高考英语一轮总复习专题检测十主旨要义

专题十主旨要义Passage1Unicyclesareone-wheeledvehiclesthatdevelopedfromtheoriginalbicycle,thePennyFarthing,whichconsistedofalargefrontwheelandamuchsmallerbackwheel.Whenthisbikehitbumps(凸块)orsuddenlysloweddown,thebackwheelcameofftheground,somanyriderslearnedtobalanceonjustthefrontwheel.Thus,bicyclemakersbeganmakingvehicleswithjustonewheel.Someofthebenefitsofridingaunicycleincludeburningcalories,andincreasingyourlevelsofcoordination(协调),concentrationandbalance.Becauseunicyclesdonthaveanyhandlebars,ridersmustbalanceusingonlytheirabdominal(腹部的)musclesandlegmuscles.Thishelpsyoubuildahealthiercore.Longcyclingsessionsalsoincreaseyourheartrate,whichcanleadtoahealthiercardiovascular(心血管的)system.Ridingaunicycleisaneffectivewaytogetinalow-impactworkoutforthosewithdamagedkneesandlegs.Unicyclingisafunactivityregardlessofyourabilitylevel.Ridingaunicycleisself-motivatingandpsychologicallystimulatingbecauseyouwillnoticeimprovementseachtimeyouride.Somepeoplefindthatitgivesthemfeelingsofcontrolwhentheycanachievebalancingandridingonjustonewheel.Someridersusetheirunicyclesastheirprimarymodeoftransportationforworkorschool.Becauseunicyclesdontrequireanytypeoffuel,youcansavemoneyatthepump.Unicyclesalsohaveonlyafewmovingpartsthatmightbreak.Thismeansthatyoutypicallydonthavetospendmuchmoneyonrepairs.Youalsowontneedtospendmoneyonstoringortransportingyourunicycle.Unicyclingisasomewhatuncommonactivity.Becauseofthis,asenseofunitytendstogrowamongunicycleriders.Manyriderstravelsignificantdistancesjusttogoonridesandspendtimewithotherunicyclists.Unicyclingisoftenafamilyactivity,andridingtogethercanbringfamilymemberscloser.1.Whywastheone-wheeledvehiclecreated?A.Becauseitwasmorebeneficialtooneshealth.B.Becauseitwasmorelikelytoavoidroadbumps.C.Becausethefrontwheelonlycouldalsobeusedforbalancing.D.Becauseabicyclesbackwheelwasntfixedwell.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“This”inParagraph2referto?A.Havingahandlebar.B.Stoppingaunicycle.C.Increasingstrength.D.Balancingaunicycle.3.WhatisParagraph4mainlyabout?A.Typicalfeaturesofcycling.B.Basicmodesoftransportation.C.Economicbenefitsofunicycling.D.Waystostoreandtransportunicycles.4.Thetextismainlywrittento.

A.introducebenefitsofunicyclingB.showhowunicyclesarespreadC.displayvarietiesofunicyclesD.advocateteenagerscycling答案[语篇解读]本文为说明文。主题语境为人与社会,主题语境内容为科学与进步。本文介绍了独轮车的发明及其益处。1.C细节理解题。本题题干意为:为什么发明独轮车?根据第1段中的“Thus,bicyclemakersbeganmakingvehicleswithjustonewheel.”(因此,自行车制造厂家开始制造独轮车)可知本句前面的句子“Whenthisbikehitbumps...,somanyriderslearnedtobalanceonjustthefrontwheel”(……所以许多骑手学会了只靠前轮保持平衡)为解本题的关键句,故答案为C项(因为只有前轮也可被用来保持平衡)。

2.D猜测词义题。本题题干意为:第2段中画线词“This”指的是什么?根据前一句(因为独轮车没有车把,所以骑手必须只用腹部肌肉和腿部肌肉来保持平衡。)可知答案为D项(平衡独轮车)。3.C主旨要义题。本题题干意为:第4段的中心意思是什么?第4段主要讲的是独轮车在使用、维修方面经济实惠,不需要花许多钱,故答案为C项(骑独轮车的经济利益)。4.A主旨要义题。本题题干意为:本文的主要写作目的是。本文主要介绍了骑独轮车在健康、社交及经济等方面的益处,故选A(介绍骑独轮车的益处)。

Passage2Chinesecuisineiswidelyknownandenjoyedallaroundtheworld.WhodoesntlongforafavoriteChinesedish?ButthereisoneinterestingconceptconcerningChinesefoodwhichisalmostunheardofintheWest,andwhichisbecomingincreasinglyignoredbytheyouthoftheEast—theancientcustomof“tonicfood”.Tonicfoodisfoodwhichisconsumedtoimproveoneswell-beingoravoidsickness.Forinstance,itwasoncethecustomfornewmotherstoeatasesameoil(麻油)hotpoteverydayforthefirstmonthaftergivingbirth.Itwasbelievedthatthisdishwouldbenefitthemuscles,reducepain,improvecirculation,stimulatesweating,andwarmthebody.Somefoods,suchasgoatmeatandspinach,areseenas“hot”,whileothers,suchasChinesecabbageandradish,areseenas“cold”.Oneshouldbecarefulnottoeattoomuchofeither“hot”or“cold”food.However,howmuch“hot”or“cold”foodoneshouldeatdependsonthetimeoftheyear,howthefoodispreparedandwhatitispreparedwith,andtheindividualshealth.Thecustomofemployingtonicfoodsforahealthierlifealsoinfluencesthecateringindustry.Chineseherbalmedicine,suchaswolfberry(枸杞),canbefoundonmanyarestaurantmenu,eitheraddedtofruitteaorasabeneficialadditiontoadish.Theseherbsattractcustomers,suchasover-workedofficestaff,inneedofamodestpick-me-up.So,whetheryouneedtoboostyourstrengthwithalargehelpingofchickensoup,orincreaseyourmentalpowerswithaservingofpigsbrainsoup,youmayfindthatthisancientChinesecustomcouldbejustthetonicyouwerelookingfor.1.Whatisthepresentsituationoftonicfood?A.Itiscatchinglessattention.B.Itisenjoyedbymanyyoungpeople.C.Itiswellknownworldwide.D.Itisbecomingincreasinglypopular.2.Whatisbelievedtobenefitnewmothers?A.Chinesecabbage.B.Fruittea.C.Asesameoilhotpot.D.Pigsbrainsoup.3.Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“catering”underlinedinParagraph3?A.Medicine.B.Restaurant.C.Education.D.Fashion.4.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.TheCharmofChineseCuisineB.ThePopularityofTonicFoodC.AnIntroductiontoChineseTonicFoodD.DifferencesbetweenHotFoodandColdFood答案[语篇解读]这是一篇说明文。主题语境为人与社会,主题语境内容为中国传统饮食文化。文章介绍了中国古老的“食补”习俗的现状、功效以及滋补食品对现代餐饮业的影响。1.A细节理解题。本题题干意为:滋补食品的现状是怎样的?根据第一段中ButthereisoneinterestingconceptconcerningChinesefoodwhichisalmostunheardofintheWest,andwhichisbecomingincreasinglyignoredbytheyouthoftheEast—theancientcustomof“tonicfood”.(但关于中国食品有一个有趣的观念——古老的“食补”习俗,它在西方几乎是闻所未闻,在东方也越来越被年轻人忽略。)可知:“食补”习俗如今越来越不受关注了,故选A项。2.C细节理解题。本题题干意为:人们认为什么对产妇有益?根据第二段中Forinstance,itwasoncethecustomfornewmotherstoeatasesameoilhotpoteverydayforthefirstmonthaftergivingbirth.Itwasbelievedthatthisdishwouldbenefitthemuscles,reducepain,improvecirculation,stimulatesweating,andwarmthebody.(例如,在过去产妇在生完孩子第一个月里,每天都要吃麻油火锅,这是一种习俗。人们认为这道菜对肌肉有益,减少疼痛,促进血液循环,刺激出汗,使身体暖和。)可知:人们认为麻油火锅对产妇有益,故选C项。3.B猜测词义题。本题题干意为:下列哪一项能最好解释第三段中的画线词“catering”?根据后文Chineseherbalmedicine,suchaswolfberry,canbefoundonmanyarestaurantmenu,eitheraddedtofruitteaorasabeneficialadditiontoadish.(中草药,如枸杞,可以在许多餐馆的菜单上找到。枸杞可以添加到果茶中,也可以作为菜肴有益的添加物。)可知:thecateringindustry意为“餐饮业”,故选B项。4.C主旨要义题。本题题干意为:本文的合适的题目是什么?文章第一段介绍了中国滋补食品的现状,第二段介绍了中国滋补食品的功效;第三段介绍了中国滋补食品对现代餐饮业的影响;第四段倡导人们食用滋补食品。由此可推知本文是对中国滋补食品的介绍,故答案为C项。Passage3FromthemoontoMars,scientistshavebeenhuntingforalienlifeinthesolarsystemfordecades.However,Venuswasnotregardedasanidealplacebecauseofitshottemperatureanddryatmosphere.ButarecentdiscoveryoftracesofagasinthecloudsofVenushasexcitedastronomers,asitmayserveasapotentialsignoflife.OnSept.14,theRoyalAstronomicalSocietyofCanadaannouncedthatscientistshavedetectedphosphine(磷化氢)inthecloudsofVenus.Phosphineisacolorless,toxicgasthathasasmellofgarlic.Thoughitcontainspoison,itisviewedasapossiblesignoflifebecauseonEarththegasismadebymicro-organisms(微生物)thatliveinoxygen-freeenvironments.“Iwasverysurprised—stunned,infact,”astronomerJaneGreavesofCardiffUniversityinWalesandleadauthoroftheresearchtoldMSN.“ThereisachancethatwehavedetectedsomekindoflivingorganisminthecloudsofVenus.”Thislayerofcloudsisabout48kilometersabovetheVenussurfacewithitstemperaturerangingfrom30to200degreesFahrenheit(about-1to93°C).ScientistshaveassumedthatiflifeexistsonVenus,thisclouddeck(云盖)islikelytheonlyplacewhereitwouldsurvive.ScientistswentthrougheverypossibilitythatcouldhaveledtotheformationofphosphinegasinVenusclouds,includingvolcanoes,lightningstrikes,andsmallmeteorites(陨石)fallingintotheatmosphere.Buttheyruledallofthemout.ItwasconcludedthatthereisnoexplanationfortheexistenceofthisgasinVenusclouds,otherthanthepresenceoflife,USATodayreported.Althoughthedetectionofphosphineisnotstrongevidenceforlife,thisfindingisgreatenoughtochangescientistsviewonVenus,whichisthoughttobeacompletelyinhospitable(不适合居住的)planet.1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“toxic”inParagraph2mean?A.Waste.B.Poisonous.C.Useful.D.Clean.2.Whatcanwelearnfromthetext?A.Theclouddeckisrichinphosphine.B.ThehigherthecloudisaboveVenus,thewarmeritis.C.VariouslivingorganismshavebeendetectedonVenus.D.IflifeexistsonVenus,itislikelyintheclouddeck.3.WhatdidscientistsconcludeaboutthephosphinegasdetectedonVenus?A.Itcouldbeformedasaresultofthefallingofmeteorites.B.ItcouldbeasignthatthereislifeinVenusclouds.C.Itcouldbecausedbyvolcanoesandlightningstrikes.D.ItprovesthatVenusisanotherhospitableplanet.4.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.AnewlydetectedgasmayindicatepossibleexistenceoflifeonVenus.B.ScientistsfoundthemosthospitableplaceonVenus.C.PhosphinethathasbeenformedonVenusmeansalienlifeispresent.D.TheenvironmentonVenuschangedinfavoroflife.答案[语篇解读]本文是一篇新闻报道。主题语境为人与自然,主题语境内容为宇宙探索。科学家们在金星的云层中检测到了磷化氢,这表明金星上可能存在生命。1.B猜测词义题。本题题干意为:第二段中画线词“toxic”是什么意思?根据第二段中的“Thoughitcontainspoison,itisviewedasapossiblesignoflifebecauseonEarththegasismadebymicro-organismsthatliveinoxygen-freeenvironments.”(尽管它含有有毒物质,但它被视为可能存在生命的迹象,因为在地球上,这种气体是由生活在无氧环境中的微生物产生的。)可知画线词toxic意为“有毒的”,故答案为B项。

2.D细节理解题。本题题干意为:从本文中我们可以了解什么?根据第四段中的“ScientistshaveassumedthatiflifeexistsonVenus,thisclouddeckislikelytheonlyplacewhereitwouldsurvive.”(科学家们认为,如果金星上存在生命,那么这个云盖可能是生命存活的唯一地方。)可知本题答案为D项。

3.B推理判断题。本题题干意为:关于在金星上探测到的磷化氢气体,科学家得出了什么结论?根据第四段中的“ScientistshaveassumedthatiflifeexistsonVenus,thisclouddeckislikelytheonlyplacewhereitwouldsurvive.”(科学家们认为,如果金星上存在生命,那么这个云盖可能是生命存活的唯一地方。)及最后一段中的“ItwasconcludedthatthereisnoexplanationfortheexistenceofthisgasinVenusclouds,otherthanthepresenceoflife,USATodayreported.”(据《今日美国》报道,得出的结论是,除了生命的存在,无法解释金星云层中这种气体的存在。)可知:关于在金星上探测到的磷化氢气体,科学家认为这可能是金星云层中存在生命的迹象。故答案为B项。4.A主旨要义题。本题题干意为:本文主要是关于什么内容的?根据第一段中的“ButarecentdiscoveryoftracesofagasinthecloudsofVenushasexcitedastronomers,asitmayserveasapotentialsignoflife.”(但最近在金星云层中发现的一种气体令天文学家们兴奋不已,因为它可能是生命的潜在迹象。)以及第二段中的“OnSept.14,theRoyalAstronomicalSocietyofCanadaannouncedthatscientistshavedetectedphosphineinthecloudsofVenus.”(9月14日,加拿大皇家天文学会宣布,科学家们在金星的云层中检测到了磷化氢。)可知:本文主要讲述了一种新探测到的气体(磷化氢)表明金星上可能存在生命。故答案为A项。Passage4Ittakesjustfourminutesforbraincellstobepermanentlydamagedduetoaseverelackofoxygenincasesofsuddencardiacarrest(心脏停搏).Ifmedicalworkersdonotarriveatthesceneofsuchemergencieswithin10minutes,thechancesofavictimsurvivingareminimal.InSeptember,a45-year-oldmanfellunconsciousatHuoyingStationonLine13oftheBeijingSubway.Hediedlaterinthehospital,despiteattemptsbytwopassengerstorevivehimbyusingcardiopulmonaryresuscitation,orCPR.However,ifanautomatedexternaldefibrillator,orAED,hadbeenavailableatthescene,themanschancesofsurvivalwouldhavebeengreatlyimproved.AnAEDcanrecognizeanabnormalheartrhythmandquicklycorrectitthroughanelectricshock.ThedevicesareviewedinmedicalcirclesasamoreefficientandeffectivemethodofsavinglivesinemergenciesthanusingCPR.Afterabrieftrainingperiod,peoplewithnomedicalknowledgecanmasterthebasicskillsneededtouseanAED.InMaylastyear,astudentatTsinghuaUniversityinBeijingfaintedinadormitoryafterexperiencingheadsweats.SeveralstudentsbegantoperformCPRandalsousedanewlyinstalledAEDtohelpthestrickenfreshman.Aftertwoelectricshockswereadministered,thestudentsheartbeatwasrestoredandhewassenttothehospitalforfurthertreatment.Anemergencydoctorfromthehospitalwhoattendedthescenesaiditwashighlylikelythestudentwouldhavedied,hadnotaseriesofthecorrectfirst-aidmeasuresbeenapplied,alongwiththeAED.PeiZheng,astaffmemberfromTsinghuaUniversitysPolicyResearchOffice,saiditwas“reallycool”thatAEDswereavailableattheinstitution.“Itssogoodthatwehavetheselife-savingmachinesoncampus,otherwisewewouldhaveheardtragicnews,”shesaid.Thedeviceshavebeeninstalledaroundthecampusinstages.1.WhatcanweinferabouttheAED?A.Itisquiteeasytolearntouseit.B.Itisavailablenationwide.C.Ithassavedmanylives.D.Itisinventedbymedicalworkers.2.A45-year-oldmanandastudentarementionedinthetextto.

A.makecomparisonsinageB.stressthefunctionofCPRC.showtheefficiencyoftheAEDD.raisetheawarenessofheartattacks3.WhyhaveAEDsbeeninstalledaroundthecampusofTsinghuaUniversity?A.Tosafeguardstudentshealth.B.Tomakethecampusmorebeautiful.C.Toapplyknowledgetopractice.D.TomakeitconvenienttolearntouseAEDs.4.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A.Heartattackscanbeprevented.B.Firstaidshouldbelearnedwidely.C.Universitiesareequippedwithnewdevices.D.Life-savingdevicescometotherescue.答案[语篇解读]这是一篇说明文。主题语境为人与社会,主题语境内容为科技发展。本文介绍了新的急救装置——自动体外除颤器(AED),它能在心脏停搏时起到救命的作用。1.A推理判断题。本题题干意为:对于自动体外除颤器,我们可以推断出什么?根据文章第三段中的“Afterabrieftrainingperiod,peoplewithnomedicalknowledgecanmasterthebasicskillsneededtouseanAED.”(没有医学知识的人只要通过简单的培训就会掌握使用自动体外除颤器的基本技能)可推断出很容易学会使用AED,故答案为A项。2.C推理判断题。本题题干意为:文中提及一名45岁的男性和一名学生是为了。根据文章第二段中的“However,ifanautomatedexternaldefibrillator,orAED,hadbeenavailableatthescene,themanschancesofsurvivalwouldhavebeengreatlyimproved.”(然而,如果现场有一个自动体外除颤器,这个人的生存机会就会大大提高。)和第四段中的“itwashighlylikelythestudentwouldhavedied,hadnotaseriesofthecorrectfirst-aidmeasuresbeenapplied,alongwiththeAED”(如果没有采取一系列正确的急救措施和使用自动体外除颤器,这名学生很可能已经死亡)可知在急救过程中有没有自动体外除颤器,急救的结果是截然不同的,由此可推知文中提及一名45岁的男性和一名学生的目的是表明自动体外除颤器的功效,故答案为C项。

3.A推理判断题。本题题干意为:为什么在清华大学校园安装自动体外除颤器?根据文章最后一段中的“Itssogoodthatwehavetheselife-savingmachinesoncampus,otherwisewewouldhaveheardtragicnews”可推断出清华大学校园里安装自动体外除颤器是为了保障学生们的健康。故选A项。4.D主旨要义题。本题题干意为:本文的主旨是什么?通读整篇文章可知文章通过两个例子来讲述自动体外除颤器的功能和在紧急情况下能救命的作用,故选D项。Passage5SarahMoorerushedhertwo-year-olddaughterLacieMooretohospitalaftershewashurt.TheworriedmumfromMorecambe,Lancashire,lefthercaronadoubleyellowlineoutsidetheLancasterhospitalandracedinsidewithherdaughter.WhenSarahreturnedtohercar,ratherthanfindingaparkingticket,shesurprisedlydiscoveredahand-writtennote,sayingthattheyhad“sweet-talked”thetrafficwarden(交通管理员)intonotgivingheraticket.“Theydidnthavetodothat—itmadethingsaloteasier,”thegratefulmumsaid.“Iwasfullyexpectingtocomeoutofthehospitalandtohaveaparkingticket,andIhadcometotermswiththat.”ThedramaticeveningbeganontheeveningofJuly2whenLaciesplitherheadopenonthehinge(铰链)ofadoor.Lacierippedonthecarpetandhitthehinge.WhenSarahpickedheruptherewasbloodeverywhere.ItterrifiedSarah,whoquicklyswitchedtoactionmode.TherewasnotimetocallforanambulancesoSarahjustputherinthecarandgothertherein15minutes.Itwasscary.WhenshearrivedatthehospitalSarahignoredthewarningsofambulancestaffaboutpotentialtrafficwardensandracedinside.Thenoteshefoundonhercarwhenshereturnedmadesureadifficultdaywasmadejustalittlebiteasier.Itread:“Goodafternoon,wenoticedyouleftyourcarhereasyourushedyourchildintoA&E.(Wetriedtowarnyouaboutgettingaticket.)Wespokewiththetrafficwardenandtoldhimaboutyoursituationandmanagedtosweet-talkhimintolettingyouoffunderthecircumstances.Hewantedustoletyouknowthatyoucanleaveitintheambulancebayacrosstheroad.Wehopeyourlittleoneisokay.Kindestregards.”1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“sweet-talked”inParagraph1mean?A.Tricksomebodywithsomesweets.B.Persuadesomebodyinapleasantway.C.Confusesomebodywithsweetwords.D.Convincesomebodywithsolidevidence.2.WhatdoweknowaboutSarah?A.Sheinjuredherdaughterathome.B.Shewaspunishedforbreakingtrafficrules.C.Shethoughtshewouldpayaparkingfine.D.Noonenoticedherwhensheparkedhercar.3.WhowrotethenoteforSarah?A.Passers-by.B.Trafficwardens.C.DoctorsinA&E.D.Ambulancestaff.4.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthistext?A.ASweetSurpriseB.ALuckyMotherC.AGenerousWardenD.AThoughtfulParkingTicket答案[语篇解读]这是一篇记叙文。主题语境为人与社会,主题语境内容为社会交往。SarahMoore在带孩子到医院就医时,因孩子伤情紧急而违规停车,目睹此情形的急救人员为她向交通管理员求情,从而为她免去了罚单。1.B猜测词义题。本题题干意为:第一段中的画线词“sweet-talked”是什么意思?根据第一段内容可知,SarahMoore把车停在了双黄线上,违反了交通规则,但让她吃惊的是她回来后看到车上没有贴罚单,而是有一张手写的便条;再结合第四段中提到的便条内容“Wespokewiththetrafficwardenandtoldhimaboutyoursituationandmanagedtosweet-talkhimintolettingyouoffunderthecircumstances.(我们和交通管理员谈了谈,告诉了他关于你的情况,并设法用甜言蜜语说服他在这种情况下放了你。)”可以推测,“sweet-talked”指用甜言蜜语说服了交通管理员不要给Sarah开罚单。选项B“用令人愉快的方式说服某人”与之意义相近,故选B项。2.C推理判断题。本题题干意为:对于Sarah我们知道什么?根据第二段中“Iwasfullyexpectingtocomeoutofthehospitalandtohaveaparkingticket,andIhadcometotermswiththat.”(我满心期待着从医院出来,并等着收到一张违规停车罚单,我是会接受的。)可知,SarahMoore清楚自己违规停车并且预料自己会因此被罚款。故选C项。3.D细节理解题。本题题干意为:是谁给Sarah写了那张便条?根据第四段中“WhenshearrivedatthehospitalSarahignoredthewarningsofambulancestaffaboutpotentialtrafficwardensandracedinside.”可得知,写便条的人是曾经提醒过SarahMoore的救护人员。故选D项。4.A主旨要义题。本题题干意为:本文的最佳题目是什么?全文围绕SarahMoore意外收到的善意便条展开,介绍了她因急着带孩子就医而违规停车以及急救人员说服交通管理员免开罚单的事。选项A“ASweetSurprise(甜蜜的惊喜)”最能概括文章的主旨大意。故选A项。Passage6Mostofushavesomethingaboutusthatwerenot100%inlovewith,suchasanimpulsivestreakorashorttemper.Whatifthosepersonalitytraits(个性特征)couldbeimprovedwithdailyuseofasmartphoneapp?ThatwasthefocusofanewstudyfromaninternationalresearchteamledbytheUniversityofZurich.“Personalitytraitspredictseveralimportantaspectsoflifesuchassuccessatwork,healthandevenalonglife,”saysfirstauthorMirjamStieger,PhD,ofBrandeisUniversityinWaltham,Massachusetts.“Sowewantedtotestwhetherpeoplecanactivelyshapetheirpersonalitytraitswiththehelpofadigitalintervention(干预)withinarelativelyshortperiodoftime.”Around1,500participantswereprovidedwithaspeciallydevelopedsmartphoneappcalledPEACHforthreemonths.Ontheapp,avirtualcompanioncommunicatedwiththeparticipantsdailyandprovidedsupporttohelpthemmakethechangestheydesired.Andparticipantsweredividedintotwogroups—aninterventiongroupandawaitlistcontrolgroup.Participantsinthewaitlistcontrolgroupselectedandindicatedtheirchangegoalsbeforeaone-monthwaitingperiod,andthentheyreceivedthesamethree-monthinterventionastheinterventiongroup.Theresearchersfoundthatparticipantsinthewaitlistcontrolgroupdidntchangetheirpersonalitytraitsduringtheone-monthwaitingperiod,butparticipantswhoreceivedtheinterventionreportedchangesinthedesireddirection.“Wealsofoundthatfriendsandfamilymemberswereabletodetectpersonalitychanges,”Stiegersays.“Anothersurprisingfindingwasthatmostparticipantswereabletomaintain(维持)theirpersonalitytraitchangesuntilthreemonthsaftertheendoftheintervention.”Whileappscouldbeusedtopromotepersonalitychange,mentalhealthexpertKarenPeterswarns,itsimportanttoremembertheyarethereforsupportandnotasasubstituteforanindividualschange.“Theuseofanappitselfisntgoingtoinfluencechange—changeisinfluencedbyinternalmotivation,”shesays.“Thenewstudydemonstratesthispointbydeterminingthatchangeoutcomeswereinagreementwiththeindividualsdesiretochange.”1.WhydoestheauthoraskthequestioninParagraph1?A.Toputforwardaproblem.B.Torecommendamethod.C.Toleadintherecentstudy.D.Tocomeupwithanewconcept.2.Whatwereparticipantsaskedtodointhenewstudy?A.Settheirchangegoals.B.Detectotherschanges.C.Helptheircompanions.D.Getridofdailyapps.3.Whatisthefindingofthenewstudy?A.Mostoftheparticipantspersonalitieswereunstable.B.Digitalinterventionmadenodifferencetopersonalities.C.Theuseofanappalonecouldshapepersonalitytraits.D.Theparticipantspersonalitychangeswerenoticeable.4.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.AreYourPersonalityTraitsOutofControl?B.AreYouinLovewithYourPersonalityTraits?C.CanaSmartphoneAppChangeYourPersonality?D.CanDigitalInterventionDeterminePersonalDesire?答案[语篇解读]本文为说明文。主题语境为人与社会,主题语境内容为科技发展。研究发现,人们可以通过使用智能手机应用程序改变他们的个性特征。1.C推理判断题。本题题干意为:在第一段作者为什么提出一个问题?根据第一段中“ThatwasthefocusofanewstudyfromaninternationalresearchteamledbytheUniversityofZurich.”(那是苏黎世大学领导的一个国际研究小组的一项新研究的重点。)可推知提问的目的是引入最新的研究,故答案为C项。2.A细节理解题。本题题干意为:在这项新研究中,参与者被要求做什么事情?根据第三段中“...tohelpthemmakethechangestheydesired.”及“Participantsinthewaitlistcontrolgroupselectedandindicatedtheirchangegoalsbeforeaone-monthwaitingperiod”(参加对照组的人员在一个月的等待期之前选择并表明他们的改变目标)可知在此项研究中,参与者被要求预先确定自己的变化目标,故答案为A项。

3.D细节理解题。本题题干意为:这项新研究有什么发现?根据第四段内容(研究人员发现,对照组的参与者在一个月的等待期间其性格特征没有发生变化,但接受干预的参与者报告了他们在预期方向上有所变化。接受干预的参与者的朋友和家人也能够察觉到他们人格的变化。另外一个令人惊讶的发现是,大多数参与者能够保持他们性格特征的变化,直到干预结束的三个月后)可知答案为D项。4.C主旨要义题。本题题干意为:本文的合适题目是什么?通读全文,尤其是文章第一段中的“Whatifthosepersonalitytraitscouldbeimprovedwithdailyuseofasmartphoneapp?”(如果那些性格特征可以通过日常使用智能手机应用程序得到改善,会怎么样呢?)及第二段中的“Sowewantedtotestwhetherpeoplecanactivelyshapetheirpersonalitytraitswiththehelpofadigitalinterventionwithinarelativelyshortperiodoftime.”(所以我们想测试人们能否在相对较短的时间内,在数字干预的帮助下积极塑造自己的性格特征。)可知答案为C项。长难句Mostofushavesomethingaboutusthatwerenot100%inlovewith,suchasanimpulsivestreakorashorttemper.我们大多数人都有一些不是自己百分之百喜欢的特质,比如冲动倾向或暴躁的脾气。本句为主从复合句。thatwerenot100%inlovewith为定语从句,修饰先行词something。Passage7Arobotwithasenseoftouchmayoneday“feel”pain,bothitsownphysicalpainandsympathyforthepainofitshumancompanions.Suchtouchy-feelyrobotsarestillfar-off,butadvancesinrobotictouch-sensingarebringingthatpossibilityclosertoreality.Sensorssetinsoft,artificialskinthatcandetectbothagentletouchandapainfulstrikehavebeenhookeduptoarobotthatcanthensignalemotions,AsadareportedonFebruary15attheannualmeetingoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience.Thisartificial“painnervoussystem”,asAsadacallsit,maybeasmallbuildingblockforamachinethatcouldultimatelyexperiencepain.Suchafeelingmightalsoallowarobotto“sympathize”withahumancompanionssuffering.Asada,anengineeratOsakaUniversity,andhiscolleagueshavedesignedtouchsensorsthatreliablypickuparangeoftouches.InarobotsystemnamedAffetto,arealistic-lookingchildshead,thesetouchandpainsignalscanbeconvertedtoemotionalfacialexpressions.Atouch-sensitive,softmaterial,asopposedtoarigidmetalsurface,allowsricherinteractionsbetweenamachineandtheworld,saysneuroscientistKingsonManoftheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia.Artificialskin“allowsthepossibilityofengagementintrulyintelligentways”.Suchasystem,Asadasays,mightultimatelyleadtorobotsthatcanrecognizethepainofothers,avaluableskillforrobotsdesignedtohelpcareforpeopleinneed,theelderly,forinstance.Butthereisanimportantdistinctionbetweenarobotthatrespondsinapredictablewaytoapainfulstrikeandarobotthatsabletocomputeaninternalfeelingaccurately,saysDamasio,aneuroscientistalsoattheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia.Arobotwithsensorswhichcandetecttouchandpainis“alongthelinesofhavingarobot,forexample,thatsmileswhenyoutalktoit,”Damasiosays.“Itsadeviceforcommunicationofthemachinetoahuman.”Whilethatsaninterestingdevelopment,“itsnotthesamething”asarobotdesignedtocomputesomesortofinternalexperience,hesays.1.Whatdoweknowaboutthe“painnervoussystem”?A.ItisnamedAffettobyscientists.B.Itisasetofcomplicatedsensors.C.Itisabletosignaldifferentemotions.D.Itcombinessensorsandartificialskin.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“converted”inParagraph3probablymean?A.Delivered.B.Translated.C.Attached.D.Adapted.3.WhatdoesDamasioconsiderasaninterestingdevelopment?A.Robotscansmilewhentalkedto.B.Robotscantalktohumanbeings.C.Robotscancomputeinternalfeelings.D.Robotscandetectpainsandrespondaccordingly.4.Whatcanbethebesttitleofthetext?A.MachinesBecomeEmotionalB.RobotsInchtoFeelingPainC.HumanFeelingsCanBeFeltD.NewDevicesTouchYourHeart答案[语篇解读]本文为说明文。主题语境为人与社会,主题语境内容为科技发展。本文介绍了能感受到疼痛的有触觉的机器人的发展状况。1.D细节理解题。本题题干意为:我们对“疼痛神经系统”了解什么?第二段第一句介绍了“painnervoussystem”,根据该句中“Sensorssetinsoft,artificialskinthatcandetectbothagentletouchandapainfulstrikehavebeenhookeduptoarobotthatcanthensignalemotions”(安装在可以检测到轻轻的触摸和痛苦的打击的柔软的人造皮肤上的传感器与能够发出情绪信号的机器人相连)可知答案为D项(它把传感器和人造皮肤连了起来)。根据第三段中“InarobotsystemnamedAffetto”(在被命名为Affetto的机器人系统中)可排除A项(它被科学家们命名为Affetto);B项(它是一套复杂的传感器)和C项(它能够发出不同的情绪信号)在文中没被提及,故被排除。

2.B猜测词义题。本题题干意为:第三段中的画线词“converted”可能是什么意思?根据画线词前后的thesetouchandpainsignals和emotionalfacialexpressions可猜出画线词的意思是“转化”,故答案为B项。3.D细节理解题。本题题干意为:Damasio认为什么是一种有趣的发展?根据最后一段中“arobotthatrespondsinapredictablewaytoapainfulstrike”(一个能对痛苦的打击做出可预测的反应的机器人)可知答案为D项(机器人可以检测疼痛并做出相应的反应)。根据最后一段Arobotwithsensorswhichcandetecttouchandpainis“alongthelinesofhavingarobot,forexample,thatsmileswhenyoutalktoit”(一个装有可以检测触摸和疼痛传感器的机器人,类似于这种机器人,例如当你和它说话时,它会微笑)中的“类似”“例如”可排除A项;根据最后一段中的“itsnotthesamething”asarobotdesignedtocomputesomesortofinternalexperience(这与设计用来计算某种内部体验的机器人是不同的)可排除C项;B项文中并未提及。4.B主旨要义题。本题题干意为:本文的最佳题目是什么?根据文章中心句,即第一段第一句(有触觉的机器人有一天可能会“感受到”疼痛,既包括它自己身体上的疼痛,也包括对人类同伴疼痛的同情)可知本文最佳题目是B项。Passage8Nowmanycountriesworktowardsacarbon-neutralfuture,hopingtoachievetherealgreengrowthandchange.ThecurrentUKgovernmenthadoriginallysetoutplanstobecomecarbon-zeroby2050.AndinanewannouncementregardingtheUKsgreeneconomicrecovery,thePrimeMinisterhascommittedtoacceleratingoffshorewindby2030.Inarecentspeech,BritainsPrimeMinisterBorisJohnsonannouncedthatthegovernmentwillinvestincleanenergy,promisingthat￡160mwillbededicatedtobuildingwind