科技论文在英文写作中需要注意的几个问题

科技论文在英文写作中需要注意的几个问题

科技论文的主要内容结构Introduction〔最难写〕ModelandMethodologyResultsanddiscussionssubsectionConcludingRemarks逻辑EverystatedoesmakesenseFirstStatement,Inotherwords,Inaddition,furthermore,moreimportant连接词Inaddition,additional,Inparticular,particularlyWiththeaidsof,basedon,duetoSince(because),Thus,therefore,hence,Consequently,accordingly(NOTso)结构草稿〔单列双倍行距〕4页1页，发表〔双列单倍行距〕方法和例子：一篇文章？两篇文章方法一篇，例子一篇单例子和多例子：一篇文章？多篇文章验证方法，多个例子也可以作为一篇文章多种应用，可以一个例子一篇文章Introduction工作的应用背景前人的工作总结尚未解决的问题本文的主要目的Inrecentyears,nanocompositeshavegainedincreasingattentioninbothacademicandindustrialresearchwithdiverseapplications.Theoverallperformancesofthesematerialsaresuperiortothesimplesuperpositionofthepropertiesoftheirindividualconstituents[1–3].Inpolymer-basednanocomposites,apolymerregionaroundthenanoparticle,wherethematerialpropertiesdeviatefromthebulkbehavior,hasbeenconfirmedexperimentally[4–6].Thislocalregionisknownastheinterphaseandarisesfromintertwinedchemicalinteractionsandgeometricalconstraints.Howtocharacterizethematerialproperties,especiallymechanicalperformances,withintheinterphaseregionisofsignificanttheoretical,experimental,andindustrialinterest.Nanocompositesareclearlyspatiallyandmechanicallyinhomogeneousatnanometer-lengthscales.Similarheterogeneityhasalsobeenobservedinamorphousglassymaterials,whicharetraditionallytreatedasamechanicallyhomogeneouscontinuum.Thelocalheterogeneityintheelasticpropertiesisacknowledgedandascribedtothelocalizedstructuralrearrangements[7–9].Indeed,heterogeneityandhomogeneityarestronglydependentonthelengthscalesusedintheobservation[10].Ataspecificlengthscale,someconstituentsinagivenmaterialareidentifiabletobehomogeneousbutmaybecomeheterogeneouswhileobservedatasmallerlengthscale.Thereforethereisacriticalneedtodevelopmethodologiestoinvestigatethelocalmaterialproperties.Theselocalpropertydatacanprovidenewinsightsthatwillenablethetailoringofthemicrostructuretooptimizetheirperformancesandprovideabetterunderstandingthatreflectsmicrostructuralcompositiononthemacroscopicobservableproperties.Intheory,theselocalpropertiescouldbemeasuredexperimentally.Inreality,thecomplexmorphologyofthesesystemshaspreventedfaciledeterminationofthem.Withrecentadvancesincomputationalalgorithmsandcomputerhardware,atomistic-levelcomputations,suchasmoleculardynamic(MD)simulationandtheMonteCarlomethod,havebecomeeffectiveandefficienttoolsforsimulatingmaterialbehaviorandforcomputingmaterialproperties.Tocomputetheglobalelasticconstantsbyatomicsimulations,twofundamentallydifferentapproaches,thedeformation-basedandthefluctuation-basedmethods,havebeenwidelyapplied.Fromtheviewpointofcontinuummechanics,onecansimplyobtaintheelasticconstantsthroughthelineardependencebetweentheresultantstressesandappliedsmallstrains.Thisisknownasthedeformation-basedapproach[14].Nevertheless,thistechniquesuffersfromthefluctuationsinstressesandstrainsatanonzerotemperatureandisonlyvalidforastatic/quasistaticcondition,i.e.,around0K.Atafinitetemperature,fluctuationmethodsarealwaysemployed[15].Inaseminalpaper,ParrinelloandRahman(PR)developedthestrainfluctuationformulatocomputetheisothermalelasticconstanttensorinanisothermal-isobaric(NPT)ensemble[16].However,thismethodwasfoundtoconvergeslowlyformanysystems.Subsequently,thestress-strainfluctuationformulawasexploredbasedonstatisticalthermodynamicswithmuchbetterconvergence[17,18].Theestimationofelasticconstantsisdependentonbothstrainandstress,notonlystrainitselfasinthePRmethod.Theessenceofitsrapidconvergenceismanifestedviaalinearleast-squaressolver[19].Toobtainthelocalelasticmodulus,onecanfollowthesamemethodologiesmentionedabovewiththechangefromglobalstressesandstrainsintolocalstressesandstrains.Forthedeformation-basedtechnique[20],Mizunoetal.comparedthreedifferentapproachesbyusingthesameglassymaterials[7,21].Inordertosuppressthefluctuationofstressesandstrains,thesimulationtemperatureisextremelylow.Othersignificanteffortshavealsobeendevotedtoobtainthelocalelasticconstantsthroughthestress-fluctuationmethod[7,8,22–26],wherethelocalmaterialishypothesizedtoundergothedeformationwiththeglobalstrains.Undersuchanassumption,thelocalelasticitytensorisobtaineddirectlythroughthelocalstressandglobalstrain,resultinginanapproximationtothetruelocalelasticconstants.本文的主要目的Inthispaper,wepresentamethodfortheestimationofthelocalelasticitytensor,combiningtheinformationofglobalstrain,localstress,andlocalstrain.Thisapproachisapplicabletoallthelocalregionsbyasinglesimulationwithrapidconvergence.Itisshownthatourformulareducestothestress-strainfluctuationtechnique[18,19]ifthelocalstrainandlocalstressaresubstitutedbyglobalones.Forsimplicity,anfcccrystalstructureisstudiedtoverifythedevelopedalgorithmandtocomparewiththeseformulas.Nopolymersareconsideredinthecurrentwork.Toillustratetheapplicationofourmethod,threeLennard-Jonesfcccrystalswithfreesurfaceson{100},{110},and{111}areinvestigated.TheYoung’smodulidistributionsarecalculatedinparallelwithandperpendiculartothefreesurface.Bothstiffeningandsofteningeffectsareobserved,dependingonthesurfaceorientations.Method自己独立开发的方法前人的方法自己的改进等等ResultsandDiscussions一个例子一小节例子不要太多〔2，3个〕例子的目的验证方法的正确性说明方法的优缺点不要仅仅是说明你得到的结果，而且要解释原因Conclusion简单的总结一下本文的方法举例说明方法的应用和结果遗留问题本文方法的意义简单的总结一下本文的方法Inthispaper,anexplicitandcompactformoftheestimationoftheeffectivelocalelasticitytensorisderivedfromtheintermediatemodulusandstrainconcentrationtensor,whichareneededtocollectthedataoflocalstrain,localstress,andglobalstrain.Thisapproachreducestothegeneralstress-strainfluctuationformulafortheestimationofglobalmoduliwhenthelocalvariablesarereplacedbyglobalvariables.Thevalidityandaccuracyofthismethodismanifestedbycomparingthelocalelasticitytensorswithbulkbehaviorforfcccrystallinestructures.举例说明方法的应用和结果Asanexampletoillustratetheapplicationofthistechnique,weinvestigatethefreesurfaceeffectonthemechanicalproperties.Ourresultsdemonstratethemechanicalheterogeneityfornanosizedstructures.Asurfacemaybesofterorstifferthanthecorrespondingbulkbehavior,dependingonthesurfaceorientationsandloadingdirections.Suchphenomenaaresolelydeterminedbytheatomiccoordinationchangeonsurfaces.Itshouldbenotedthatthepresenceofsurfacestressleadstoanonhydrostaticbulkstressinthebulkregionsinsidetheslab,asobservedbysmallnonzerostressesalongtheXandYdirectionsinFig.4(b).Moreover,themagnitudesofthesestressescouldreduceforathickerfilm.Thereforethelocalmoduliofsurfacesaresize-dependentandshouldconvergeforabulksystem.遗留问题Inclosing,weneedtopointoutthatpolymersarenotyetconsideredinthisworkduetolargesimulationsizesandappropriatecoarsegrainingpotentials.Thesearethesubjectoffuturework.Additionally,abetteratomicvolumemodelforthefreesurfacelayerwillleadtoimprovedresults.本文方法的意义Overall,thisapproachwillbeapowerfultoolforthemodelingandsimulationofotherinhomogeneousmaterials,suchastheinterphaseofpolymer-basednanocomposites[45],theinterfaceformedbetweendifferentcrystallographicdirections[46],etc.Itwillenablevalidationofthevariouscontinuummodelswithregardtothepredictionoftheeffectivemodulusforheterogeneousmaterials;theapproachcanbeusedtoestimatemechanicalperformancesthataredifficulttoobtainexperimentally;anditwillgiveusameanstoexploreandcomparetherolesofpolymer-substrateinteractionsandgeometricalconstraintsonelasticproperties.比较常用的英文动词derive,propose,

suggest,Select,choose,determine,seek,find,Estimate,predict,evaluate,assessSubstitute,replaceVerify,prove,establish,demonstrate,manifest,denote,refertoStudy,investigate,exploreDetect,observe,obtainIdentify,characterize,measure,compute,calculate,Reveal,represent,indicate,mean,implyShow,display,exhibit,depict,tabulate,list,presentIllustrateAdopt,employ,use,utilizeSuppose,assume,hypothesizePossessConvert