高考总复习优化设计二轮用书英语(新高考)阅读理解　文体分类练4　说明文之发明创新类

高考总复习优化设计GAOKAOZONGFUXIYOUHUASHEJI2024文体分类练(四)说明文之发明创新类Passage1Passage2Passage3(2023福建福州二模)Someday,youmaynolongerneedtobrushyourteethbyhand.Instead,agroupofbillionsofnanoparticles(纳米粒子)couldautomaticallydoallthatworkforyou.Itwouldbeespeciallylife-changingforpeoplewhofinditdifficultorimpossibletoholdandmoveatoothbrush.Steager,anengineerattheUniversityofPennsylvania(Penn)inPhiladelphiaandHyunKoo,aninventoranddentalresearcherthere,foundawaytoformthenanoparticlesintolong,skinnybristles(刷毛),alotliketheonesonatoothbrush.Butthesebristlesshape-shifttofitwhateversurfacetheyencounter.Passage1Passage2Passage3Thetooth-cleaningrobotworksthankstotwomagnets(磁铁).Onegoeseachsideoftheteeth.Thenanoparticlessitinaliquidbetweenthemagnets.Whenthemagnetsareturnedoff,thenanoparticlesmoverandomlyintheliquid.Assoonasonemagnetgetsturnedon,thenanoparticlesgathertogethernearitscenter.Whentheresearchersturnontheothermagnetandturnoffthefirstone,thenanoparticlesextendoutwardinlong,skinnybristles.Whenthere’satoothintheway,thesebristlescan’tstretchoutasfarastheywant.Sotheypushagainstthetooth’ssurface.Ifthere’sagapbetweenteeth,theypushintothegap.Movingthemagnetsmakesthebristlesmoveagainstandbetweenteeth.Allthatmotioncleanstheteeth.Asabonus,thenanoparticlesalsohavestrongpowertokillviruses.Passage1Passage2Passage3Thenewdeviceisjustaproofofconcept.Theresearchersstillneedtoturnitintoaproductthatpeoplewillwanttouse.“There’salotofengineeringtogetfromheretothere,buteverygoodideaneedstohaveastart,”saysSteager.[语篇解读]本文为一篇说明文。文章介绍了一款纳米材料的机器人洁牙器。Passage1Passage2Passage31.Whatisspecialaboutthetoothcleaner?A.It’swater-proof.B.It’stransformable.C.Itlookslikeatoothbrush.D.Itcontainsskinnybristles.√解析

细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“But

these

bristles

shape-shift

to

fit

whatever

surface

they

encounter.”可知,这个洁牙产品能根据口腔内状况而变形。故选B项。Passage1Passage2Passage32.Whatisparagraph3mainlyabout?A.Theworkingprinciple.B.Themagnets’motion.C.Thevirus-killingprocess.D.Thebristles’formation.√解析

主旨大意题。根据第三段可知,第三段陈述的是这款清洁牙齿的机器人的工作原理。Passage1Passage2Passage33.HowdoesSteagerfeelaboutthefutureofthedevice?A.Uncertain. B.Confident.C.Concerned. D.Surprised.√解析

推理判断题。根据最后一段可知,Steager认为这个清洁牙齿的设备从概念到产品,还需要很多工程,但是不失为一个好的想法,故Steager对这款产品很自信。Passage1Passage2Passage34.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitle?A.ATooth-CleanerFightingBacteriaB.ABreakthroughinMedicineC.AShape-ShiftingRoboticTooth-CleanerD.ANewConceptforaNewStart√解析

主旨大意题。通读全文,尤其是第一段以及第二段最后一句“But

these

bristles

shape-shift

to

fit

whatever

surface

they

encounter.”可知,文章主要介绍了一款纳米材料的洁牙器,在口腔中会根据具体状况变化形状。C项“A

Shape-Shifting

Robotic

Tooth-Cleaner

(一种可以变形的机器人洁牙器)”作标题比较贴切。Passage1Passage2Passage3(2023山东济南一模)Thereisnothingquitelikeenjoyingthesights,soundsandcultureofacitywhiletastingacupofcoffeeoutdoors.Butitisnotthatenjoyablewhenheatwavessweepthecity.AnoutdoorcoolingsystemproducedbyKinonko,anIsraeli(以色列的)company,begantobetestedinTelAviv.Theswelteringcityisaperfectplacetotrythenewtechnology.Passage1Passage2Passage3Withglobalwarmingheatingupthetemperature,itwillsoonbetoohottositoutsideincafes.Whileoutdoorcoolingsystemshaveexistedforawhile,mostofthemusesomesortofwaterormistingsystemtocooltheairaroundthem,consumingtoomuchwaterandpower.Aftertwoyearsofdevelopment,theperfectsolutiontotheproblemwasfound.“Wehaveinventedanewgenerationofairconditioner,”KinonkoCEOLeizersaid.AsLeizerintroduced,theenergyisfromthepressurecreatedbetweenliquidnitrogen(氮)andgasnitrogen.Whenliquidnitrogenat-196degreesturnsintogas,itproducesaverystrongpressureandthepressureisusedtorunamechanicalengine.Itisthatmechanicalenginethatslowlyreleasesfreezingnitrogengastocooldowntheairaroundit.Passage1Passage2Passage3Thetechnologyisuniqueandamazing.Beyondthecoolnessoftheconcept,italsohasotheradvantages.Theworkunitdoesn’tneedtobepower-driven,anddoesn’tblowoutharmfulwarmairasitworks.Asforthepotentialprice,itwillprobablybenomoreexpensivethananyotherairconditioner.Inaddition,theliquidnitrogencontainerwillneedtobereplacedeveryseventotendays,dependingonusage.Thismakesitanaffordableoptionforallsortsofbusinesses.Thecoolingsystemisexpectedtobeonthemarketin2024.[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了开始进入测试阶段的一种室外冷却系统,这项新技术有望在2024年投入市场,使人们在炎热的天气下,能够重享在室外喝咖啡的快乐。Passage1Passage2Passage35.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“sweltering”meaninparagraph1?A.Warm. B.Dry.C.Hot. D.Freezing.√解析

词义猜测题。根据第一段中“But

it

is

not

that

enjoyable

when

heat

waves

sweep

the

city.”可知,这座城市是非常闷热的。由此可知,“The

sweltering

city”指的是这座闷热的城市,画线词sweltering意为“闷热的”。

Passage1Passage2Passage36.Whatproblemdoestheexistingoutdoorcoolingsystemshave?A.Theyarewasteful.B.Theyoverheateasily.C.Theyoftenbreakdown.D.Theyareslowtocooltheair.√解析

细节理解题。根据第二段中“While

outdoor

cooling

systems

have

existed

for

a

while,most

of

them

use

some

sort

of

water

or

misting

system

to

cool

the

air

around

them,consuming

too

much

water

and

power.”可知,现在的室外冷却系统消耗过多的水和电力,是比较浪费的。Passage1Passage2Passage37.Whatdoesparagraph3mainlyexplain?A.Whatpowerstheengine.B.Whatturnsliquidintogas.C.Howthepressureisformed.D.Howthenewsystemworks.√解析

主旨大意题。根据第三段中“When

liquid

nitrogen

at

-196

degrees

turns

into

gas,it

produces

a

very

strong

pressure

and

the

pressure

is

used

to

run

a

mechanical

engine.It

is

that

mechanical

engine

that

slowly

releases

freezing

nitrogen

gas

to

cool

down

the

air

around

it.”可知,该段主要描述了这种新的冷却系统是如何工作的。Passage1Passage2Passage38.Whatisthepurposeofthistext?A.Topromoteacompany.B.Tosettleanenergycrisis.C.Tointroduceatechnology.D.Tomarketamistingsystem.√解析

推理判断题。根据第一段中“An

outdoor

cooling

system

produced

by

Kinonko,an

Israeli

company,began

to

be

tested

in

Tel

Aviv.”和最后一段中“The

technology

is

unique

and

amazing.”及“The

cooling

system

is

expected

to

be

on

the

market

in

2024.”可推知,本文的主要目的是向人们介绍一种新的室外冷却技术。Passage1Passage2Passage3(2023安徽马鞍山二模)Togivegrasshoppers(蚱蜢)somecredit—jumpingacrossyardsandbetweenbranchestakesalotmoreexpertisethanitmightappear.Thereareincrediblytinyfactorstoconsider,suchastheresistanceinlaunchsurface,aswellasdesireddistance,speed,andlanding.Mostjumpingrobotscan’tcompetewiththeinsect,astheirjumpsarelimitedtostartingatopextremelyrigidsurfaces.ButanewbouncingrobotdevelopedbyresearchersinCarnegieMellon’sCollegeofEngineeringiscrossingthosebarriers,andshowingpromiseforhowautonomousdevicescouldoperateinthefuture.Passage1Passage2Passage3AteamofscientistsledbyprofessorofmechanicalengineeringSarahBergbreiterrecentlyoptimizedarobot’slatchmechanisms(弹簧机制)usedtoboostitupward.Previously,theselatcheswereprimarilythoughtofassimpleon/offswitchesthatenabledthereleaseofstoredenergy.However,Bergbreiterandherteamemployedmathematicalmodelingtoillustratethattheselatchesbothwerecapableofcontrollingenergyoutput,aswellascontrollingthetransfer(传递)ofenergybetweenthejumperandthelaunchsurface.Passage1Passage2Passage3Totesttheirwork,theteampositionedasmalljumpingrobotatopatreebranchandrecordedthepreciseenergytransfersinitsjumps’firstmoments.“Wefoundthatthelatchcannotonlymediate(调节)energyoutputbutcanalsomediateenergytransferbetweenthejumperandtheenvironmentthatitisjumpingfrom,”saidBergbreiter.Passage1Passage2Passage3Nowthatresearchersbetterunderstandtheinteractionsatplayintheopeningmomentsofjumping,theycannowbeginworkingonwaystointegratethisintofutureroboticdesigns.“Ithasbeennearlyimpossibletodesigncontrolledinsect-sizedrobotsbecausetheyarelaunchedinjustmilliseconds,”explainedBergbreiter.“Now,wehavemorecontroloverwhetherourrobotsarejumpinguponefootorthree.It’sreallyfascinatingthatthelatch—somethingthatwealreadyneedinourrobots—canbeusedtocontroloutputsthatwecouldn’thavecontrolledbefore.”[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科研团队通过优化机器人的弹簧机制,使机器人的弹跳能力获得极大的改良。Passage1Passage2Passage39.Whatdoestheauthorwanttoshowaboutthenewrobotbymentioninggrasshoppers?A.Itcomeswithtechnicaldifficulties.B.Itcanbeattheinsecteasily.C.Itisthefirstonedesignedforjumping.D.Itisshapedlikethetinycreature.√Passage1Passage2Passage3解析

推理判断题。根据第一段中“There

are

incredibly

tiny

factors

to

consider,such

as

the

resistance

in

launch

surface,as

well

as

desired

distance,speed,and

landing.”及第二段可知,大多数弹跳机器人在弹跳能力上都无法与蚱蜢匹敌,但新型弹跳机器人正在克服这些障碍,提高弹跳能力,故作者提及蚱蜢卓越的弹跳力是为了展示新型弹跳机器人想要获得类似的弹跳能力需要克服重重技术难关。Passage1Passage2Passage310.WhatadvantagedolatchesdesignedbyBergbreiterhaveoverthetraditionalones?A.Theyarebetterpositionedinrobots.B.Theyhelpreleasemoreenergyatatime.C.Theyworkinextremeenvironments.D.Theyhavemorethanasinglefunction.√解析

细节理解题。根据第三段中“Previously,these

latches

were

primarily

thought

of

as

simple

on/off

switches

that

enabled

the

release

of

stored

energy.However,Bergbreiter

and

her

team

employed

mathematical

modeling

to

illustrate

that

these

latches

both

were

capable

of

controlling

energy

output,as

well

as

controlling

the

transfer

of

energy

between

the

jumper

and

the

launch

surface.”可知,和之前的弹簧机制比较,Bergbreiter的团队设计的弹簧功能更多。Passage1Passage2Passage3Passage1Passage2Passage311.WhatdoesBergbreiterthinkoftheirwork?A.Ithaschangedtheirresearchdirection.B.Itinspiresnewapplicationsofrobots.C.Itbringsthemasenseofachievement.D.Itwillmakerobotssmallerandlighter.√解析

推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Now,we

have

more

control

over

whether

our

robots

are

jumping

up

one

foot

or

three.It’s

really

fascinating

that

the

latch—something

that

we

already

need

in

our

robots—can

be

used

to

control

outputs

that

we

couldn’t

have

controlled

before.”可知,Bergbreiter认为他们的工作取得了重大的突破,给他们带来了成就感。Passage1Passage2Passage312.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Anewmodelforfuturerobots.B.Astepforwardinrobotdesign.C.Jumpingrobotsinspiredbygrasshoppers.D.Effortstodevelopinsect-sizedrobots.√Pas