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考研翻译讲解1第一部分考研英语翻译概况2翻译部分由一篇400字左右的文章组成,其
中划出5个句子,要求考生在30分钟内译完。
2002年题型更改之前,每句3分,一共15分,现在每句2分,一共10分。要求准确,完整和通顺常见问题:理解不透;词汇不认识或难以断定词汇或词组的意义;表达:硬译和死译,过于追求异化的结果;任意删减或增加,尤其是删减;不符合原文文体;不符合中文的表达习惯或过于追求归化的效果.基本步骤:通读文章:了解大体内容及其风格.英汉翻译文章大都属于比较严肃正式的议论文文体,尽量避免过于随便的俚语或俗语.开始翻译:可能的话,校对译文.3概况英译汉短文内容大体上涉及当前人们普遍关注的社会生活、政治、经济、 一般常识或社会、自然科学与技术常识的题材。题材多为议论文。科学常识的题1991
能源与农业444词1992
能力评估的科学性4061993
科学研究的方法4431994天才技术与科学发展的关系3081995标准化教育与心理评估3641995科学发展的动力33141997动物的权力1998宇宙的起源1999史学研究的方法3262000科学家与政府3812001计算机与未来发展的困难3392003人类学的简介3712004语言与思维3572005大众传媒2006
的知识分子2007法律与新闻平均370字要求翻译的160字5考研英语英译汉的方法与技巧6翻译是两种语言的转换。考生首先必须对
英语和汉语两种语言的不同特征有所了解。词典所提供的词语的中文意思是翻译的基
础,而词语在句子中的意思则要依照上下
文的具体语境而定。在英语中,词和词组
的意思要根据词语之间的前后搭配关系而
定;句子的意思要根据句子之间的修饰关
系与逻辑关系而定。
具体地说,动词词组要看其前后的主语和宾语;介词要看它所修饰的中心词的词义和习惯搭配;连词要根据整个句子的意思及句子之间的关系而定;状语要看动词部分的意思;各种从句的意思要看它们与主句的关系:因果、并列、递进等关系的翻译方法各不相同。7汉语则不同。汉语字词本身没有语法上格和数等方面的变化,不同的顺序组合可以使同样的词产生不同的意思。所以,英译汉的关键在于调整汉语语序。根据英语产生汉语意思,用汉语的语序和汉语的表达习惯完整准确地把意思表达出来。如果只知其大意,而不懂调整语序,那么翻译过来的句子会洋腔浓重、佶屈聱牙。这也正是通常说的翻译者自己知道原文的意思,就是说不出来或表达不清楚的情况。8
简单而言,考研英译汉试题就是要求考
生准确地理解英语,完整、通顺地进行语
言转换。具体来说,就是在准确理解英语
的基础上,采用直译、意译、增词、减词、词性转换等具体技巧将英文意思用汉语表
达出来。9
考生在做翻译题时,在理解和表达方面,一般应以意思通顺为主要目标,将要翻译
的句子的几层主要意思通过比较通顺的中
文表达出来即可,而不要拘泥于句子当中
的个别词汇,在上面耽搁太长时间,更不
要见到生词就慌神,影响对整个句子的理
解。遇到动词、形容词这种功能性词汇,
可以根据周围语义关系对它的意思进行合
理推测。10英译汉试题的文章很多与科技有关,科技
术语出现得比较频繁。考生专业各不相同,因此要求做出十分地道的专业化的翻译是
不现实的。对于专用名词,就是尽量按照
字典意思直译,不要过度联想和发挥。人
名、地名的翻译按照音译即可,不需要过
多讲究。11考研英译汉是阅读理解的一种题型,它实
际上是对阅读理解更深层次的要求。阅读
理解要求我们能够从大体上把握文章的意
思即可,不必要求我们把句子的意思用符
合汉语表达习惯的文字复述出来。虽然说
阅读理解和翻译同样是从理解(先读文章)到运用(做题或翻译),显然翻译对理解
和运用的要求比阅读理解要深得多。12首先,虽然说是要求对文章划线部分的句
子进行翻译,但要能准确翻译好划线部分
句子,仍然要以通读全文为前提,因为即
使是划线部分的句子也绝不是孤立的句子,它和上下文有着千丝万缕的联系(比如划线句子中出现了代词it,they等,我们就不得不借助于前文进行准确地翻译)。13其次,即使自己能准确地理解划线部分句子的意思,也未必能将该意思用符合汉语表达习惯的文字表达出来。因为中文和英文都有相对特殊的表达习惯(比如英文长句多,中文短句多;英文喜欢用被动来表达,中文喜欢用主动来表达等等),要把翻译题做好,不仅要求有扎实的英文阅读理解能力,同时还要求有一定的汉语表达基础。14考研英译汉要求准确传达原文含义,做题时考生要把握以下几点:15•
一、翻译要做到意思准确,不能扭曲原文含义。准确是做好翻译的前提,是最基本的评价标准。所谓准确,是指译文必须正确传达原文的内容,不得曲解原文的含义。考生需要把原文的内容完整、准确地表达出来,不得有任何篡改、歪曲原文含义的现象。二、保证足够的信息覆盖率,不可减损原文表达。
信息是否全面是评价考研翻译好坏的一个标准。这里说的信息覆盖率就是指翻译内容的完整和全面,信息覆盖率是翻译评分的根据,所以考生在做题时要把握好这一点,不可因为疏忽而丢失本来可以得到的分数。16三、直译为主,意译为辅,语言通顺流畅。
直译和意译是两种侧重点不同的翻译
方法,直译重在表达形式,而意译则重在
意义。考研翻译中,应尽量采用直译的方
法,如果直译出来句子不通顺或者不符合
汉语表达习惯,则可以大胆采用意译的方
法,两者相辅相成,使译文更加通顺流畅。17第二部分考研英译汉英汉对比18一、英语重结构,汉语重语意Children
will
play
with
dolls
equippedwith
personality
chips,
computers
with
in-built
personalities
will
be
regarded
asworkmates
rather
than
tools,
relaxationwill
be
in
front
of
smell
television,
andthe
digital
age
will
have
arrived.(2001,72)Children
will
play
with
dolls
equipped
withpersonality
chips,
computers
with
in-builtpersonalities
will
be
regarded
as
workmatesrather
than
tools,
relaxation
will
be
in
front
ofsmell
television,
and
the
digital
age
willhavearrived儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍,具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具,人们将在气味电视机前休闲,到那时数字化时代就来到了。19好好学习,天天向上你不知道,谁知道?Goodgood study,
day
day
up.You
don’t
know,
who
knows?Work
hard
and
make
progress
everyday.If
you
don’t
know,
whoknows?20二、英语多长句,汉语多短句21In
the
doorway
lay
at
least
twelveumbrellas
of
all
sizes
and
colors.门口放着一堆伞,少说有12把,五颜六色,大小不一。门口放着至少12把五颜六色大小不一的雨伞。22三、英语多从句,汉语多分句23On
the
whole
such
a
conclusion
can
bedrawnwith
a
certain
degree
of
confidence,
but
only
ifthe
child
can
be
assumed
to
have
had
thesame
attitude
towards
the
test
as
the
otherwithwhom
he
is
being
compared,
and
only
if
he
wasnot
punished
by
lack
of
relevant
informationwhich
they
possessed.(2002,75)On
the
whole
such
a
conclusion
can
be
drawnwith
a
certain
degree
of
confidence,
but
only
ifthechild
can
be
assumed
to
have
had
the
sameattitude
towards
the
test
as
the
other
with
whomhe
is
being
compared,
and
only
if
he
was
notpunished
by
lack
of
relevant
information
whichthey
possessed.(1992,75)总的来说,得出这样一个结论是有一定程度把握的,但是必须具备两个条件:一是能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他相比的另一个孩子的态度相同;二是他并没有因缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。24译文:这种假设是依据这样一种谬论:人的本性中存在天生的惰性。自由和尊严是传统理论当中自治者(自我约束者)拥有的最宝贵的东西,一个人必须对其行为负责,他的成绩必须得到赞扬,在这些实践中,自由和尊严是必不可少的。They
may
actually
avoid
them
because
they
assume
that
the
banks
either
cannot
understand
their
special
needs
or
chargeunreasonably
high
interest
rates.If
you
don’t
know,
whoknows?You
don’t
know,
who
knows?In
the
doorway
lay
at
least
twelve
umbrellas
of
all
sizes
and
colors.They
may
actually
avoid
them
because
they
assume
that
the
banks
either
cannot
understand
their
special
needs
or
chargeunreasonably
high
interest
rates.They
may
actually
avoid
them
because
they
assume
that
the
banks
either
cannot
understand
their
special
needs
or
chargeunreasonably
high
interest
rates.二、保证足够的信息覆盖率,不可减损原文表达。他们可能实际上躲开,因为他们觉得这些要么不能理解少数民族企业的特殊需要,要么收取的利率太高词典所提供的词语的中文意思是翻译的基础,而词语在句子中的意思则要依照上下文的具体语境而定。
七、英语多抽象,汉语多具体把猴群警察移走的结果是剩余的猴子相互梳毛、相互玩耍的行为减少了,并分成了几个帮派。从电视里还可以看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。What
brings
us
together
is
that
we
have
common
interests
which
transcend
those
differences.Can
you
answer
a
question
which
Iwant
to
ask
and
which
is
puzzling
me?我有一个问题弄不懂,想请教你,你能回答我吗?如果译成:你能回答一个使我弄不懂而又想问你的问题吗?
不仅效果不好,而且不像中文。25四、英语多代词,汉语多名词26There
will
be
television
chat
showshosted
by
robots,
and
cars
with
pollutionmonitors
that
will
disable
themwhenthey
offend.(2001,21)There
will
be
television
chat
shows
hostedby
robots,
and
cars
with
pollutionmonitors
that
will
disable
them
when
theyoffend.(2001,21)将会出现由机器人主持的电视访谈节目及装有污染监测器的汽车,一旦这些汽车污染超标,监测器就会使其停驶。27They
are
the
possessions
of
the
autonomous(self-governing)
man
of
traditional
theory,
andthey
are
essential
to
practices
in
which
a
personis
held
responsible
for
his
conduct
and
givencredit
for
his
achievements.(2002,64)自由和尊严是传统理论当中自治者(自我约束者)拥有的最宝贵的东西,一个人必须对其行为负责,他的成绩必须得到赞扬,在这些实践中,自由和尊严是必不可少的。根据上下文它应该指前面提到的freedomandindignity,在翻译的时候如果译成“它们”就是表达不清应该译成名词“自由和尊严”。28五、英语多被动,汉语多主动29And
it
is
imaginedby
many
that
the
operationsof
the
common
mind
can
by
no
meansbecompared
with
these
processes
oftheScientists’
minds,
and
that
theyhave
to
be
acquiredby
a
sort
of
special
training.许多人认为,普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维活动相比,并且这些思维活动必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。常用被动句型30It
is
said
thatIt
is
believedthatIt
is
reportedthatIt
is
estimatedthatIt
must
be
pointed
out
thatIt
must
be
admitted
thatIt
has
been
found
thatIt
is
suggestedthatIt
is
imaginedthatIt
can
not
be
denied
thatIt
will
be
seen
from
this
thatIt
should
be
realized
thatIt
is
always
stressed
thatIt
is
generally
considered
thatIt
may
be
said
without
the
fear
ofexaggeration
that31六、英语多变化,汉语多重复32The
monkey’s
most
extraordinaryaccomplishment
was
learning
to
operatea
tractor.
By
the
age
of
nine,
themonkeyhad
learned
to
solo
on
the
vehicle.
(R.Quirk)这只猴子最了不起的成就是学会驾驶拖拉机。到九岁的时候,这只猴子已经学会单独驾驶
拖拉机了。(R夸克)He
hated
failure;
he
had
conquered
it
allhis
life,
risen
aboveit,
and
despised
it
inothers.他讨厌失败,他一生中曾战胜失败、超越失败、并且藐视别人的失败。33七、英语多抽象,汉语多具体34Until
such
time
as
mankind
has
the
senseto
lower
its
population
to
the
point
wherethe
planet
can
provide
comfortable
supportfor
all,
people
will
have
to
accept
more“unnatural
food”.
(1991,
74)Sense
/point
/support/
comfortable/unnatural
都是非常抽象的词,如果不进行具体化,译文可能就是:Until
such
time
as
mankind
has
the
senseto
lower
its
population
to
the
pointwherethe
planet
can
provide
comfortablesupport
for
all,
people
will
have
to
acceptmore
“unnatural
food”.除非人类有这样的感觉,把人口减少到这样的点,使地球能为大家提供舒适的支持,否则人们不得不接受更多的“非自然的食品”。除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度—使地球能为所有人提供足够的饮食,否则人们将不得不接受更多的“人造食品”35八、英语多引申,汉语多推理36英语有两句俗话:一是:You
know
a
wordby
the
company
it
keeps.(知人看伴,只词看文)。二是:Words
do
not
havemeaning,but
people
have
meaning
forthem.(词本无义,义随人生)。这说明词典对词的定义和解释是死的,而实际运用中的语言是活的。从原文角度来说,这种活用是词义和用法的引申,翻译的时候要准确理解这种引申,译者就需要进行推理。While
there
are
almost
asmanydefinitions
of
history
as
therearehistorians,
modern
practice
most
closelyconforms
to
one
that
sees
history
as
theattempt
to
recreate
and
explain
thesignificant
events
of
the
past.(1999,71)尽管关于 的定义几乎和 学家一样多,现代实践最符合这样一种定义,即把 看做是对过去重大 事件的再现和解释。37把recreate不能翻译成“重新创造”,是不能重新创造的,也不能翻译成它名词的词义“娱乐”。作者显然对recreate进行了引申,再想想我们生活中发生的情况:、文学、电影、电视经常向我们展示过去发生的事情,这种展示用恰当的中文表示就是“再现”。例如:“sure”在不同句子中的处理381.I
am
not
quite
sure
of
his
having
said
it.我不能确定他说过这话2.
This
is
the
surest
guarantee
that
we
shall
besuccessful.这是我们取得成功最可靠的保证。3.
He
made
asure
step
out
of
the
mud.他从泥沼中跨出了稳健的一步。4.She
had
a
sure
grasp
of
the
subject.她对于这门学科的知识掌握得很牢固。5.
He
is
very
sure
in
hisbelief.他的信仰十分坚定。39九、英语多省略,汉语多补充40在并列结构中,英语往往省略前面已出现过的词语,而汉语往往重复这些省略了的词。Reading
exercises
one’s
eyes;speaking,
one’s
tongue;
whilewriting,
one’s
mind.
(F.
Bacon)阅读训练人的眼睛,说话训练人的口齿,写作训练人的思维(培根)One
boy
is a
boy,
two
boys
half
a
boy,three
boys
no
boy.一个和尚挑水吃,两个和尚抬水吃,三个和尚没水吃。41十、英语多前重心,汉语多后重心42•在表达逻辑思维时,英语往往是判断或结论等在前,事实或描写在后,即重心在前。汉语则是由因到果,由假设到推论,有事实到结论,即重心在后。I
was
all
the
more
delighted
when,
as
aresult
of
the
initiative
of
your
Governmentit
proved
possible
to
reinstate
the
visit
soquickly.由于贵政府的提议,才得以这样快的重新实现访问。这使我感到特别高兴。The
assertion
that
it
was
difficult,
if
notimpossible,
for
a
people
to
enjoy
itsbasic
rights
unless
it
was
able
todetermine
freely
its
political
statusandto
ensure
freely
its
economic,
socialand
cultural
development
was
nowscarcely
contested.43The
assertionthat
it
was
difficult,
if
notimpossible,
for
a
people
toenjoy
its
basicrights
unless
it
was
able
to
determine
freelyits
political
status
and
to
ensure
freely
itseconomic,
social
and
cultural
developmentwas
now
scarcely
contested.如果一个民族不能自由地决定其政治地位,不能自由的保证期经济、社会和文化的发展,要享受其基本权利,即使不是不可能,也是不容易的。这一论断几乎是无可置辩的了。44考研英译汉四步定位翻译法45一、结构分析二、句子切分三、词义推敲四、检查核对考研冲刺英译汉试题中常考句型示例与翻译461.with+名词+现在分词或过去分词所构成的独立主格:•
1)
With
the
prices
and
house
rentsincreasing
rapidly,
many
young
universitygraduates
cannot
earn
their
living,
let
alonesupport
their
parents.
(21
words)译文:随着(由于)物价和房租迅速上涨,许多年轻大学毕业生无法挣钱养活自己,更不用说赡养父母了。2.not
so
much…as…(=less…
more…)的译法47•
In
order
to
detect
the
misprints
in
asingle
print,
the
proofreader
has
to
noticenot
so
muchthe
meaning
of
what
hereadsas
the
exact
shape
and
order
of
letters
andwords
in
the
text.
(37
words)译文:为了发现稿件中的印刷错误,校对员必须与其说注意所读材料的含义,倒不如说注意文章中字母和单词的确切形状和顺序。3.more…than
的译法48•
There
is
more
agreement
on
the
kinds
ofbehavior
referred
to
by
the
term
intelligencethan
there
is
on
how
to
interpret
or
classifythem.
(26
words)译文:人们对智力所指的不同种类的行为表现比对这些表现如何进行解释或分类,看法更为一致。•49
4)Railroads
typically
charge
such
“captive”shippers
20
to
30
percent
more
than
they
dowhen
another
railroad
is
competing
for
thebusiness.(2003试题)译文:与有另一条铁路竞争这笔生意时相比,铁路公司对这样一些“被套住的”货主特意多收20-30%的运费。(2003试题)5)They
teach
very
well,and
more
thanearn
their
salaries,
but
most
of
them
makelittle
or
no
independent
reflections
onhuman
problems
which
involve
moraljudgment.(2006试题)
译文:他们可以把书教得很好,而且不仅仅是为了挣薪水,但他们大多数人却很少或没有对需要进行道德判断的、人的问题进行独立思考。504.
as
…
as
…
,
as
much
…
as
…,
as
many…as…,as
well
as…,as
从句,not…,as51…的灵活译法:•
6)
While
there
are
almost
as
manydefinitions
of
history
as
there
are
historians,modern
practice
most
closely
conforms
to
onethat
sees
history
as
the
attempt
to
recreate
andexplain
the
significant
events
of
the
past.
(36words)译文:虽然学的定义与学家几乎一样多(=虽然几乎每个学家都有自己对学的定义),但是现代史学家的实践最接近于符合这样一个定义(=最趋于认为),学是试图重现和解释过去的重大事件(=史实)。7)
But
surely
that
does
not
meanenvironmentalists
concerned
aboutuncontrolled
industrial
growth
are
anti-science,
as
an
essay
in
US
News
&
WorldReport
last
May
seemed
tosuggest.
译文:但是肯定与去年五月“
新闻和世界报导”中一篇文章似乎表明的不一样,那并不是说,关注工业无节制发展的环境专家是反科学的。52•53•
5.what从句的译法-what词义的引申译法:8)
What
he
has
demonstrated,hebelieves,
is
that
lack
of
control
over
anevent,
not
the
experience
itself,
iswhatweakens
the
immune
system.
(24
words)译文:他认为,他所论证的是,缺乏对事件的驾驭能力而不是经验本身是削弱免疫系统的原因。•546.定语从句的前置合译法:
9)On
the
whole,
such
a
conclusion
can
bedrawnwith
a
certain
degree
of
confidence,
but
only
if
the
childcan
be
assumed
to
have
had
the
same
attitude
towardsthe
test
as
the
others
with
whom
he
is
being
compared,and
only
if
he
was
not
punished
by
lack
of
relevantinformation
which
they
possessed.
(58
words)译文:总的来说,得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的,但是必须具备两个条件:能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度
和与他比较的另一些孩子的态度相同;他也没有因为缺乏
别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分•558.定语从句的溶合译法:
10)This
assumption
rests
on
the
fallacyofthe
inherent
laziness
in
human
nature;
actually,aside
from
abnormally
lazy
people,
there
wouldbe
very
few
who
would
not
want
to
earn
morethan
the
minimum,
and
who
would
prefer
to
donothing
rather
than
work.译文:这种假设是依据这样一种谬论:人的本性中存在天生的惰性。而实际上,除了特别懒惰的人以外,几乎没有人愿意挣只相当于最低生活维持费的钱,也没有人愿意饱食终日、无所事事。•5611.not+谓语动词…+because…的否定转移译法:
12)Individual
manufacturers
do
not
necessarily
relyon
their
relatives
because
they
cannot
obtain
financialsupport
from
commercial
banks.
They
may
actually
avoidthem
because
they
assume
that
the
banks
either
cannotunderstand
their
special
needs
or
charge
unreasonablyhigh
interest
rates.
(41
words)译文:个体企业家并不是因为无法从商业借到金融
贷款而必须依靠他们的亲属。他们可能实际上躲开,因
为他们觉得这些要么不能理解少数民族企业的特殊需要,要么收取的利率太高•57•
12.not
that…,but
that…或强调形式:
It
is
not
that…,but
that…的汉译:13)Our
boast
is
not
that
we
have
moreideas
or
brilliant
ideas
but
that
our
ideasare
better
tested.译文:我们自我夸耀倒不是因为我们的主意多或我们的主意好,而是因为我们的主意都是经过更好检验的•58•
13.It
was
not
until
that…与Not
until…的译法:14)As
was
discussed
before,
it
was
not
untilthe
19th
century
that
the
newspaper
became
thedominant
pre-electronic
medium.
(=It
wasdiscussed
before
that
not
until
the
19th
centurydid
the
newspaper
become
the
dominant
pre-electronic
medium.)译文:正如以前谈过,直到19世纪报纸才成为电子时代以前的主导媒体。•59••
14.as
引导的特殊状语从句的译法:当作定语从句来翻译15)Dr.
Pyke
contended
that
the
scientific
revolution,as
we
call
it,
is
largely
the
improvement
and
inventionand
use
of
a
series
of
instruments
that
expanded
thereach
of
science
in
innumerable
directions.译文:派埃克博士坚持认为,我们称为的科学革命主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用,这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。15.cannot…too…的译法:再…也不过分,越…越好,应该…(三)英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概
念,而汉语则不同,常常使用若干短句作
层次分明的叙述。因此,在进行英译汉时,要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异,将英
语的长句分解翻译成汉语的短句。在英语长句的翻译过程中,归纳出以下的一些方法。60(1)顺序法61•当英语长句的内容叙述层次与汉语基本一致时,可以按照英语原文表达的层次顺序翻译成汉语,从而使译文与英语原文的顺序基本一致。例如:But
now
it
is
realized
that
supplies
of
someof
them
are
limited,
and
it
is
even
possible
togive
a
reasonable
estimate
of
their
“expectationof
life”,
the
time
it
will
take
to
exhaust
allknownsources
and
reserves
of
these
materials.It
is
imaginedthat9)On
the
whole,
such
a
conclusion
can
be
drawn
with
a
certain
degree
of
confidence,
but
only
if
the
child
can
be
assumed
to
havehad
the
same
attitude
towards
the
test
as
the
others
with
whom
he
is
being
compared,
and
only
if
he
was
not
punished
by
lack
ofrelevant
information
which
they
possessed.译文:这种假设是依据这样一种谬论:人的本性中存在天生的惰性。On
the
whole
such
a
conclusion
can
be
drawn
with
a
certain
degree
of
confidence,
but
only
if
the
child
can
be
assumed
to
have
hadthe
same
attitude
towards
the
test
as
the
other
with
whom
he
is
being
compared,
and
only
if
he
was
not
punished
by
lack
of
relevantinformation
which
they
possessed.人名、地名的翻译按照音译即可,不需要过多讲究。Television,
it
is
often
said,
keeps
one
informed
about
current
events,
allow
one
to
follow
the
latest
developments
in
science
andpolitics,
and
offers
an
endless
series
of
programs
which
are
both
instructive
and
entertaining.他讨厌失败,他一生中曾战胜失败、超越失败、并且藐视别人的失败。许多人认为,普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维活动相比,并且这些思维活动必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。what从句的译法-what词义的引申译法:表达:硬译和死译,过于追求异化的结果;任意删减或增加,尤其是删减;不符合原文文体;不符合中文的表达习惯或过于追求归化的效果.从原文角度来说,这种活用是词义和用法的引申,翻译的时候要准确理解这种引申,译者就需要进行推理。在表达逻辑思维时,英语往往是判断或结论等在前,事实或描写在后,即重心在前。There
will
be
television
chat
shows
hosted
by
robots,
and
cars
with
pollution
monitors
that
will
disable
them
when
they
offend.In
the
doorway
lay
at
least
twelve
umbrellas
of
all
sizes
and
colors.It
is
said
thatIn
order
to
detect
the
misprints
in
a
single
print,
the
proofreader
has
to
notice
not
so
much
the
meaning
of
what
he
reads
as
theexactshape
and
order
of
letters
and
words
in
the
text.2003人类学的简介371一个和尚挑水吃,两个和尚抬水吃,三个和尚没水吃。
分析:该句的骨干结构为“It
is
realized
that…”,it为形式主语,that引导主语从句以及并列的it
is
even
possible
to…结构,其中,不定式作主语,
the
time…是“expectation
of
life”的同位语,进一步解释其含义,而time后面的句子是它的定语从句。五个谓语结构表达了四个层次的意义:A.可是现在人们意识到;B.其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的;C.人们甚至还可以比较合理地估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”;D.将这些已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽的时间。根据同位语从句的翻译方法,把第四层意义的表达作适当的调整,整个句子就翻译为:可是现在人们意识到,其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的,人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”,也就是说,经过若干年后,这些矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。62(2)逆序法63•英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同,甚至完全相反,这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。在汉语中,定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前;在英语中,许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后,因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉,即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换,按意群或进行全部倒置,原则是使汉语译句符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。例如:It
therefore
becomes
more
andmoreimportant
that,
if
students
are
not
to
wastetheir
opportunities,
there
will
have
tobemuch
more
detailed
information
aboutcourses
and
more
advice.64分析:该句由一个主句,一个条件状语从句和一个宾语从句组成,“……变得越来越重要”是主句,也是全句的中心内容,全句共有三个谓语结构,包含三层含义:A.……变的越来越重要;B.如果要使学生充分利用他们的机会;C.得为他们提供大量更为详尽的信息,作更多的指导。为了使译文符合汉语的表达习惯,我们可采用逆序法,翻译成:因此,如果要使学生充分利用他们(上大学)的机会,就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息,作更多的指导。这个问题显得越来越重要了。65(3)包孕法66•这种方法多用于英译汉。所谓包孕是指在把
英语长句译成汉语时,把英语后置成分按照汉语
的正常语序放在中心词之前,使修饰成分在汉语
句中形成前置包孕。但修饰成分不宜过长,否则
会形成拖沓或造成汉语句子成分在连接上的纠葛。例如:You
are
the
representative
of
a
countryand
of
a
continent
to
which
China
feelsparticularly
close.
您是一位来自于使中国倍感亲切的国家和大洲的代表。What
brings
us
togetheristhat
we
have
common
interests
whichtranscend
those
differences.使我们走到一起的,是我们有超越这些分歧的共同利益。67(4)分句法68•有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系
并不十分密切,翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的
习惯,把长句的从句或短语转换成句子,分开来
叙述。为了使语意连贯,有时需要适当增加词语,也就是采取化整为零的方法将整个英语长句翻译为几个独立的句子,顺序基本不变,前后保持连贯。Television,
it
is
often
said,
keeps
oneinformed
about
current
events,
allowoneto
follow
the
latest
developmentsinscience
and
politics,
and
offers
an
endlessseries
of
programs
which
are
bothinstructive
and
entertaining.69分析:在此长句中,有一个插入语“it
is
often
said”,三个并列的谓语结构,还有一个定语从句,其中三个并列的谓语结构尽管在结构上属于同一个句子,但都有独立的意义,因此在翻译时,可以采用分句法,按照汉语的习惯把整个句子分解成几个独立的分句,翻译成:人们常说,通过电视可以了解时事,掌握科学和政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。70(5)
重组法71•指在进行英译汉时,为了使译文流畅且更符合汉语叙事论理的习惯,在捋清英语长句的结构、弄懂英语原意的基础上,彻底摆脱原文语序和句子形式,对句子进行重新组合。例如:
Decision
must
be
made
very
rapidly;physical
endurance
is
tested
as
muchasperception,
because
an
enormous
amountof
time
must
be
spent
making
certain
thatthe
key
figures
act
on
the
basis
of
thesame
information
and
purpose.必须把大量时间花在确保关键人物均根据同一情报和目的行事,而这一切对身体的耐力和思维能力都是一大考验。因此,一旦考虑成熟,决策者就应迅速做出决策。72(6)综合法73•上面我们讲述了英语长句的逆序法、顺序法
和分句法,事实上,在翻译一个英语长句时,并
不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法,而是要综合使
用到各种方法,这在我们上面所举的例子中也有
所体现。再如,一些英语长句单纯采用上述任何
一种方法都不方便,这就需要我们的仔细分析,
或按照时间的先后,或按照逻辑顺序,顺逆结合,主次分明地对全句进行综合处理,以便把英语原
文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。例如:People
were
afraid
to
leave
their
houses,for
although
the
police
had
been
orderedto
stand
by
in
case
of
emergency,theywere
just
as
confused
and
helpless
asa
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