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Globalchampions
foradvancing
renewableenergy
innovation
andmanufacturing4thInternationalConference
&Exhibitionon'AatmaNirbhar
Bharatfor
Clean
Energy
Transition’E
nEtnetre
r>
>
>We
acknowledgecontributions
fromSomeshKumarShuboday
GantaSaiteja
JupudiPartner
&Leader
–Power&UtilitiesDirector
–
Power&UtilitiesStrategy
and
Transactions
(SaT)EYIndiaSenior
AssociateGPSStrategy
and
Transactions
(SaT)EYIndiaEYIndiaChandrajit
BanerjeeDirector
GeneralConfederation
ofIndian
IndustryWe
acknowledge
contributionsoneditanddesignfromVikram
D
ChoudhuryAshish
GeorgeKuttickalAssociateDirector
-Brand,
Market&CommunicationsEYIndiaAssociateDirector
-Brand,
Market&CommunicationsEYIndiaShweta
SharmaJasmeetJoshiManager
-Brand,
Marketing
and
CommunicationsEYIndiaAssociate-Brand,
Market
&CommunicationsEYIndiaForewordCIIAatmaNirbharta
inrenewable
energy
technologysupply
chainsisvital
toadvancethesecurity,sustainability
andaffordability
ofIndia’s
energy
transitiongoals.The
strategy
forself-reliance
mustfoster
R&Dincleanenergy
technologiestodevelopindigenoussolutions,encouragecollaborations
between
government,
industry,
andacademic
institutions
tofoster
innovation,
andcultivateastableandpredictablepolicyenvironment
thatencouragesinvestments
incleanenergy.
Itmustdevelop
transportation
andlogisticsinfrastructuretosupportsupply
chains,promoteexport-orientedincentivesforsustainedaccess
toglobal
markets,andstrengthen
criticalmineralsandrawmaterialsupply
chains.Promotingrecycling
to
ensure
acirculareconomyforsteadysupplyof
necessary
rawmaterials,building
a
skilledworkforce
incleanenergy
sectors
andcreating
financial
instrumentstode-riskinvestments
willbecritical.Thisreport
includes
valuable
insightsfromIndustrymembers
inthecontext
of
India’s
energy
transitioninvestmentopportunities
andevolving
policyecosystem
to
advancerenewable
energy
innovation
andmanufacturing.
The
EnergyTransitionInvestment
Monitor
isacollaborativeplatform
forinvestorstoidentifyand
trackenergy
transitioninvestments
fromconcepttocommissioning.WeappreciatethesupportfromEY,ourknowledgepartnerforthisconference,
andthevaluable
insightsfromGovernment
andIndustrystakeholdersinshaping
thisreport.ChandrajitBanerjeeDirectorGeneralConfederation
ofIndian
Industry123456784Globalchampionsforadvancingrenewable
energy
innovation
and
manufacturingEYIndia’s
energy
transition
isgaining
momentum
withpotential
to
emerge
asaglobal
champion
for
advancingrenewableenergyinnovation
and
manufacturing.
The
ongoing
transition
to
renewableenergysources
likewind,solar,
hydro,
biofuels
etc.
requiresavast
array
of
technologies
and
equipment
to
produce,
store,
transform
anddeliverenergy
for
various
end-use
applications.
These
technologies
are
composed
of
innovative
materials
andcomponents,
some
of
which
arecurrently
sourced
from
specific
regions
subject
to
vulnerabilities.
Building
localmanufacturing
capacities
can
help
reduce
dependence
on
imports
and
build
supply
chain
resilience
for
India
andrestof
the
world.
Most
importantly,
AatmaNirbhar
innovation
and
manufacturing
willhelp
bridge
thesustainability-affordability
gap
for
mass
adoption
of
renewableenergy
technologies.This
report
sheds
light
on
the
demand
and
supply
chain
dynamics
of
renewableenergy
technologies,government
initiatives
and
policy
interventions
for
building
further
momentum.
The
EnergyTransitionInvestment
Monitor
is
acollaborative
platform
for
global
investors
to
identify
and
trackenergy
transitioninvestments
from
concept
to
commissioning.Weappreciate
the
valuable
insights
and
cooperation
from
CII,Government
and
Industry
stakeholders
inshapingthis
report.Somesh
KumarPartner
&Leader
–Power&UtilitiesGPSEYIndiaSection
1Section
2Section
3Section
4India’senergytransitionjourney
andsupplychaindynamicsExecutivesummaryBuildingsupplychain
resiliencefor
solar
PVcells,
modulesandancillariesStrengtheningthe
windturbinemanufacturingecosystem
inIndia
for
exportsSection
5Section
6Section
7Section
8Domestic
valueadditioninadvancedchemistry
cell(ACC)batterymanufacturingGreenhydrogenandelectrolysermanufacturingecosystem
fordomesticproductionandexportsBiofuels
andcirculareconomypathways
forenergy
securityCorporaterenewableenergyprocurementmarketinIndia123456786Globalchampionsforadvancingrenewable
energy
innovation
and
manufacturingAcronymsACCALMMAPACBCDBESSBPLAdvanced
ChemistryCellApproved
ListofModule
ManufacturersAsiaPacificGSTGoods&Services
TaxMNRE
Ministry
ofNew&Renewable
EnergyMTMillion
TonsGUVNL
GujaratUrjaVikasNigam
LimitedMtoeMWMillion
TonOilEquivalentMega
WattGWGiga
WattBasicCustomsDutyGWECIEAGlobalWind
Energy
CouncilInternational
Energy
AgencyMWhNDCMega
WatthourBatteryEnergy
StorageSystemsBelowPoverty
LineNationallyDetermined
ContributionsIndia
Infrastructure
Finance
CorporationLimitedIIFCLINRNIWE
NationalInstitute
ofWind
EnergyNTPC
NationalThermal
PowerCorporationBUBillionkWhIndian
RupeeC&ICommercial
&IndustrialCompounded
Annual
GrowthRateCentral
Electricity
AuthorityOEMPEMPFCPLIOriginal
Equipment
ManufacturerProton
Exchange
MembranePowerFinance
CorporationIntergovernmental
Panelon
ClimateChangeCAGRCEAIPCCIRAInflationReduction
ActDISCOM
Distribution
CompanyIndian
RenewableEnergy
DevelopmentAgencyProduction
Linked
IncentivePublic
Sector
UndertakingIREDAPSUPTCRECRPOSDSSECIEEZEIAEPSESSEUExclusiveEconomic
ZoneEnvironment
Impact
AssessmentElectric
PowerSurveyEnergy
StorageSystemEuropean
UnionISTSITCInter
StateTransmission
SystemInvestment
TaxCreditProduction
TaxCreditRuralElectrification
CorporationRenewablePowerPurchaseObligationSustainableDevelopment
ScenarioSolarEnergy
Corporation
ofIndiaKarnatakaRenewable
EnergyDevelopment
LimitedKREDLkWhKiloWattHourFCEVFDIFuelCellElectric
VehicleForeign
Direct
InvestmentFinancial
YearLATAM
Latin
AmericaSTEPS
Stated
PoliciesScenarioT&D
Transmission
&DistributionUNEP
United
NationsEnvironment
ProgramVGF
ViabilityGapFundingLCOELIBLevelizedCostofElectricityFYLithiumIon
BatteryMiddle
EastGDPGrossDomestic
ProductMEExecutive
summaryIndia's
energy
transition
holds
potential
to
become
a
global
champion
foradvancing
renewable
energy
innovation
and
manufacturing►
During
the26th
session
oftheConference
oftheParties(COP26)
tothe►
500GWofnon-fossil
energycapacityby203050%ofenergyrequirementfrom
renewable
sources
by2030United
NationsFramework
Convention
on
ClimateChange
(UNFCCC),
Indiaexpresseditscommitment
tointensifyclimate
action
bypresenting
fivekeystrategic
elements,
referredtoasthe"Panchamrit,".
India’sclimate
actions,despite
having
lowGHGper
capita,
willbe
anexample
fortheworldtoraisetheirclimate
ambitions.►►
Onebilliontonsofprojectedcarbon
emissionsreduction
by
2030►►45%reduction
incarbon
intensityoftheeconomyby
2030►
Theprincipal
driver
and
enabler
forIndia’s
net
zeroemissionsgoalisreducing
dependence
on
imports
and
building
supplychain
resilience.
Thegovernment
hasput
policiesin
place
toencourage
thedemand
and
supplyofenergy
transition
technologies
invarioussectors.Netzeroemissions
by
2070►
Theecosystemforgovernment
support
toglobalinvestors
in
India’senergytransition
markets
and
domestic
supplychains
include
but
not
limited
todemand
sideincentives,
production
linked
incentives
(PLI),purchaseobligations
and
bidding
trajectory
forcompetitive
procurement,
de-riskinginstruments,
offtake
guarantees
and
minimum
pricing,
demand
aggregationand
centralized
procurement,
domestic
valueaddition
and
contentregulations,
green
energy
open
accessrules,taxwaiversand
exemptions,single
windowsystems,land
pooling
and
allocationforprojects,infrastructure
development,
harmonization
with
international
standards,CAPEX
subsidies,concessional
financing,
public
funding
forskilling,
R&D
andtechnological
advancements,
labormarket
reforms,etc.►
Thetotalpipeline
fordomestic
energy
transition
investments
includingsupply
chain
innovation
and
manufacturing,
isabout
US$240
billion
in
thepresent
scenario.
India
hasthepotential
toplayapivotal
rolein
achievingglobal
supply-chain
resilienceforrenewable
energy
technologies
and
criticalcomponents.
Over
thepast
few
years,India
hasincreasingly
positioned
itselfasan
alternative
global
hub
forrenewableenergy
innovation,manufacturing,
servicesand
trade
fortheworld.For
India
torealizeitsfullpotential
in
achieving
global
supply-chain
resilience,itmust
addressdemandsidechallenges
including
affordability,striveformaximum
domestic
valueaddition
and
improve
competitiveness
ofsupply
chainsforserving
globalmarkets,fixinconsistent
policy
and
regulatory
environments
and
accelerateinfrastructure
building.
Withappropriate
measures,India
can
indeed
serveasacornerstone
foramore
resilientglobal
supplychain.Sources:EY
analysis123456789Globalchampionsforadvancingrenewable
energy
innovation
and
manufacturingEnergy
transition
investment
pipeline
and
enablers
for
advancing
supply
chainresilienceUtility
scale
RE
power
generationEnergy
storage
systems243
GWh97
GWofpipelinecapacity72projectsINR
87,785275projectsINR
1.61lakh
crore
equityofpipelinecapacitycrore
equityINR
3.75lakh
crore
debt5,220
MTINR
2.04lakh
crore
debt2,106
MTavoided
CO
emissionsavoided
CO
emissions22Theme:
Distributed
RE
and
corporateopen
accessINR22,552•
Harmonized
adoption
ofgreen
energy
open
accessrulesatstatelevel198Projects16.0
GWofpipeline
capacity•
Long-term
predictability
and
consistency
ofopen
accesscharges•
Compliance
and
enforcement
ofRPOand
ESOon
obligated
entities•
Demand
aggregation
services
forRERTCsupply
toOA
consumers•
Predictable
grid
banking
regulationscrore
equityINR
52,622625
MTcrore
debtavoided
CO
emissions2Theme:
Green
hydrogen
and
Electrolysermanufacturing•
Nationalprogram
toincentivize/compensate
stateutilitiesforimplementing
annual
grid
banking
facility
forcaptiveopen
accessREpowersupply51Projects10
GW/Yearofelectrolysermanufacturing
capacity•
Blended
innovative
low-costfinancing
instruments•
Promote
export-oriented
incentivesINR
7.96Lakhcrore
investment10.17
MTGreen
H2/Ammonia
production
per
year•
Setting
upsharedcommon
desalination
facilities
inemerging
green
hydrogen
clusters•
Boostavailability
of
skilledworkersand
professionalsSources:EY
analysis1234567810Globalchampionsforadvancingrenewable
energy
innovation
and
manufacturingTheme:
ACC
Battery
manufacturing•
Graduallyincrease
domestic
content
requirements
forincentives
in
mobility
and
stationarygrid
applications
withatime-bound
mandate.2796,700
MWh/YearProjectsProduction
Capacity•
Expedite
mining
and
exploration
activities
ofcritical
mineralsusedin
ACCbatteries•
Uniform
GST@5%
application
on
allACC
batteriesusedinmobility
and
grid
storage
applications
with
renewableenergyINR
87,400crore
investment•
Production
linked
incentives
foractive
materialextraction
fromrecycled
ACCbatteries•
Boostavailability
of
skilledworkersand
professionalsTheme:
Bio-fuels60640+
Tons/DayCompressed
BiogasprojectsProduction
Capacity•
Promote
biomassaggregation
and
storage•
Blending
mandatesINR
4,464crore
investment•
Creation
ofamarket
ecosystemforbio
manure
and
promotionofFOM28,500+
KiloLitres/Day217•
Production
linked
incentives•
Establish
feedstockpricing
mechanismEthanolproduction
projectsProduction
CapacityINR
36,081crore
investmentSources:EY
analysis1234567811Globalchampionsforadvancingrenewable
energy
innovation
and
manufacturingTheme:
Solar
PV
module
and
wind
turbine
manufacturing•
Production
linked
incentives
forsolarPVmodule
and
systemancillariesmanufacturing•
Policyconsistency
and
predictability
forALMM
implementation•
Blended
innovative
low-costfinancing
instruments•
Promote
export-oriented
incentives88
GW/Year
68
GW/Year33ProjectsSolarmoduleSolarcellpipeline
capacitypipeline
capacity•
Boostavailability
of
skilledprofessionals•
Uniform
GST@5%
applicable
on
allrenewableenergymanufacturing
equipment,
rawmaterialsand
ancillaries•
Accesstoround
theclockaffordableelectricity•
Promote
rawmaterial
supplychain
industry41
GW/yearWaferpipelinecapacity•
Production
linked
incentives
forwind
turbine
grade
ancillarymanufacturers
and
rareearthmineral
processingINR
1.24lakh
crore
investment•
Strengthening
transportation
and
logisticsforwind
turbineinstallations•
Setting
upsharedtesting
facilities
forwindturbine
components
inPPPmodeSources:EY
analysis1234567812Globalchampionsforadvancingrenewable
energy
innovation
and
manufacturingEnergy
Transition
Investment
MonitorAcollaborativeplatform
for
globalinvestors
to
identifyand
trackenergy
transitioninvestments
from
conceptto
commissioningEnergy
Transition
Investment
MonitorEYiscollaborating
with
theConfederation
ofIndian
Industry(CII)toenable
global
investors
toidentifyand
track
energytransition
investments
inthepipeline
(announced,
underbidding,
permitting,
construction,
etc.)
fromconcept
tocommissioning.
Theplatformtracksover
930
energy
transitioninvestment
opportunities
inthepipeline
with
tremendouspotential
foreconomic
development,
jobsand
ultimatelyTracks
about930projectsinthe
pipelinecontributing
towardsIndia’s
long–term
climate
action
goalsandenergy
securityobjectives.
Project
levelinformation
wasgathered
fromamixofprimary
and
secondary
researchtoolsincluding
awidevarietyofsourcesinthepublic
domain,consultations
with
project
developers,
OEMs,investorsetc.
(onasamplebasis)with
thesupport
fromaleading
marketresearchagency.
Proprietary
databaseswerealso
leveraged
toidentifythelong
listofinfrastructure
projects
inthepipeline.Theproject
pipeline
identified
havethedesired
potential
tocreate
social,environmental
and
economic
valuein
theimmediate
future.Thematiccoverageoflow-carboninvestmentopportunitiesin
pipelineRenewablepowergenerationSolarPVmodulemanufacturingLimitationsTheproject
pipeline
identified
inthisplatformand
analyzedinthereport
represents
justafraction
oftheoveralllowcarboninfrastructure
investment
under
development
in
India.
Theproject
pipeline
information
was
put
together
fromourassessmentoftheirstatusofdevelopment
untilMarch
2023.Thisisonly
afraction
ofalllowcarbon
infrastructure
projectsunder
development
in
India.
Itisimportant
tonote
thattheproject
pipeline
identified
in
thisreport
isillustrativeandshouldnot
be
read
asafull
policy/commercial
endorsement.EnergystorageBio-fuelsH2GreenhydrogenandderivativesACCbatterymanufacturingSources:EY
analysis1234567813Globalchampionsforadvancingrenewable
energy
innovation
and
manufacturingIndia’s
energy
transition
journeyand
supply
chain
dynamicsClean
energy
sources
witnessed
the
highest
growth
(CAGR)
ofcommercial
energy
production
in
the
last
decadeAs
per
Energy
StatisticsIndia
2023,
clean
energy
sources(Hydro,
Nuclear
and
otherRES)
witnessed
thehighestgrowth
(6.83%
CAGR)
incommercial
energyproduction
between
2012-13
and
2021-22.
Thetotalcommercial
energy
production
witnesseda2.62%
growth(CAGR)
during
thisperiod.
Coalenergyproduction
haswitnessedonlya3.8%
CAGR
growthduring
theperiod
and
accounted
for73%
oftotalcommercial
energy
production
in2021-22.
Cleanenergysources(Hydro,
Nuclearand
otherRES)contributed
to8.24%
oftotalcommercial
energy
production
in
2021-22.
Renewableenergy
sourcessuchassolar,windand
othersources(excluding
Hydro
and
Nuclear)
accounted
for11.51%
oftotalcommercial
energy
production
in2021-22.
India’scommercial
energyproduction
mixreflectsahigh
reliance
oncoaland
anincreasing
shareofclean,
sustainable,and
renewable
energy
sources.All
India
commercial
energy
production
in
Peta
JoulesShare
of
commercial
energy
production
in
FY-22(P)18,00016,00014,00012,00010,0008,0008%8%8%3%6,0004,00073%2,000-2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022(p)CoalLigniteCrudeOilNaturalGasElectricityCoalLigniteCrudeOilNaturalGasElectricitySource:Energy
StatisticsIndia,
MOSPI-20231234567815Globalchampionsforadvancingrenewable
energy
innovation
and
manufacturingThe
declining
energy
and
emissions
intensity
signals
a
growing
focus
on
shiftingtowards
cleaner
energy
sources►
As
per
theUN
EmissionsGapReport
2022,
India’sper
capita
emissionsat2.4All
India
GHG
Emission
Intensity
trends
(CO2/USD)tCO2earefar
belowtheworldaverage
of6.3
tCO2e.
Thedecreasing
trend
ofenergy
and
emissionsintensity
isatestament
tothegrowing
emphasison
cleanenergy
transition
forcommercial
production
and
end-use
in
allsectorsoftheeconomy.1.261.221.301.201.101.000.900.800.700.601.191.041.02►
TheIntergovernmental
Panelon
ClimateChange
(IPCC)estimated
thatstarting
in2020,
thetotalcarbon
budget
remaining,
fora50%
chance
oftemperature
risetoremain
below1.5
degrees
Celsius,as500
gigatons
CO2(IPCC2022).
At
thecurrent
annual
average
emissions0.950.81►rateof~50
GTobserved
during
2010-19
(IPCC2022),
thisbudget
willbeexhausted
before2030.
Global
emissionsmust
be
reduced
by
45%
by2030
anddecline
drasticallythereafter(UNEP
2022).
Globally,88
parties,
including
themajor
emitters,haveadopted
net
zerotargets,
covering
approximately
79%
ofglobal
GHG
emissions(UNEP
2022).
Emerging
economies
globally
willwitnessrising
energy
demand,
and
88%
oftheoverallglobal
growth
inelectricity
demandbetween
2019
and
2040
isexpected
tocome
fromtheseeconomies
asper
CEEW.1990199520002005201020152020All
India
Energy
Intensity
trends
(Mega
Joules/INR)0.280►
Thechallenge
tomeetIndia’s
rising
energy
demand
through
clean
energytransition
pathwaysthatensurereliability,affordability,sustainability,andsecurityofenergy
supply
isunprecedented.
Given
thattheclean
energy
transitionisexpected
tobe
driven
bymultiple
technology
pathwaysincluding
solar,wind,hydro,
nuclear,
energy
storage,
green
hydrogen,
biogas,and
ethanol,self-reliance(AatmaNirbharta)
inmanufacturing
and
innovation
of
clean
energy
technologies,equipment,
and
rawmaterialssupplychain
iscritical
forachieving
theabove
fourpillarsoffutureenergy
ecosystem.Most
importantly,
thegovernment
ofIndia’scommitment
toreduce
import
reliance
on
fossil
fuel
commodities
along
with
thefive-fold
(PANCHAMRIT)
climate
strategy
(seebelow)committed
inCOP26
willultimatelyhinge
onAatmaNirbharta
ofmanufacturing
and
innovation
forcriticalREtechnologies
and
rawmaterials.0.2800.2600.2400.2200.2000.2680.2650.2520.2400.2370.2340.2250.2250.222Source:IEA,
2021,
Energy
StatisticsIndia,MOSPI-202350%
ofenergy
requirementfromrenewablesourcesby2030Reduce
carbon
intensityofeconomy
tolessthan45%
by2030500
GWofnon-fossilenergy
capacity
by2030Reduce
CO2eemissionsby1billiontonstill2030Achieve
economy
widenetzeroemissionsby
20701234567816Globalchampionsforadvancingrenewable
energy
innovation
and
manufacturingPower
sector
will
continue
to
lead
the
energy
transition
through
2030,
with~64%
share
of
non-fossil
sources
in
all
India
installed
capacity
and
~44%
sharein
gross
power
generationGross
generation
in
FY-23
:
1624
billion
units13%Projected
source
wise
generation
in
FY-3022.70%10%3%1%54.50%8.50%0.40%8.70%3.80%73%1.40%Coal+LigniteGasNuclearHydroRESSolarWindOtherREHydroNuclearGasCoalInstalled
capacity
as
of
March-2023
in
GW
–
415
GWProjected
installed
capacity
in
GW
in
FY-30
–
777
GW2554519125.15252211.8529346.86.78151524.82100Hydro
SmallHydro
PSP
SolarPV
Wind
Biomass
Nuclear
Coal+Lignite
GasCoal+LigniteGasNuclearHydroRESSource:CEAPowerSectorDashboard
March2023,
OptimalEnergy
Mix
Report,
CEA20231234567817Globalchampionsforadvancingrenewable
energy
innovation
and
manufacturingPrivate
sector
investment
towards
innovation,
manufacturing
and
supply
chain
ofcritical
RE
technologies
and
raw
materials
will
further
unlock
energy
transitionpotentialIndia’s
ambitions
and
goalstoexpand
renewable
powergeneration,
energy
storage,Top
states
in
energy
transition
investment
(US$
million)electrification
ofhard-to-abate
sectors,green
hydrogen/ammonia,
ethanol,
biogas,etc.,
will
continue
tobe
driven
largely
by
private
sectorinvestments
in
theforeseeable
future.Moreimportantly,
private
sector
investments
towardsmanufacturing
and
innovation
ofcritical
REtechnologies,
equipment,
and
rawmaterialssupply
chainwilldetermine
thespeed
and
scaleofIndia’s
energytransition.OthersMaharashtraAndhra
PradeshRajasthan55,040India’s
robustdomestic
demand
outlookforREtechnologies,
policy
commitments,and
targets
along
withgrowing
consensusamong
G20
leadersforbuilding
resilientsupply
chains,servesthebestinterestsofprivate
sectorcompanies,
both
domesticand
international,
tocollaborate,
innovate
and
makein
India
fortheworld.19,144Total
pipeline
of
investments
(US$
million)26,32333,503Gujarat40,6826Karnataka64,612-20,00040,00060,00080,000Source:EY
Analysis1234567818Globalchampionsforadvancingrenewable
energy
innovation
and
manufacturingDemand
for
solar
and
wind
energy
generation
through
2030Demand
for
solar
PV
systems
through
2030
(MW)Demand
for
wind
power
generation
through
2030
(MW)Source:EY
analysisfromCEAoptimal
generationmix
20231234567819Globalchampionsforadvancingrenewable
energy
innovation
and
manufacturingDemand
for
BESS
technologies
through
2030Demand
for
battery
energy
storage
systems
through
2030
(MW)Demand
for
battery
energy
storage
systems
through
2030
(MWh)Source:EY
analysisfromCEAoptimal
generationmix
20231234567820Globalchampionsforadvancingrenewable
energy
innovation
and
manufacturingBuilding
supply
chain
resilience
forsolar
PV
cells,
modules
and
ancillariesCrystalline
silicon
PV
system
demand
and
value
chain
for
domestic
value
additionWafer-basedcrystallinesilicon
(c-Si)
currently
contributes
toover
95%
oftheDemand
for
solar
PV
systems
through
2030
(MW)market.
According
toCEEW,theproduction
ofpolysiliconand
wafers
isatechnically
complex
process
thatdemands
reliableand
continuous
electricity.Additionally,
thesemanufacturing
unitsarelarge
and
require
substantialcapitalforset-up
and
operation.
Hence,
thecostofcapital
becomes
an
essentialfactorforcompetitiveness,
resulting
in
significant
concentration
withintheindustry.Thenext
stepissolarcellmanufacturing,
whichencompasses
varioustypes
ofsolarcellswith
varying
efficiencies.Solar
PV
module
value
chain
and
main
consumablesSolar
gradeMg-SiQuartz,
lowashcoal,limestone,pre
bakedelectrodesetc.Ingot
pullingand
Dopingmaterial,argongas,diamondwire,wafer
slicingetc.CellNitrogen,oxygen,
ammonia
andsilane,silverand
aluminum
paste,
etc.manufacturingModuleassemblingBacksheet,encapsulant,
ribb
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