清华大学考研辅导强化班英语听力讲义

PAGEPAGE1清华大学考研辅导强化班课程《英语听力》第一讲英语的整体讲解第二讲2002年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题讲解NationalEntranceTestofEnglishforMA/MSCandidates(2002)考生注意事项

1．考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则，得到监考人员指令后方可开始答题。

2．答题前，考生应将答题卡上的“考生姓名”、“报考单位”、“考试语种”、“考生编号”等信息填写清楚，并与准考证上的一致。

3．全国硕士研究生入学考试英语分为试题（一）、试题（二）。

4．本试题为试题（一），共4页（1～4页）。考生必须在规定的时间内作答。

5．试题（一）为听力部分。该部分共有A、B、C三节，所有答案都应填写或填涂在答题卡1上。A、B两节必须用蓝（黑）圆珠笔答题，注意字迹清楚。C节必须用2B铅笔按照答题卡上的要求填涂，如要改动，必须用橡皮擦干净。

6．听力考试进行时，考生应先将答案写或标记在试题上，然后在听力部分结束前专门留出的5分钟内，将答案整洁地誊写或转涂到答题卡1上。仅写或标记在试题上不给分。SectionIListeningComprehensionDirections:

ThisSectionisdesignedtotestyourabilitytounderstandspokenEnglish.YouwillhearaselectionofrecordedmaterialsandyoumustanswerthequestionsthataccoMPAnythem.Therearethreepartsinthissection,PartA,PartBandPartC.Remember,whileyouaredoingthetest,youshouldfirstputdownyouranswersinyourtestbooklet.Attheendofthelisteningcomprehensionsection,youwillhave5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWERSHEET1.NowlookatPartAinyourtestbooklet.PartA

Directions:ForQuestions1-5,youwillhearanintroductionaboutthelifeofMargaretWelch.Whileyoulisten,filloutthetablewiththeinformationyou'veheard.Someoftheinformationhasbeengiventoyouinthetable.Writeonly1wordornumberineachnumberedbox.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthetablebelow.(5points)Welch'sPersonalInformationPlaceofBirthPhiladelphiaYearofBirth1901TransfertoBarnardUniversity(Year)1920MajoratUniversity1FinalDegreePhDYearofMarriage1928GrowingUpInNewGuineaPublished(Year)2FieldStudyintheSouthPacific(Age)3MainInterest4ProfessorshipatColumbiaStarted(Year)5Death(Age)77

PartB

Directions:Forquestions6-10,youwillhearatalkbyawell-knownU.S.journalist.Whileyoulisten,completethesentencesoranswerthequestions.Usenotmorethan3wordsforeachanswer.Youwillheartherecordingtwice.Younowhave25secondstoreadthesentencesandquestionsbelow.(5points)

____________________________________Besidesreporters,whoelsewerecampedoutfordaysoutsidethespeaker'shome?6Onereportergottothespeaker'sapartmentpretendingtopay7Thespeakerbelievedthereporterwantedapictureofherlooking8Whereisacorrectiontoafalsestoryusuallyplaced?9Accordingtothespeaker,thepresswilllostreadersunlesstheeditorsandthenewsdirectors10PartCDirections:Youwillhearthreepiecesofrecordedmaterial.Beforelisteningtoeachone,youwillhavetimetoreadthequestionsrelatedtoit.Whilelistening,answereachquestionbychoosingA,B,CorD.Afterlistening,youwillhavetimetocheckyouranswers.Youwillheareachpieceonceonly.(10points)

Questions11-13arebasedonareportaboutchildren'shealthydevelopment.Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions11-13.11.Whatunusualquestionmaydoctorsaskwhengivingkidsacheckupnexttime?

［A］Howmuchexercisetheygeteveryday.

［B］Whattheyaremostworriedabout.

［C］HowlongtheirparentsaccoMPAnythemdaily.

［D］Whatentertainmenttheyareinterestedin.

12.Theacademysuggeststhatchildrenunderagetwo.

［A］getenoughentertainment.

［B］havemoreactivities.

［C］receiveearlyeducation.

［D］haveregularcheckups.

13.Accordingtothereport,children'sbedroomsshould.

［A］benoplaceforplay.

［B］benearacommonarea.

［C］havenoTVsets.

［D］haveacomputerforstudy.

Questions14-16arebasedonthefollowingtalkabouthowtosavemoney.Younowhave15secondstoreadQuestions14-16.

14.Accordingtothespeaker,whatshouldonepayspecialattentiontoifhewantstosaveup?

［A］Familydebts.［B］Banksavings.

［C］Monthlybills.［D］Spendinghabits.

15.Howmuchcanapersonsavebyretirementifhegivesuphispack-a-dayhabit?［A］$190,000.［B］$330,000.［C］$500,000.［D］$1,000,000.

16.Whatshouldonedobeforepayingmonthlybills,ifhewantstoaccumulatewealth?［A］Investintoamutualfund.

［B］Usethediscounttickets.

［C］Quithiseating-outhabit.

［D］Useonlypaperbillsandsavecoins.

Questions17-20arebasedonaninterviewwithHerbertA.Glieberman,adomestic-relationslawyer.Younowhave20secondstoreadQuestions17-20.17.Whichwordbestdescribesthelawyer'spredictionofthechangeindivorcerate?［A］Fall.［B］Rise.［C］V-shape.

18.Whatdopeoplenowadaysdesiretodoconcerningtheirmarriage?

［A］Toembracechangesofthought.

［B］Toadapttothedisintegratedfamilylife.

［C］Toreturntothepracticeinthe'60sand'70s.

［D］Tocreatestabilityintheirlives.

19.Whydidsomepeoplechoosenottodivorce20yearsago?

［A］Theyfearedthecomplicatedprocedures.

［B］Theywantedtogoagainstthetrend.

［C］Theywereafraidoflosingface.

［D］theywerewillingtostaytogether.

20.YearsagoadivorcedmaninacoMPAnywouldhave.

［A］beenshiftedaroundthecountry.

［B］haddifficultybeingpromoted.

［C］enjoyedahappierlife.

［D］tastedlittlebitternessofdisgrace.

Younowhave5minutestotransferallyouranswersfromyourtestbooklettoANSWERSHEET1.THISISTHEENDOFSECTIONI

DONOTREADORWORKONTHENEXTSECTION

UNTILYOUARETOLDTOCONTINUENationalEntranceTestofEnglishforMA/MSCandidates(2002)NationalEntranceTestofEnglishforMA/MSCandidates(2002)

考生注意事项1．考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则，得到监考人员指令后方可开始答题。

2.全国硕士研究生入学考试英语分为试题（一）、试题（二）。

3．本试题为试题（二），共11页（5～15页），含有英语知识运用、阅读理解、写作三个部分。英语知识运用、阅读理解A节的答案必须用2B铅笔按要求直接填涂在答题卡1上，如要改动，必须用橡皮擦干净。阅读理解B节和写作部分必须用蓝（黑）圆珠笔在答题卡2上答题，注意字迹清楚。

4．考试结束后，考生应将答题卡1、答题卡2一并装入原试卷袋中，将试题（一）、试题（二）交给监考人员。SectionIIUseofEnglishDirections:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened(21).Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnot(22)the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic(23),followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe(24)oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution(25)up,beginningwithtransport,therailway,andleading(26)throughthetelegraph,thetelephone,radio,andmotionpictures(27)the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin(28).Itisimportanttodoso.Itisgenerallyrecognized,(29),thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury,(30)bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960s,radicallychangedtheprocess,(31)itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately(32).Astimewentby,computersbecamesmallerandmorepowerful,andtheybecame“personal"too,aswellas(33),withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage(34)increasing.Theywerethoughtof,likepeople,(35)generations,withthedistancebetweengenerationsmuch(36).Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterm“informationsociety"begantobewidelyusedtodescribethe(37)withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas(38)bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtime,buttherehavebeen(39)viewaboutitseconomic,political,socialandculturalimplications."Benefits"havebeenweighed(40)“harmful"outcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.

21.［A］between［B］before

［C］since

［D］later22.［A］after［B］by［C］during［D］until23.［A］means［B］method［C］medium［D］measure24.［A］process［B］company［C］light［D］form25.［A］gathered［B］speeded［C］worked［D］picked26.［A］on［B］out［C］over［D］off27.［A］of［B］for［C］beyond［D］into28.［A］concept［B］dimension［C］effect［D］perspective29.［A］indeed［B］hence［C］however［D］therefore30.［A］brought［B］followed［C］stimulated［D］characterized31.［A］unless［B］since［C］lest［D］although32.［A］apparent［B］desirable［C］negative［D］plausible33.［A］institution［B］universal［C］fundamental［D］instrumental34.［A］ability［B］capability［C］capacity［D］faculty35.［A］bymeansof［B］intermsof［C］withregardto［D］inlinewith36.［A］deeper［B］fewer［C］nearer［D］smaller37.［A］context［B］range［C］scope［D］territory38.［A］regarded［B］impressed［C］influenced［D］effected39.［A］competitive［B］controversial［C］distracting［D］irrational40.［A］above［B］upon［C］against［D］with

SectionIIIReadingComprehensionPartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

Text1

Ifyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoplesmile,youmustknowhowtoidentifysharedexperiencesandproblems.YourhumormustberelevanttotheaudienceandshouldhelptoshowthemthatyouareoneofthemorthatyouunderstandtheirsituationandareinsyMPAthywiththeirpointofview.Dependingonwhomyouareaddressing,theproblemswillbedifferent.Ifyouaretalkingtoagroupofmanagers,youmayrefertothedisorganizedmethodsoftheirsecretaries;alternativelyifyouareaddressingsecretaries,youmaywanttocommentontheirdisorganizedbosses.Hereisanexample,whichIheardatanurses'convention,ofastorywhichworkswellbecausetheaudienceallsharedthesameviewofdoctors.AmanarrivesinheavenandisbeingshownaroundbySt.Peter.Heseeswonderfulaccommodations,beautifulgardens,sunnyweather,andsoon.Everyoneisverypeaceful,politeandfriendlyuntil,waitinginalineforlunch,thenewarrivalissuddenlypushedasidebyamaninawhitecoat,whorushestotheheadoftheline,grabshisfoodandstompsovertoatablebyhimself.“Whoisthat?"thenewarrivalaskedSt.Peter.“On,that'sGod,"camethereply,“butsometimeshethinkshe'sadoctor."Ifyouarepartofthegroupwhichyouareaddressing,youwillbeinapositiontoknowtheexperiencesandproblemswhicharecommontoallofyouandit'llbeappropriateforyoutomakeapassingremarkabouttheinediblecanteenfoodorthechairman'snotoriousbadtasteinties.Withotheraudiencesyoumustn'tattempttocutinwithhumorastheywillresentanoutsidermakingdisparagingremarksabouttheircanteenortheirchairman.YouwillbeonsafergroundifyousticktoscapegoatslikethePostOfficeorthetelephonesystem.Ifyoufeelawkwardbeinghumorous,youmustpracticesothatitbecomesmorenatural.Includeafewcasualandapparentlyoff-the-cuffremarkswhichyoucandeliverinarelaxedandunforcedmanner.Oftenit'sthedeliverywhichcausestheaudiencetosmile,sospeakslowlyandrememberthataraisedeyebroworanunbelievinglookmayhelptoshowthatyouaremakingalight-heartedremark.Lookforthehumor.Itoftencomesfromtheunexpected.Atwistonafamiliarquote“Ifatfirstyoudon'tsucceed,giveup"oraplayonwordsoronasituation.Searchforexaggerationandunderstatements.Lookatyourtalkandpickoutafewwordsorsentenceswhichyoucanturnaboutandinjectwithhumor.(447words)

41.Tomakeyourhumorwork,youshould.

［A］takeadvantageofdifferentkindsofaudience.

［B］makefunofthedisorganizedpeople.

［C］addressdifferentproblemstodifferentpeople.

［D］showsyMPAthyforyourlisteners.

42.Thejokeaboutdoctorsimpliesthat,intheeyesofnurses,theyare.

［A］impolitetonewarrivals.

［B］veryconsciousoftheirgodlikerole.

［C］entitledtosomeprivileges.

［D］verybusyevenduringlunchhours.43.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatpublicservices.

［A］havebenefitedmanypeople.

［B］arethefocusofpublicattention.

［C］areaninappropriatesubjectforhumor.

［D］haveoftenbeenthelaughingstock.

44.Toachievethedesiredresult,humorousstoriesshouldbedelivered.

［A］inwell-wordedlanguage.

［B］asawkwardlyaspossible.

［C］inexaggeratedstatements.

［D］ascasuallyaspossible.

45.Thebesttitleforthetextmaybe.

［A］UseHumorEffectively.

［B］VariousKindsofHumor.

［C］AddHumortoSpeech.

［D］DifferentHumorStrategies.

Text2

Sincethedawnofhumaningenuity,peoplehavedevisedevermorecunningtoolstocopewithworkthatisdangerous,boring,burdensome,orjustplainnasty.Thatcompulsionhasresultedinrobotics—thescienceofconferringvarioushumancapabilitiesonmachines.Andifscientistshaveyettocreatethemechanicalversionofsciencefiction,theyhavebeguntocomeclose.Asaresult,themodernworldisincreasinglypopulatedbyintelligentgizmoswhosepresencewebarelynoticebutwhoseuniversalexistencehasremovedmuchhumanlabor.Ourfactorieshumtotherhythmofrobotassemblyarms.Ourbankingisdoneatautomatedtellerterminalsthatthankuswithmechanicalpolitenessforthetransaction.Oursubwaytrainsarecontrolledbytirelessrobo-drivers.Andthankstothecontinualminiaturizationofelectronicsandmicro-mechanics,therearealreadyrobotsystemsthatcanperformsomekindsofbrainandbonesurgerywithsubmillimeteraccuracy—fargreaterprecisionthanhighlyskilledphysicianscanachievewiththeirhandsalone.Butifrobotsaretoreachthenextstageoflaborsavingutility,theywillhavetooperatewithlesshumansupervisionandbeabletomakeatleastafewdecisionsforthemselves—goalsthatposearealchallenge.“Whileweknowhowtotellarobottohandleaspecificerror,"saysDaveLavery,managerofaroboticsprogramatNASA,“wecan'tyetgivearobotenough'commonsense'toreliablyinteractwithadynamicworld."Indeedthequestfortrueartificialintelligencehasproducedverymixedresults.Despiteaspellofinitialoptimisminthe1960sand1970swhenitappearedthattransistorcircuitsandmicroprocessorsmightbeabletocopytheactionofthehumanbrainbytheyear2010,researcherslatelyhavebeguntoextendthatforecastbydecadesifnotcenturies.Whattheyfound,inattemptingtomodelthought,isthatthehumanbrain'sroughlyonehundredbillionnervecellsaremuchmoretalented—andhumanperceptionfarmorecomplicated—thanpreviouslyimagined.Theyhavebuiltrobotsthatcanrecognizetheerrorofamachinepanelbyafractionofamillimeterinacontrolledfactoryenvironment.Butthehumanmindcanglimpsearapidlychangingsceneandimmediatelydisregardthe98percentthatisirrelevant,instantaneouslyfocusingonthemonkeyatthesideofawindingforestroadorthesinglesuspiciousfaceinabigcrowd.ThemostadvancedcomputersystemsonEarthcan'tapproachthatkindofability,andneuroscientistsstilldon'tknowquitehowwedoit.

46.Humaningenuitywasinitiallydemonstratedin.

［A］theuseofmachinestoproducesciencefiction.

［B］thewideuseofmachinesinmanufacturingindustry.

［C］theinventionoftoolsfordifficultanddangerouswork.

［D］theelite'scunningtacklingofdangerousandboringwork.

47.Theword“gizmos"(line1,paragraph2)mostprobablymeans.

［A］programs.［B］experts.［C］devices.［D］creatures.

48.Accordingtothetext,whatisbeyondman'sabilitynowistodesignarobotthatcan.

［A］fulfilldelicatetaskslikeperformingbrainsurgery.

［B］interactwithhumanbeingsverbally.

［C］havealittlecommonsense.

［D］respondindependentlytoachangingworld.

49.Besidesreducinghumanlabor,robotscanalso.

［A］makeafewdecisionsforthemselves.

［B］dealwithsomeerrorswithhumanintervention.

［C］improvefactoryenvironments.

［D］cultivatehumancreativity.

50.Theauthorusestheexampleofamonkeytoarguethatrobotsare.

［A］expectedtocopyhumanbrainininternalstructure.

［B］abletoperceiveabnormalitiesimmediately.

［C］farlessablethanhumanbraininfocusingonrelevantinformation.

［D］bestusedinacontrolledenvironment.Text3

Couldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturn?SinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarch,thepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrel,upfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisnear-triplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshock,whenpricesquadrupled,and1979-80,whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime?TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowth,atthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemisphere,couldpushthepricehigherstillintheshortterm.Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEurope,taxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailprice,soevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast.Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywere,andsolesssensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energyconservation,ashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavy,energy-intensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Software,consultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDP(inconstantprices)richeconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthat,itoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyear,coMPAredwith$13in1998,thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhand,oil-importingemergingeconomies—towhichheavyindustryhasshifted—havebecomemoreenergy-intensive,andsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed.Onemorereasonnottolosesleepovertheriseinoilpricesisthat,unliketherisesinthe1970s,ithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommodity-priceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist'scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%,andin1979byalmost30%.

51.Themainreasonforthelatestriseofoilpriceis.

［A］globalinflation.［B］reductioninsupply.

［C］fastgrowthineconomy.［D］Iraq'ssuspensionofexports.

52.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheretailpriceofpetrolwillgoupdramaticallyif.

［A］priceofcruderises.［B］commoditypricesrise.

［C］consumptionrises.［D］oiltaxesrise.

53.TheestimatesinEconomicOutlookshowthatinrichcountries.

［A］heavyindustrybecomesmoreenergy-intensive.

［B］incomelossmainlyresultsfromfluctuatingcrudeoilprices.

［C］manufacturingindustryhasbeenseriouslysqueezed.

［D］oilpricechangeshavenosignificantiMPActonGDP.

54.Wecandrawaconclusionfromthetextthat.

［A］oil-priceshocksarelessshockingnow.

［B］inflationseemsirrelevanttooil-priceshocks.

［C］energyconservationcankeepdowntheoilprices.

［D］thepriceriseofcrudeleadstotheshrinkingofheavyindustry.

55.Fromthetextwecanseethatthewriterseems.

［A］optimistic.［B］sensitive.［C］gloomy.［D］scared.

Text4

TheSupremeCourt'sdecisionsonphysician-assistedsuicidecarryimportantimplicationsforhowmedicineseekstorelievedyingpatientsofpainandsuffering.Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysician-assistedsuicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof“doubleeffect,"acenturies-oldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects—agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen—ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.Doctorshaveusedthatprincipleinrecentyearstojustifyusinghighdosesofmorphinetocontrolterminallyillpatients'pain,eventhoughincreasingdosageswilleventuallykillthepatient.NancyDubler,directorofMontefioreMedicalCenter,contendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswho“untilnowhavevery,verystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmediationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath."GeorgeAnnas,chairofthehealthlawdepartmentatBostonUniversity,maintainsthat,aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohastendeath.“It'slikesurgery,"hesays.“Wedon'tcallthosedeathshomicidesbecausethedoctorsdidn'tintendtokilltheirpatients,althoughtheyriskedtheirdeath.Ifyou'reaphysician,youcanriskyourpatient'ssuicideaslongasyoudon'tintendtheirsuicide."Onanotherlevel,manyinthemedicalcommunityacknowledgethattheassisted-suicidedebatehasbeenfueledinpartbythedespairofpatientsforwhommodernmedicinehasprolongedthephysicalagonyofdying.JustthreeweeksbeforetheCourt'srulingonphysician-assistedsuicide,theNationalAcademyofScience(NAS)releasedatwo-volumereport,ApproachingDeath:ImprovingCareattheEndofLife.Itidentifiestheundertreatmentofpainandtheaggressiveuseof“ineffectualandforcedmedicalproceduresthatmayprolongandevendishonortheperiodofdying"asthetwinproblemsofend-of-lifecare.Theprofessionistakingstepstorequireyoungdoctorstotraininhospices,totestknowledgeofaggressivepainmanagementtherapies,todevelopaMedicarebillingcodeforhospital-basedcare,andtodevelopnewstandardsforassessingandtreatingpainattheendoflife.Annassayslawyerscanplayakeyroleininsistingthatthesewell-meaningmedicalinitiativestranslateintobettercare.“Largenumbersofphysiciansseemunconcernedwiththepaintheirpatientsareneedlesslyandpredictablysuffering,"totheextentthatitconstitutes“systematicpatientabuse."Hesaysmedicallicensingboards“mustmakeitclear…thatpainfuldeathsarepresumptivelyonesthatareincompetentlymanagedandshouldresultinlicensesuspension."56.Fromthefirstthreeparagraphs,welearnthat.

［A］doctorsusedtoincreasedrugdosagestocontroltheirpatients'pain.

［B］itisstillillegalfordoctorstohelpthedyingendtheirlives.

［C］theSupremeCourtstronglyopposesphysician-assistedsuicide.

［D］patientshavenoconstitutionalrighttocommitsuicide.

57.Whichofthefollowingstatementsitstrueaccordingtothetext?

［A］Doctorswillbeheldguiltyiftheyrisktheirpatients'death.

［B］Modernmedicinehasassistedterminallyillpatientsinpainlessrecovery.

［C］TheCourtruledthathigh-dosagepain-relievingmedicationcanbeprescribed.

［D］Adoctor'smedicationisnolongerjustifiedbyhisintentions.

58.AccordingtotheNAS'sreport,oneoftheproblemsinend-of-lifecareis.

［A］prolongedmedicalprocedures.

［B］inadequatetreatmentofpain.

［C］systematicdrugabuse.

［D］insufficienthospitalcare.

59.Whichofthefollowingbestdefinestheword“aggressive"(line3,paragraph7)?

［A］Bold.［B］Harmful.［C］Careless.［D］Desperate.

60.GeorgeAnnaswouldprobablyagreethatdoctorsshouldbepunishedifthey.

［A］managetheirpatientsincompetently.

［B］givepatientsmoremedicinethanneeded.

［C］reducedrugdosagesfortheirpatients.

［D］prolongtheneedlesssufferingofthepatients.PartB

Directions:

ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)

Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehavior,andtheycannotbesolvedbyphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyofbehavior,butwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnologymightbedrawn.61)Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmind,feelings,traitsofcharacter,humannature,andsoon.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem.62)Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherkindsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.Theenvironmentisobviouslyimportant,butitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnotpushorpull,itselects,andthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandanalyze.63)Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsago,andtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognizedandstudied.Astheinteractionbetweenorganismandenvironmenthascometobeunderstood,however,effectsonceassignedtostatesofmind,feelings,andtraitsarebeginningtobetracedtoaccessibleconditions,andatechnologyofbehaviormaythereforebecomeavailable.Itwillnotsolveourproblems,however,untilitreplacestraditionalprescientificviews,andthesearestronglyentrenched.Freedomanddignityillustratethedifficulty.64)Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomous(self-governing)manoftraditionaltheory,andtheyareessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.Ascientificanalysisshiftsboththeresponsibilityandtheachievementtotheenvironment.Italsoraisesquestionsconcerning“values."Whowilluseatechnologyandtowhatends?65)Untiltheseissuesareresolved,atechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejected,andwithitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.

SectionIVWriting66.Directions:

Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayentitled“Cultures—NationalandInternational".Intheessayyoushould1)describethepictureandinterpretitsmeaning,and2)giveyourcommentonthephenomenon.Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)

AnAmericangirlintraditionalChinesecostume（服装）第三讲听力能力的提高

It'sapleasant73degreeshere.Forthoseofyoutravelingtomorrow,hereisaquicklookattheweatherforcitiesaroundtheworld.InAmsterdam,itshouldbecleartomorrowwithahightof82andalowof70.Athensisalsoexpectedtobeclearwithahighof80andalowof70.Bankokwillbecloudywithahighof90andalowof75.WealsoexpectBeijingtobecloudywithahighofonly56.Atnightthetemperaturewillgodownto48.ItwillalsoraininCairobutmuchwarmerwithahighof93andalowof73.Dublinwillbecloudy,Asitoftenisatthistimeoftheyear,withahightof75andalowof55.Istan