeffectivelyhandlethisstress.LetmeshowfivefactsthatIbelieveeverycollegestudentshouldknowaboutstress.First,stresscanmakesmartpeopledostupidthings.Stresscauseswhatbrainresearcherscall“corticalinhibition.”Insimpleterms,stressinhibitsapartofthebrainresponsiblefordecision-makingandreactiontimeandcanadverselyaffectothermentalabilitiesaswell.Second,thehumanbodydoesn’tdiscriminatebetweenabigstressfuleventandalittleone.Anystressfulexperiencewillcreateabout1,400biochemicaleventsinyourbody.Ifanyamountofstressisleftunchecked,manythingscanoccurwithinthebody,includingprematureaging,impairedcognitivefunctionandenergydrain.Third,stresscanbecomeyournewpattern.Whenyouregularlyexperiencenegativefeelingsandhighamountsofstress,yourbrainrecognizesthisasyournormalstate.Thisthenbecomesthenewnorm,orbaselineforyouremotionalstate.Fourth,stresscanbecontrolled.Countlessstudiesdemonstratethatpeoplecanrestructuretheiremotionalstateusingemotion-refocusingtechniques.Thesetechniqueshelpyourecognizehowyouarefeelingandshifttoamorepositiveemotional,mentalandphysicalstate.Onetechniqueinvolvesslowingyourthoughtsandfocusingonyourheartbeat,breathingslowlyanddeeply,andfocusingonthepositivefeelingthatyoureceive.Finally,stresscanbelessenedbylovingwhatyoustudy.BarbaraFrederickson,aleadinginternationalauthorityontheimportanceofpositiveemotions,sayshumansaregeneticallyprogrammedtoseekpositiveemotionssuchasloveandjoy.It'ssuggestedtochooseamajororcareerpathyouloveandenjoy.Otherwise,youcouldendupfightingagainstyourownbiology.86.Theauthorcitesthelatestresearchstudyinordertoshowthat________.A.studentsarestudyingharderincollegeB.moststudentshavepart-timejobnowC.stresscontinuestothetimeofgraduationD.studentsonlyfeelstressedwhileinschool87.Accordingtothepassage,stressmightcauseallthefollowingnegativeeffectsEXCEPT________.A.socialB.mentalC.emotionalD.physical88.Intheauthor’sopinion,stresscanbecontrolledby________.A.doingwhatyoupreferB.identifyingyourpresentemotionalstatefirstC.findingamorepositivefeelingfirstD.focusingonyouremotionalstate89.Accordingtothecontext,whatdoes“yourownbiology”meaninthelastparagraph?A.Yourcurrentmajor.B.Yourfuturejob.C.Yourfutureresearch.D.Yourpreference.90.Whichofthefollowingisthebestasthetitleofthepassage?A.CausesofStress.B.TypeofStress.CollegeC.LifeandStress.D.StressandControlMethods.TEXTCForanyonewhodoubtsthatthetextingrevolutionisuponus,considerthis:Theaverage13-to17-year-oldsendsandreceives3,339textsamonth—morethan100perday,accordingtotheNielsenCo.,themediaresearchfirm.Adultsarecatchingup.Peoplefromages45to54sentandreceived323textsamonthinthesecondquarterof2010,up75%fromayearago,Nielsensays.Behindthetextingexplosionisafundamentalshiftinhowweviewourmobiledevices.Thattheyarephonesisincreasinglybesidethepoint.Partofwhat'sdrivingthetextingsurgeamongadultsisthepopularityofsocialmedia.SiteslikeTwitter,withpostingsofnomorethan140characters,arecreatingandreinforcingthehabitofcommunicatinginmicro-bursts.Economicshasmuchtodowithtexting’spopularity.Textmessagescostcarrierslessthantraditionalmobilevoicetransmissions,andsotheycostusersless.SprintNextelhasreconceiveditsVirginMobilebrandtocatertoheavytextersinadifficulteconomy.For$25permonth,usersgetunlimitedtexting,email,socialnetworkingand300talkminutes;foranother$15,theygetanadditional900talkminutes.Thenameofthebrand'snewwirelessplan:“BeyondTalk.”Texting’sriseoverconversationischangingthewayweinteract,socialscientistsandresearcherssay.Wearenowinclinedtotexttorelaydifficultinformation.Westareatourphonewhenwewanttoavoideyecontact.Ratherthanmakeplansinadvance,weengageinwhatresearchhavenamed“micro-coordination”—”I’lltxtuin10minswhenIknowwh/restrnt.”Textingsavesustime,butitstealsfromquietreflection.“Whenpeoplehaveamobiledeviceandhaveevenalittleextratime,theywillcommunicatewithsomeoneintheirlife,”saysLeeRainie,directorofthePewInternetandAmericanLifeProject.Andthephoneconversationwillneverbecompletelyobsolete.Dealmakersandotherprofessionalsstillspendmuchofthedayonthephone.Researcherssaypeoplearemorelikelytousetext-basedcommunicationsatthe