世界银行-地热能：揭示社会经济效益（英）

REPORTGEOTHERMALENERGYUnveiling

the

SocioeconomicBenefitsThefindings,interpretations,andconclusionsexpressedinthisworkdonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsoftheWorldBank,itsBoardofExecutiveDirectors,orthegovernmentstheyrepresent.TheWorldBankdoesnotguaranteetheaccuracyofthedataincludedinthiswork.Theboundaries,colors,denominations,andotherinformationshownonanymapinthisworkdonotimplyanyjudgmentonthepartoftheWorldBankconcerningthelegalstatusofanyterritoryortheendorsementoracceptanceofsuchboundaries.NothinghereinshallconstituteorbeconsideredtobealimitationuponorwaiveroftheprivilegesandimmunitiesofTheWorldBank,allofwhicharespecificallyreserved.©2023InternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment/TheWorldBank1818HStreetNW|WashingtonDC20433202-473-1000|RightsandPermissionsThisworkisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution3.0IGOlicense(CCBY3.0IGO)/

licenses/by/3.0/igo.UndertheCreativeCommonsAttributionlicense,youarefreetocopy,distribute,transmit,andadaptthiswork,includingforcommercialpurposes,underthefollowingconditions:Attribution—Pleasecitetheworkasfollows:“EnergySectorManagementAssistanceProgram(ESMAP).2023.GeothermalEnergy:UnveilingtheSocioeconomicBenefits.Washington,DC:WorldBank.”Translations—Ifyoucreateatranslationofthiswork,pleaseaddthefollowingdisclaimeralongwiththeattribution:ThistranslationwasnotcreatedbyTheWorldBankandshouldnotbeconsideredanofficialWorldBanktranslation.TheWorldBankshallnotbeliableforanycontentorerrorinthistranslation.Adaptations—Ifyoucreateanadaptationofthiswork,pleaseaddthefollowingdisclaimeralongwiththeattribution:ThisisanadaptationofanoriginalworkbyTheWorldBank.ViewsandopinionsexpressedintheadaptationarethesoleresponsibilityoftheauthororauthorsoftheadaptationandarenotendorsedbyTheWorldBank.Third-partycontent—TheWorldBankdoesnotnecessarilyowneachcomponentofthecontentcontainedwithinthework.TheWorldBankthereforedoesnotwarrantthattheuseofanythirdparty-ownedindividualcomponentorpartcontainedintheworkwillnotinfringeontherightsofthosethirdparties.Theriskofclaimsresultingfromsuchinfringementrestssolelywithyou.Ifyouwishtore-useacomponentofthework,itisyourresponsibilitytodeterminewhetherpermissionisneededforthatre-useandtoobtainpermissionfromthecopyrightowner.Examplesofcomponentscaninclude,butarenotlimitedto,tables,figures,orimages.AllqueriesonrightsandlicensesshouldbeaddressedtoWorldBankPublications,TheWorldBank,1818HStreetNW,Washington,DC20433,USA;e-mail:pubrights@.Design:SergioMoreno,GCS,WorldBankCoverphoto:SupremeEnergyGEOTHERMALENERGYUnveiling

theSocioeconomicBenefitsTable

of

ContentsABBREVIATIONSVIIIIXXI1ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSEXECUTIVE

SUMMARYONE

INTRODUCTIONUnderstandingtheSocioeconomicBenefitsofGeothermalProjectDevelopment

.............................

7TWO

THE

GEOTHERMALVALUE

CHAIN

12DomesticParticipationInTheGeothermalValueChain

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13AnEnablingEnvironmentfortheGeothermalValueChain

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21THREE

GEOTHERMALJOBS

AND

SKILLS30Laborrequirementsalongthegeothermalvaluechain

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36Assessingandrespondingtoskillneeds

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49Geothermaleducationandtraining

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53Encouragingtheprivatesectortocreatedomesticemploymentopportunities

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61FOUR

ENSURING

THAT

GEOTHERMAL

PROJECTS’

SOCIOECONOMIC

BENEFITS

ARE

FELT

BYLOCAL

COMMUNITIES62Lessonsinbenefitsharing

............................................................................

68FIVE

CONCLUSIONREFERENCESANNEXES889299Annex1.Roleofthepublicandprivatesectorsingeothermalprojectdevelopment

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99Annex2.Methodology...............................................................................102PHOTO

CREDITS106TABLESTable2.1Table2.2Localizationpotentialforservicesalongthegeothermalvaluechain

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19Waystoencouragedomesticparticipationinthegeothermalvaluechain.

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26TableB2.4.1

LocalcontentrequirementsforgeothermalprojectsinIndonesia

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27Table3.1Table3.2Table3.3Table4.1Table4.2Table4.3Table4.4Jobcategoriescreatedthroughgeothermalprojectdevelopmentandoperation

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35Women’sshareofworkforceinselectdirectuseprojects.

....................................40Encouragingtheprivatesectortoupskillandemploythedomesticworkforce

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61Keywaysthatdeveloperscaninformandengagelocalcommunities...........................

75Skillandcapacityenhancementefforts,byshareofdeveloperssurveyed.

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80Specificexamplesofdevelopers’trainingandskillbuildingactivities

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81Examplesofrevenuesharingapproaches

..................................................85FIGURESFigure1.1Figure1.2Figure1.3Figure2.1Figure2.1Figure2.2Examplesofdirectusesofgeothermalenergy

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3Economicandsocialbenefitstobeexpectedfromgeothermalprojects

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10Socioeconomiccategories

...............................................................

11Thegeothermalvaluechainanditslife-cyclecosts,bysegmentshare

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14Thegeothermalvaluechainanditslife-cyclecosts,bysegmentshare

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15Shareofdevelopersfindingitdifficulttoprocuredomesticgoods/services,byvaluechainsegment.

.........................................................................

20Figure2.3Figure2.4Figure3.1Figure3.2Figure3.3StructureofthegeothermalprizeoftheUSDepartmentofEnergy

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23Competitivebiddingprocessandkeydocuments

...........................................26Geothermaljobsalongthevaluechainbyskilllevel(jobcategories1–5)

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34Shareofjobscreatedalongthegeothermalvaluechain,bysegment(%)

.......................

35Shareofsurveyeddevelopersthathavefounditdifficulttorecruithighlyskilledtalentinprojectcountries(%).

............................................................42Figure4.1Figure4.2Figure4.3Figure4.4Figure4.5Developinggeothermalenergy:Amodelforthesociallicensetooperate(SLO).

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65Benefitsharingactivitiesalongthevaluechain

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68Percentageofdeveloperscreatingacommunitydevelopmentplan

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75Percentageofdeveloperssupportinglocalinfrastructuredevelopment

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80Percentageofdevelopersthatsharerevenuewithcommunities...............................

84BOXESBox1.1Box1.2Box1.3Box2.1Box2.2Box2.3Box2.4Box3.1Box3.2Box3.3Box3.4Box3.5Box3.6Box3.7Box3.8Box3.9Box3.10Box3.11Box4.1Box4.2Box4.3Box4.4Box4.5Box4.6Box4.7Iceland:Creatingvaluebeyondelectricitygeneration

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4Global:Atransparentregulatoryframeworkcanattractinvestmentandmaximizebenefits

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6Kenya:Economicgrowthanddiversificationresultingfromageothermalpark

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8Locatingthemanufactureofgeothermalequipment.........................................

16Iceland:Developingdomesticmaintenancecapacity

.........................................17Türkiye:Financingthegrowthofgeothermalgreenhouses....................................

24TürkiyeandIndonesia:Encouragingdomesticprocurement

..................................27Türkiye:Gettingmenonboardtoadvocateforgenderequality

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32EastAfrica:Skillshortagesforgeothermaldevelopment......................................

41Indonesia:Investinginhumanresourcedevelopment........................................

43ElSalvador:LaGEO—takingactiontoimprovetheshareoffemaleemployment

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46NewZealandandIceland:Spotlightonthegenderpaygap

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47TheGeothermalJobsandEconomicDevelopmentImpactmodel

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50Skillsynergiesbetweenthegeothermalandoilandgassectors

...............................

52EastAfrica:Aregionalapproachtotechnicalandvocationaleducationandtraining

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55Iceland:TheGeothermalTrainingProgram—buildingexpertiseindevelopingcountries

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56NewZealand:EncouragingMāoriyouthtopursuecareersingeothermalenergy

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59UnitedStatesofAmerica:Encouragingstudentstoenterthegeothermalsector

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60NewZealand:Theneedtorespectandunderstandlocalcultures,religiousbeliefs,andpractices..64Japan:Creatingnewrevenuestreamsforruralcommunities.

.................................66Kenya:Integratinggenderequalityandsocialinclusionprovisionswithinnationalpolicies

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70Indonesia:SocialmappingonMountUngaran

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71St.Lucia:Providingtransparentinformation,andbuildingtrustinplaceoflocalresistance........72KenyaandNewZealand:Sharingbestpracticesacrossnationallines

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74Philippines:Fromreliancetoempowerment—theevolutionofacorporatesocialresponsibilitystrategy

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78Box4.8Box4.9Box4.10Kenya:Championingyouthempowermentandemployment..................................

83EuropeanUnion:Spurringcommunityinvestmentingeothermalprojects

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86PhilippinesandEthiopia:Outcomesofprogrammonitoringandevaluation.

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87AbbreviationsCAPEXCSRcapitalexpenditurecorporatesocialresponsibilityEnergyDevelopmentCorporationengineering,procurement,andconstructionEnvironmentalandSocialImpactAssessmentEnergySectorManagementAssistanceProgramGeothermalDevelopmentCompanyGeoDipaEnergiEDCEPCESIAESMAPGDCGDEGDPgrossdomesticproductCentreforCapacityDevelopment,Sustainability,andSocietalChange’sGeothermalTrainingProgramGRÓ

GTPILOInternationalLabourOrganizationInternationalRenewableEnergyAgencymegawattIRENAMWNRELO&MRfPNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratoryoperationandmaintenancerequestforproposalsSMEsSTEMTVETUNEPUS

DOEWINGsmallandmediumenterprisesscience,technology,engineering,andmathematicstechnicalandvocationaleducationandtrainingUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammeUnitedStatesDepartmentofEnergyWomeninGeothermalAllcurrencyisinUnitedStatesdollars(US$,USD),unlessotherwiseindicated.AcknowledgementsThisreportispublishedbytheWorldBank’sEnergySectorManagementAssistanceProgram(ESMAP).ItspreparationwasoverseenbyateamofWorldBankstaffatESMAP,ledbyElinHallgrimsdottirandAndersPedersen(seniorenergyspecialists);thereportwaswrittenbyStephaniePinningtonandKavitaRai(consultants).TheWorldBankteambehindthereportwouldliketoexpressourgratitudetothewiderangeofstakeholderswhoprovidedinputsbycompletingasurveyortakingthetimetomeetwithustosharetheirexperiencesandviewsonthesocioeconomicbenefitsofgeothermal.Wewouldliketothank:AlperBaba(IzmirInstituteofTechnology);AzraSehicPálsson(IndependentConsultant);DiegoMorata,SofiaVargas-Payera,andEstebanMicco(AndeanGeothermalCentreofExcellence);AngelFernandoMonrayParada(SeniorGeothermalConsultant,WorldBank);BaseloadCapital;BryantJones(BoiseStateUniversity);Enel;Energeo;EnergyDevelopmentCorporation;AmelBarich(GEORGGeothermalResearchCluster);CarlosJorquera(GeothermalCouncilofChile);GeothermalDevelopmentCompany,GeothermalVillagesNetwork(HelenRobinson),GioiaFalcone(UniversityofGlasgow),GovernmentofSt.Lucia,GRÓGeothermalTrainingProgramme(GudniAxelsson);GudmundurHagalinGudmundsson,HélènePfeil(SocialDevelopmentConsultant,WorldBank),IndonesianGeothermalAssociation(PriyandaruEffendi),InstitutoCostarricensedeElectricidad(ICE),InstitutoNacionalDeElectrificación(INDE),Inter-AmericanDevelopmentBank(MichelleRamirez),InternationalGeothermalAssociation(MaritBrommer),InternationalRenewableEnergyAgency(JackKiruja),JacksonGrimes(UniversityofTexas),JasminRaymond(InstitutNationaldelaRecherche),JóhannJónasson,KatarzynaKurek(CzechUniversityofLifeSciencesPrague),KenyaElectricityGeneratingCompany(KenGen),LaGEO,Landsvirkjun,LucaGuglielmetti(UniversityofGeneva),MexicanCenterforInnovationinGeothermalEnergy(HéctorMiguelAviñaJiménez),MexicanGeothermalAssociation(HeberDiezLeon),NationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory(CaitySmith),Ormat,OserianDevelopmentCompanyLimited,Pertamina,PolarisEnergy,PTGeoDipaEnergi(Persero),PTSupremeEnergy,ReykjavikEnergy,SarullaOperationsLimited,ServicesIndustrielsdeGenève;AndrewPalmateer(UnitedStatesEnergyAssociation);Upflow;FikhaFininda(WomeninGeothermalIndonesia);WomeninGeothermal,(Andrea‘Andy’Blair),MeganMeyer,MuchsinChasaniAbdulQadir,LucBeraniaDiazRios,ErikaRuthFelix,MichaelFriss(WorldBank),YrsaSigurðardóttir(Verkís)and,ZorluEnerji.AninternalpeerreviewwasdiligentlycarriedoutbyJoeriDeWit(SeniorEconomist),MarianoGonzalezSerrano(SeniorEnergySpecialist),andSanjayAgarwal(SeniorSocialDevelopmentSpecialist).Inaddition,EbruDemirAykan(SocialDevelopmentSpecialist)providedfeedback.Wethankthemfortheirtimeandvaluablefeedback.TheteamextendstheirappreciationtoGabrielaElizondoAzuela(PracticeManager,ESMAP/WorldBank)forherguidanceandsupportthroughoutthedevelopmentofthereport.TheEnergySectorManagementAssistanceProgram(ESMAP)isapartnershipbetweentheWorldBankand24partnerstohelplow-andmiddle-incomecountriesreducepovertyandboostgrowththroughsustainableenergysolutions.ESMAP’sanalyticalandadvisoryservicesarefullyintegratedwithintheWorldBank’scountryfinancingandpolicydialogueintheenergysector.ThroughtheWorldBank,ESMAPworkstoacceleratetheenergytransitionrequiredtoachieveSustainableDevelopmentGoal7toensureaccesstoaffordable,reliable,sustainable,andmodernenergyforall.IthelpstoshapeWorldBankstrategiesandprogramstoachievetheWorldBankClimateChangeActionPlantargets.Learnmoreat:Editors:

StevenSpencerandFayreMakeigDesign:

SergioAndresMoreno/WorldBankKey

FindingsThisreporthighlightsthesocioeconomiccontributionsofthegeothermalsector,includingthepotentialopportunitiesandbenefitsthatcanbeenhancedatnationalandlocallevelsthroughoutgeothermalprojects’developmentandoperation.Keylessonsandbestpracticesareoutlinedinthereportandshowcasedacross27casestudieswiththeintentthatgovernmentsanddevelopersalikecanlearnandreplicatebestpracticestogeneratepositivesocioeconomicoutcomes.Thereportexaminessocioeconomicbenefitsacrossfourcategories,derivedfromtheWorldBank’sSustainableRenewablesRiskMitigationInitiative.Keyfindingsandrecommendationsare:1.

Participationof

domestic

companiesinthegeothermalvaluechain•••Thereissubstantialroomforlocalizationeffortsparticularlyintheconstruction,andoperationandmaintenance(O&M)segmentsofthegeothermalvaluechain.Conductavaluechainanalysistoidentifypossibleareasfordomesticcompanies’participation.Tailoredsupportprogramstoaddressspecificneedsandchallengesfacedbylocalcompaniesareneeded.Identifygapsanddesignprogramstonurturethedomesticandlocalgeothermalindustry’scapabilitiesoverthelongterm.Governmentsareusingprojectprocurementtoencouragelocalizationalongthegeothermalvaluechain.Incentivesfordeveloperstodomesticallysourcespecificcomponentsandserviceshaveeffectivelynurturedthegrowthofdomesticcompanies.However,thereneedstobeabalancetomaintainprojects’cost-effectiveness.••Industryclustersandassociationsplayanimportantroletoboostthedomesticindustry’scapacitiesthroughfacilitationoftraining,networkingopportunities,promotionoftechnologytransfer,andcollaborativeresearchanddevelopment.Collaborationbetweengovernmentagenciesandindustrystakeholdersareessentialtoalignpolicies,initiatives,andinvestmentswiththegoalofstrengtheningthedomesticgeothermalindustry.2.

Geothermalemployment

and

skilldevelopment•Employmentandskilldevelopmentarevitalcomponentsofthegeothermalsector’sgrowth.Regardingjobcreation,bothconstructionandO&Mholdsubstantialpotentialandtheseopportunitiesneedstoberecognizedandharnessed.•Thegeothermalsectorfacesskillshortageswithgapsprevalentamonghigh-skilledpositionsandtoalesserextentamongmedium-skilledroles,whereaslow-skilledrolesfacefewerrecruitmentchallenges.Mitigatingskillshortagescanbepossiblebyreskillingtalentfromdecliningindustries,collaborationwitheducationalinstitutionsforgeothermalcurriculaandspecializedtrainingprograms,andincentivizationofdeveloperstoofferon-the-jobtraining.•Often,developershireindividualswithoutpriorexperienceinthegeothermalindustryandprovidethenecessaryeducationandon-the-jobtraining,throughformalprogramsorinformalpeerlearning.Addressingskillshortagescaninvolvesendingindividualstoestablishedgeothermalmarketsfortraining.••Expansionofthegeothermalworkforcerequiresbettercommunicationabouteducationalopportunitiesthroughstudentcompetitions,mentorshipprograms,internship,andapprenticeship.Fosteringpartnershipbetweengovernmentagencies,educationalinstitutions,andprivatecompaniesforjointinvestmentinskilldevelopmentprogramsisessential,andtoensurethatappropriatetrainingandeducationaligntheworkforcewiththeindustry’sneeds.3.

Local

development

and

benefit

sharing•Theneedforcommunityengagementgoesbeyondamereformality—itisintegraltothedevelopmentprocess.Securingasociallicensetooperateisnonnegotiableforgeothermaldevelopers.•Itisimportanttorecognizethattheinvestmentsincommunityengagementhaslong-termbenefits,preventsdelaysandlegalissues.Transparentinformationandcomprehensiveconsultationsarekeyforeffectivebenefitsharing.••Benefitsharingisbroadlygroupedintothreekeycategories:i)Infrastructureandserviceenhancementdirectlycontributingtocommunitywell-being;ii)Communityskillandcapabilityenhancement;andiii)Revenue/ownershipsharingarrangementsandmechanisms.Aligninglocalcommunities’needswithgovernmentprioritiestofacilitatethecreationofbenefitsharingprogramscontributetowardscommunityanddevelopmentgoals.4.

Gender

equalityand

socialinclusionareaddressed

throughanintersectionallens.•Tofosterdiversityandinclusion,severalgovernmentsemployprojectprocurementtoincentivizetherecruitmentofdomesticorlocallabor,whereasotherssettargetsforwomen’sworkforceparticipation.••Directuseprojectscangenerategreateremploymentopportunitiesforwomen,youth,andmarginalizedgroups,promotingsocialinclusion.Prioritizationofgender-sensitivebenefitsharingplansthatrespectlocalculturalnormsandaddressingpotentialsensitivitiesrelatedtofemaleemploymentareneeded,includingcommitmenttoequitablebenefitdistributionamongcommunitymembers,consideringfactorssuchasage,race,andability.Whileconsideringtherecommendationsofferedinthisreport,policymakersandpractitionerswoulddowelltokeepinmindthateachcountryhasitsownuniquecircumstancesthatcallforcustomizedapproaches.ExecutivesummaryCreatingValueBeyondElectricityGenerationThisreporthighlightsthesocioeconomiccontributionsofthegeothermalsector,includingthepotentialopportunitiesandbenefitsthatcanbeenhancedatnationalandlocallevelsthroughoutgeothermalprojects’developmentandoperation.Thereportwaspreparedusingqualitativedatafromover40stakeholdersinthegeothermalindustry,includinggovernments,industryassociations,academia,publicandprivatesectordevelopers,andtechnicalexperts.Quantitativedatawerecollectedfromasurveyof15geothermaldevelopersaroundtheworld.Keylessonsandbestpracticesareoutlinedinthetextandalsoshowcasedacross27casestudies.ThisreportisintendedasacomplementtotheWorldBank(2022b)handbook“ASurePathtoSustainableRenewableEnergy:MaximizingSocioeconomicBenefitsTriggeredbyRenewables,”whichprovidesstep-by-stepguidanceforgovernmentsondesigningrenewableenergyprogramsthatgeneratewidersocietalbenefitsbeyondcleanpowergeneration.Asthehandbookwaslargelytechnologyagnostic,thisreportwasdevelopedtoprovidefurther,in-depthanalysisofthesocioeconomicbenefitsthatcanaccompanygeothermaldevelopmentandoperation.Theintentisthatgovernmentsanddevelopersalikecanlearnfromtheexamplesandcasestudiesfeatured,andreplicatebestpracticestogeneratepositivesocioeconomicoutcomes.Thereportexaminesbenefitsacrossfourcategories,derivedfromtheWorldBank’sSustainableRenewablesRiskMitigationInitiative:••••ParticipationofdomesticcompaniesinthegeothermalvaluechainGeothermalemploymentandskilldevelopmentLocaldevelopmentandbenefitsharingGenderequalityandsocialinclusionThefollowingsectionoutlineskeyfindingsandbestpracticesacrossthesefourcategories.Genderequalityandsocialinclusionareaddressedthroughanintersectionallens.Whenconsideringtherecommendationsofferedinthisreport,policymakersandpractitionerswoulddowelltokeepinmindthateachcountryhasitsownuniquecircumstancesthatcallforcustomizedapproaches.Itisworthclarifyingthatthisreportfocusesonbenefitsthatextendbeyondtheriskmitigationrequirementsofenvironmentalandsocialsafeguardframeworks.Thereportdoesnotexplorewidersectoraladvantages,suchasthesocietalandeconomicbenefitsofgreaterenergysecurityandreducedgreenhousegasemissions—importantbenefitsacrossallrenewableenergytechnologies.Instead,itsexaminationofsocioeconomicbenefitscentersonwhatcanbeinfluenced—and,importantly,enhanced—duringprojectdevelopmentandoperation.GEOTHERMAL

ENERGY:UNVEILINGTHESOCIOECONOMIC

BENEFITSxiiiTheGeothermalValueChain:GeneratingSocioeconomicBenefitsDomesticcompanies’participationinthegeothermalvaluechainholdssignificantpotentialforenhancingthesocioeconomicbenefitstiedtothedevelopmentandoperationofgeothermalprojects.Acomprehensiveunderstandingofthegeothermalvaluechainisessentialinidentifyingareasripeformaximizingthesebenefits.Theavailabilityofdomesticresourcesintheproject’shostcountry(specifically,ofgoods,services,andlabor)couldbeleveragedtolocalizevariousactivitiesacrossthevaluechain.Thiswillenhancevalueadditionandboostthecountry’sgrossdomesticproduct.Identifyinggapsindomesticallyaccessibleresourcesoffersopportunitiestodesignprogramsthatnurturethedomesticgeothermalindustry’scapabilitiesoverthelongterm.Thisstrategicapproachcouldhelpcapturemoreaddedvalue.Notably,thereissubstantialroomforlocalizationeffortsintheconstruction,andoperationandmaintenance(O&M)segmentsofthegeothermalvaluechain.Thisremainstrueevenwheninternationalcorporationsareinvolved,sincesegmentsofworkcanstillbeoutsourcedtolocalentitiesorlaborforces.Wh