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Aheateddiscussionaboutwhethermenarebraverthanwomenissettledinaratherunexpectedway.关于男人是否比女人更勇敢的一场剧烈争论以一种颇为出人意料的方式解决了。Unit1TheDinnerPartyMonaGardner晚宴莫娜·加德纳IfirstheardthistaleinIndia,whereitistoldasiftrue—thoughanynaturalistwouldknowitcouldn'tbe.LatersomeonetoldmethatthestoryappearedinamagazineshortlybeforetheFirstWorldWar.Thatmagazinestory,andthepersonwhowroteit,Ihaveneverbeenabletotrackdown.我最初听到这个故事是在印度,那儿的人们今天讲起它来仍好似确有其事似的——尽管任何一位博物学家都知道这不可能是真的。后来有人告诉我,在第一次世界大战之前不久,一家杂志曾刊登过这个故事。但登在杂志上的那篇故事以及写那篇故事的人,我却一直未能找到。ThecountryisIndia.Acolonialofficialandhiswifearegivingalargedinnerparty.Theyareseatedwiththeirguests—officersandtheirwives,andavisitingAmericannaturalist—intheirspaciousdiningroom,whichhasabaremarblefloor,openraftersandwideglassdoorsopeningontoaveranda.故事发生在印度。某殖民地官员和他的夫人正举行盛大的晚宴。筵席设在他们家宽敞的餐室里,室内大理石地板上没有铺地毯;屋顶明椽裸露;宽大的玻璃门外便是走廊。跟他们一起就坐的客人有军官和他们的夫人,另外还有一位来访的美国博物学家。Aspiriteddiscussionspringsupbetweenayounggirlwhosaysthatwomenhaveoutgrownthejumping-on-a-chair-at-the-sight-of-a-mouseeraandamajorwhosaysthattheyhaven't.席间,一位年轻的女士同一位少校展开了热烈的讨论。年轻的女士认为,妇女已经有所进步,不再像过去那样一见到老鼠就吓得跳到椅子上;少校那么不以为然。"Awoman'sreactioninanycrisis,"themajorsays,"istoscream.Andwhileamanmayfeellikeit,hehasthatouncemoreofcontrolthanawomanhas.Andthatlastounceiswhatreallycounts."他说:“一遇到危急情况,女人的反响便是尖叫。而男人虽然也可能想叫,但比起女人来,自制力却略胜一筹。这多出来的一点自制力正是真正起作用的东西。〞TheAmericandoesnotjoinintheargumentbutwatchestheotherguests.Ashelooks,heseesastrangeexpressioncomeoverthefaceofthehostess.Sheisstaringstraightahead,hermusclescontractingslightly.Shemotionstothenativeboystandingbehindherchairandwhisperssomethingtohim.Theboy'seyeswiden:hequicklyleavestheroom.那个美国人没有参加这场争论,他只是注视着在座的其他客人。在他这样观察时,他发现女主人的脸上显出一种奇异的表情。她两眼盯着正前方,脸部肌肉在微微抽搐。她向站在座椅后面的印度男仆做了个手势,对他耳语了几句。男仆两眼睁得大大的,迅速地离开了餐室。Oftheguests,noneexcepttheAmericannoticesthisorseestheboyplaceabowlofmilkontheverandajustoutsidetheopendoors.在座的客人中除了那位美国人以外谁也没注意到这一幕,也没有看到那个男仆把一碗牛奶放在紧靠门边的走廊上。TheAmericancomestowithastart.InIndia,milkinabowlmeansonlyonething—baitforasnake.Herealizestheremustbeacobraintheroom.Helooksupattherafters—thelikeliestplace—buttheyarebare.Threecornersoftheroomareempty,andinthefourththeservantsarewaitingtoservethenextcourse.Thereisonlyoneplaceleft—underthetable.那个美国人突然醒悟过来。在印度,碗中的牛奶只有一个意思——引蛇的诱饵。他意识到餐室里一定有条眼镜蛇。他抬头看了看屋顶上的椽子——那是最可能有蛇藏身的地方——但那上面空荡荡的。室内的三个角落里也是空的,而在第四个角落里,仆人们正在等着上下一道菜。这样,剩下的就只有一个地方了——餐桌下面。Hisfirstimpulseistojumpbackandwarntheothers,butheknowsthecommotionwouldfrightenthecobraintostriking.Hespeaksquickly,thetoneofhisvoicesocommandingthatitsilenceseveryone.他首先想到的是往后一跳,并向其他人发出警告。但他知道这样会引起骚乱,致使眼镜蛇受惊咬人。于是他很快讲了一通话,其语气非常威严,竟使得所有的人都安静了下来。"Iwanttoknowjustwhatcontroleveryoneatthistablehas.Iwillcountthreehundred—that'sfiveminutes—andnotoneofyouistomoveamuscle.Thosewhomovewillforfeit50rupees.Ready!"“我想了解一下在座的诸位到底有多大的克制能力,我数三百下——也就是五分钟——你们谁都不许动一动。动者将罚款五十卢比。准备好!〞The20peoplesitlikestoneimageswhilehecounts.Heissaying"...twohundredandeighty..."when,outofthecornerofhiseye,heseesthecobraemergeandmakeforthebowlofmilk.Screamsringoutashejumpstoslamtheverandadoorssafelyshut.在他数数的过程中,那二十个人都像一尊尊石雕一样端坐在那儿。当他数到“……二百八十……〞时,突然从眼角处看到那条眼镜蛇钻了出来,向那碗牛奶爬去。在他跳起来把通往走廊的门全都砰砰地牢牢关上时,室内响起了一片尖叫声。"Youwereright,Major!"thehostexclaims."Amanhasjustshownusanexampleofperfectself-control."“你刚刚说得很对,少校!〞男主人大声说。“一个男子刚刚为我们显示了沉着不迫、镇定自假设的范例。〞"Justaminute,"theAmericansays,turningtohishostess."Mrs.Wynnes,howdidyouknowthatcobrawasintheroom?"“且慢,〞那位美国人一边说着一边转向女主人。“温兹太太,你怎么知道那条眼镜蛇是在屋子里呢?〞Afaintsmilelightsupthewoman'sfaceasshereplies:"Becauseitwascrawlingacrossmyfoot."Unit2LessonsfromJeffersonBruceBliven杰斐逊的遗训布鲁斯·布利文ThomasJefferson,thethirdPresidentoftheUnitedStates,maybelessfamousthanGeorgeWashingtonandAbrahamLincoln,butmostpeoplerememberatleastonefactabouthim:hewrotetheDeclarationofIndependence.美国第三任总统托马斯·杰斐逊也许不像乔治·华盛顿和亚伯拉罕·林肯那样著名,但大多数人至少记得有关他的一件事实:是他写的《独立宣言》。AlthoughJeffersonlivedmorethan200yearsago,thereismuchthatwecanlearnfromhimtoday.Manyofhisideasareespeciallyinterestingtomodernyouth.Herearesomeofthethingshesaidandwrote:虽然杰斐逊生活在二百多年以前,但我们今天仍可以从他身上学到很多东西。他的许多思想对当代青年来说特别有意义。下面就是他讲过和写过的一些观点:Goandsee.Jeffersonbelievedthatafreemanobtainsknowledgefrommanysourcesbesidesbooksandthatpersonalinvestigationisimportant.Whenstillayoungman,hewasappointedtoacommitteetofindoutwhethertheSouthBranchoftheJamesRiverwasdeepenoughtobeusedbylargeboats.Whiletheothermembersofthecommitteesatinthestatecapitolandstudiedpapersonthesubject,Jeffersongotintoacanoeandmadeon-the-spotobservations.自己去看。杰斐逊认为,一个自由的人除了从书本中获取知识外,还可以从许多别的来源获得知识;他认为,亲自做调查是很重要的。在他还很年轻的时候,他就被任命为一个委员会的成员,去调查詹姆斯河南部支流的水深是否足以通行大型船只。委员会的其他成员都坐在州议会大厦内研究有关这一问题的文件,而杰斐逊却跳进一只独木舟去做现场观测。Youcanlearnfromeveryone.BybirthandbyeducationJeffersonbelongedtothehighestsocialclass.Yet,inadaywhenfewnoblepersonseverspoketothoseofhumbleoriginsexcepttogiveanorder,Jeffersonwentoutofhiswaytotalkwithgardeners,servants,andwaiters.JeffersononcesaidtotheFrenchnobleman,Lafayette,"Youmustgointothepeople'shomesasIhavedone,lookintotheircookingpotsandeattheirbread.Ifyouwillonlydothis,youmayfindoutwhypeoplearedissatisfiedandunderstandtherevolutionthatisthreateningFrance."你可以向任何人学习。按出身及其所受的教育,杰斐逊均属于最高的社会阶层。然而,在那个贵人们除了发号施令以外很少跟出身卑贱的人说话的年代,杰斐逊却常破例跟园丁、仆人和侍者交谈。有一次杰斐逊曾这样对法国贵族拉斐特说过:“你必须像我那样到平民百姓的家里去,看看他们的锅里煮些什么,吃吃他们的面包。只要你肯这样做,你就会发现老百姓为什么会不满意,你就会理解正在威胁着法国的革命。〞Judgeforyourself.Jeffersonrefusedtoacceptotherpeople'sopinionswithoutcarefulthought."Neitherbelievenorrejectanything,"hewrotetohisnephew,"becauseanyotherpersonhasrejectedorbelievedit.Heavenhasgivenyouamindforjudgingtruthanderror.Useit."自己作判断。未经过认真的思考,杰斐逊绝不接受别人的意见。他在给侄子的信中写道:“不要因为别的人相信或拒绝了什么东西,你也就去相信它或拒绝它。上帝赐予你一个用来判断真理和谬误的头脑。那你就运用它吧。〞Jeffersonfeltthatthepeople"maysafelybetrustedtoheareverythingtrueandfalse,andtoformacorrectjudgment.Wereitlefttometodecidewhetherweshouldhaveagovernmentwithoutnewspapersornewspaperswithoutagovernment,Ishouldnothesitateamomenttopreferthelatter."杰斐逊觉得,人民“是完全可以信赖的,应该让他们听到一切真实和虚伪的东西,然后作出正确的判断。倘使让我来决定,我们是应该有一个政府而不要报纸呢还是应该有报纸而不要政府,我会毫不犹豫地选择后者。〞Dowhatyoubelieveisright.Inafreecountrytherewillalwaysbeconflictingideas,andthisisasourceofstrength.Itisconflictandnotunquestioningagreementthatkeepsfreedomalive.ThoughJeffersonwasformanyyearstheobjectofstrongcriticism,heneveransweredhiscritics.Heexpressedhisphilosophyinletterstoafriend,"Therearetwosidestoeveryquestion.Ifyoutakeonesidewithdecisionandactonitwitheffect,thosewhotaketheothersidewillofcourseresentyouractions."做你认为是正确的事。在一个自由的国家里总会有各种相互冲突的思想,而这正是力量的源泉。使自由保持活力的是冲突而不是绝对的一致。虽然有好多年杰斐逊一直受到剧烈的批评,但他从不回应那些批评他的人。他在写给一位朋友的信中表达了自己的观点:“每个问题都有两面。如果你坚决站在一面并根据它有效地采取行动,那么,站在另一面的那些人当然会对你的行动怨恨不满。〞Trustthefuture;trusttheyoung.Jeffersonfeltthatthepresentshouldneverbechainedtocustomswhichhavelosttheirusefulness."Nosociety,"hesaid,"canmakeaperpetualconstitution,orevenaperpetuallaw.Theearthbelongstothelivinggeneration."Hedidnotfearnewideas,nordidhefearthefuture."Howmuchpain,"heremarked,"hasbeencausedbyevilswhichhaveneverhappened!Iexpectthebest,nottheworst.Isteermyshipwithhope,leavingfearbehind."相信未来,相信青年。杰斐逊认为,绝不可以用那些已经无用的习俗来束缚住“现在〞的手脚。他说:“没有哪个社会可以制订一部永远适用的宪法,甚至连一条永远适用的法律也制订不出来。地球是属于活着的一代的。〞他不害怕新思想,也不惧怕未来。他评论说:“有多少痛苦是由一些从未发生过的灾难引起的啊!我期待的是最好的东西,而不是最坏的东西。我满怀希望地驾驶着自己的航船,而把恐惧抛在后面。〞Jefferson'scourageandidealismwerebasedonknowledge.Heprobablyknewmorethananyothermanofhisage.Hewasanexpertinagriculture,archeology,andmedicine.Hepracticedcroprotationandsoilconservationacenturybeforethesebecamestandardpractice,andheinventedaplowsuperiortoanyotherinexistence.HeinfluencedarchitecturethroughoutAmerica,andhewasconstantlyproducingdevicesformakingthetasksofordinarylifeeasiertoperform.杰斐逊的勇气和理想主义是以知识为根底的。他懂得的东西也许比同时代的任何人都要多。在农业、考古学和医学方面他都是专家。在人们普遍采用农作物轮作和土壤保持的做法之前一个世纪,他就这样做了。他还创造了一种比当时任何一种都好的耕犁。他影响了整个美国的建筑业,他还不断地制造出各种机械装置,使日常生活中需要做的许多工作变得更加容易。OfallJefferson'smanytalents,oneiscentral.Hewasaboveallagoodandtirelesswriter.Hiscompleteworks,nowbeingpublishedforthefirsttime,willfillmorethanfiftyvolumes.Histalentasanauthorwassoondiscovered,andwhenthetimecametowritetheDeclarationofIndependenceatPhiladelphiain1776,thetaskofwritingitwashis.Millionshavethrilledtohiswords:"Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thatallmenarecreatedequal..."在杰斐逊的众多才能中,有一种是最主要的:他首先是一位优秀的、不知疲倦的作家。目前正在第一次出版的他的全集将超过五十卷。他作为一个作家的才能很快便被发现了,所以,当1776年在费城要撰写《独立宣言》的时刻来到时,这一任务便落在了他肩上。数以百万计的人们读到他写的以下词句都冲动不已:“我们认为这些真理是不言而喻的:一切人生来就是平等的……〞WhenJeffersondiedonJuly4,1826,the50thanniversaryofAmericanindependence,helefthiscountrymenarichlegacyofideasandexamples.AmericaneducationowesagreatdebttoThomasJefferson,whobelievedthatonlyanationofeducatedpeoplecouldremainfree.Tryingtomakesomemoneybeforeenteringuniversity,theauthorappliesforateachingjob.Buttheinterviewgoesfrombadtoworse...为了想在进大学前赚些钱,作者申请了一份教职。但面试情况却越来越糟……Unit3MyFirstJobRobertBest我的第一份工作罗伯特·贝斯特WhileIwaswaitingtoenteruniversity,IsawadvertisedinalocalnewspaperateachingpostataschoolinasuburbofLondonabouttenmilesfromwhereIlived.Beingveryshortofmoneyandwantingtodosomethinguseful,Iapplied,fearingasIdidso,thatwithoutadegreeandwithnoexperienceinteachingmychancesofgettingthejobwereslim.在我等着进大学期间,我在一份地方报纸上看到一那么广告,说是在离我住处大约十英里的伦敦某郊区,有所学校要招聘一名教师。我因为手头很拮据,同时也想做点有用的事,于是便提出了申请,但在提出申请的同时我也担忧,自己一无学位,二无教学经验,得到这份工作的可能性是微乎其微的。However,threedayslateraletterarrived,askingmetogotoCroydonforaninterview.Itprovedanawkwardjourney:atraintoCroydonstation;aten-minutebusrideandthenawalkofatleastaquarterofamile.AsaresultIarrivedonahotJunemorningtoodepressedtofeelnervous.然而,三天之后,却来了一封信,叫我到克洛伊登去面试。这一路去那儿原来还真麻烦:先乘火车到克洛伊登车站,再乘十分钟的公共汽车,然后还要至少步行四分之一英里。结果,我在六月一个炎热的上午到了那儿,因为心情非常沮丧,竟不感到紧张了。Theschoolwasaredbrickhousewithbigwindows.Thefrontgardenwasagravelsquare;fourevergreenshrubsstoodateachcorner,wheretheystruggledtosurvivethedustandfumesfromabusymainroad.学校是一座装着大窗户的红砖房子。前庭园是个铺着沙砾的正方形:四个角上各有一丛冬青灌木,它们经受着从繁忙的大街上吹来的尘烟,挣扎着活下去。Itwasclearlytheheadmasterhimselfthatopenedthedoor.Hewasshortandfat.Hehadasandy-colouredmoustache,awrinkledforeheadandhardlyanyhair.开门的显然是校长本人。他又矮又胖,留着沙色的小胡子,前额上布满皱纹,头发差不多已经秃光。Helookedatmewithanairofsurpriseddisapproval,asacolonelmightlookataprivatewhosebootlaceswereundone."Ahyes,"hegrunted."You'dbettercomeinside."Thenarrow,sunlesshallsmelledunpleasantlyofstalecabbage;thewallsweredirtywithinkmarks;itwasallsilent.Hisstudy,judgingbythecrumbsonthecarpet,wasalsohisdining-room."You'dbettersitdown,"hesaid,andproceededtoaskmeanumberofquestions:whatsubjectsIhadtakeninmyGeneralSchoolCertificate;howoldIwas;whatgamesIplayed;thenfixingmesuddenlywithhisbloodshoteyes,heaskedmewhetherIthoughtgameswereavitalpartofaboy'seducation.Imumbledsomethingaboutnotattachingtoomuchimportancetothem.Hegrunted.Ihadsaidthewrongthing.TheheadmasterandIobviouslyhadverylittleincommon.他带着一种吃惊的、不以为然的神态看着我,就像一位上校看着一名没系好靴带的二等兵一样。“哦,〞他咕哝着说,“你最好到里面来。〞那狭窄的、不见阳光的走廊里散发出一股腐烂的卷心菜味,闻上去很不舒服;墙上墨迹斑斑,显得很脏;周围一片静寂。根据地毯上的面包屑来判断,他的书房也是他的餐室。“你最好坐下,〞他说,接着便问了我许多问题:为了得到普通学校证书我学过哪些课程;我多大岁数了;我会玩些什么游戏;问到这里他突然用他那双充满血丝的眼睛盯住我,问我是否认为游戏是儿童教育的一个极为重要的组成局部。我含模糊糊地说了些不必太重视游戏之类的话。他咕哝了几句。我说了错话。我和校长显然没有多少共同语言。Theschool,hesaid,consistedofoneclassoftwenty-fourboys,ranginginagefromseventothirteen.Ishouldhavetoteachallsubjectsexceptart,whichhetaughthimself.FootballandcricketwereplayedinthePark,amileawayonWednesdayandSaturdayafternoons.他说,学校只有一个班,二十四名男生,年龄从七岁到十三岁不等,除了美术课他亲自教以外,其余所有的课程都得由我来教。星期三和星期六的下午要到一英里以外的公园去踢足球,打板球。Theteachingset-upfilledmewithfear.Ishouldhavetodividetheclassintothreegroupsandteachtheminturnatthreedifferentlevels;andIwasdismayedatthethoughtofteachingalgebraandgeometry—twosubjectsatwhichIhadbeencompletelyincompetentatschool.WorseperhapswastheideaofSaturdayafternooncricket;mostofmyfriendswouldbeenjoyingleisureatthattime.整个教学方案把我吓坏了。我得把全班学生分成三个组,按三种不同的程度轮流给他们上课;想到要教代数和几何这两门我在读书时学得极差的科目,我感到很害怕。更糟糕的也许是星期六下午打板球的安排,因为这时候我的朋友大都会在悠闲地自得其乐。Isaidshyly,"Whatwouldmysalarybe?""Twelvepoundsaweekpluslunch."BeforeIcouldprotest,hegottohisfeet."Now",hesaid,"you'dbettermeetmywife.She'stheonewhoreallyrunsthisschool."我怯生生地问:“我的薪水是多少?〞“每周十二磅外加中饭。〞还没等我来得及提出异议,他已经站了起来。“好了,〞他说,“你最好见见我的妻子。她才是这所学校真正的主管人。〞Thiswasthelaststraw.Iwasveryyoung:theprospectofworkingunderawomanconstitutedtheultimateindignity.SeenthroughtheeyesofayoungfriendEinsteinwasasimple,modestandordinaryman.在一个年轻朋友的心目中,爱因斯坦是个纯朴、谦虚的普通人。Unit4TheProfessorandtheYo-YoThomasLeeBuckywithJosephP.Blank教授与溜溜球托马斯·李·巴基和约瑟夫·P·布兰克MyfatherwasaclosefriendofAlbertEinstein.AsashyyoungvisitortoEinstein'shome,IwasmadetofeelateasewhenEinsteinsaid,"Ihavesomethingtoshowyou."HewenttohisdeskandreturnedwithaYo-Yo.Hetriedtoshowmehowitworkedbuthecouldn'tmakeitrollbackupthestring.Whenmyturncame,Idisplayedmyfewtricksandpointedouttohimthattheincorrectlyloopedstringhadthrownthetoyoffbalance.Einsteinnodded,properlyimpressedbymyskillandknowledge.Later,IboughtanewYo-YoandmailedittotheProfessorasaChristmaspresent,andreceivedapoemofthanks.我父亲是阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦的密友。小时候有一次我去爱因斯坦家拜访时很腼腆,他说,“我有样东西拿给你看,〞于是我便感到无拘无束了。他走到书桌旁,拿回来一只溜溜球。他试图做给我看这种玩具怎么个玩法,但他没法使它顺着线再转上去。轮到我时,我露了几手并向他指出,绕错的线圈使玩具失去了平衡。爱因斯坦点点头,我的技能和知识给他留下了颇深的印象。后来,我买了一只溜溜球,把它作为圣诞礼物送给了教授,并收到他一首表示感谢的诗。Asaboyandthenasanadult,IneverlostmywonderatthepersonalitythatwasEinstein.HewastheonlypersonIknewwhohadcometotermswithhimselfandtheworldaroundhim.Heknewwhathewantedandhewantedonlythis:tounderstandwithinhislimitsasahumanbeingthenatureoftheuniverseandthelogicandsimplicityinitsfunctioning.Heknewtherewereanswersbeyondhisintellectualreach.Butthisdidnotfrustratehim.Hewascontenttogoasfarashecould.作为一个孩子,以后又作为一个成人,我一直对爱因斯坦的个性惊叹不已。他是我所认识的人中唯一能跟自己及周围世界达成妥协的人。他知道自己想要什么,而他想要的只是:在他作为一个人的能力范围之内理解宇宙的性质以及宇宙运行的逻辑和单纯。他知道有许多问题的答案超出了他智力所及的范围。但这并不使他感到灰心丧气。只要在能力许可的范围内取得最大的成功他就心满意足了。Inthe23yearsofourfriendship,Ineversawhimshowjealousy,vanity,bitterness,anger,resentment,orpersonalambition.Heseemedimmunetotheseemotions.Hewasbeyondanypretension.Althoughhecorrespondedwithmanyoftheworld'smostimportantpeople,hisstationerycarriedonlyawatermark—W—forWoolworth's.在我们二十三年的友谊中,我从未见他表现出妒忌、虚荣、痛苦、愤怒、怨恨或个人野心。他好似对这些感情具有免疫能力似的。他毫无矫饰之心,虚荣之意。虽然他与世界上的许多要人通信,他用的却是有W水印字母的信笺,水印字母W——五分钱商店伍尔沃思的缩写。Todohisworkheneededonlyapencilandapadofpaper.Materialthingsmeantnothingtohim.Ineverknewhimtocarrymoneybecauseheneverhadanyuseforit.Hebelievedinsimplicity,somuchsothatheusedonlyasafetyrazorandwatertoshave.WhenIsuggestedthathetryshavingcream,hesaid,"Therazorandwaterdothejob."为了做他的工作他只需要一支笔和一本拍纸簿。物质的东西对他毫无意义。我知道他身上从不带钱,因为他从来不需要用钱。他信奉简朴,甚至于只用一把平安剃刀和清水刮胡子。当我建议他用一下刮胡膏时,他说:“剃刀和水就够了。〞"ButProfessor,whydon'tyoutrythecreamjustonce?"Iargued."Itmakesshavingsmootherandlesspainful."“但是,教授,为什么你就不能仅仅试用一次刮胡膏呢?〞我争辩说。“它可以让你刮起胡子来又平滑又不痛。〞Heshrugged.Finally,Ipresentedhimwithatubeofshavingcream.Thenextmorningwhenhecamedowntobreakfast,hewasbeamingwiththepleasureofanew,greatdiscovery."Youknow,thatcreamreallyworks,"heannounced."Itdoesn'tpullthebeard.Itfeelswonderful."Thereafter,heusedtheshavingcreameverymorninguntilthetubewasempty.Thenherevertedtousingplainwater.他耸了耸肩。最后,我终于送给他一管刮胡膏。第二天早上,当他下楼来用早餐时,他因为有了一大新发现而快乐得满脸含笑。“你知道,那种刮胡膏还真有效,〞他说。“它不扯胡子,感觉好极了。〞打那以后,他每天早晨都用那管刮胡膏,直到那一管用完为止。然后他又回复到只用清水刮胡子了。Einsteinwaspurelyandexclusivelyatheorist.Hedidn'thavetheslightestinterestinthepracticalapplicationofhisideasandtheories.HisE=mc2isprobablythemostfamousequationinhistory—yetEinsteinwouldn'twalkdownthestreettoseeareactorcreateatomicenergy.HewontheNobelPrizeforhisPhotoelectricTheory,aseriesofequationsthatheconsideredrelativelyminorinimportance,buthedidn'thaveanycuriosityinobservinghowhistheorymadeTVpossible.爱因斯坦完完全全是个理论家。他对自己的思想和理论的实际应用丝毫不感兴趣。他提出的E=mc2也许是有史以来最著名的公式——然而爱因斯坦却不愿费举足之劳去看反响堆产生原子能。他因其光电理论——他认为这是比拟次要的一系列公式——而获得诺贝尔奖金,但对于观察他的理论怎样使得电视得以产生却没有一点好奇心。MybrotheroncegavetheProfessoratoy,abirdthatbalancedontheedgeofabowlofwaterandrepeatedlydunkeditsheadinthewater.Einsteinwatcheditindelight,tryingtodeducetheoperatingprinciple.Buthecouldn't.我兄弟曾送给教授一个玩具,那是一只立在盛水的碗边保持平衡并反复把头浸入水中的鸟。爱因斯坦快乐地注视着它,试图推断出它的运动原理,但他没能推断出。Thenextmorningheannounced,"IhadthoughtaboutthatbirdforalongtimebeforeIwenttobedanditmustworkthisway..."Hebeganalongexplanation.Thenhestopped,realizingaflawinhisreasoning."No,Iguessthat'snotit,"hesaid.HepursuedvarioustheoriesforseveraldaysuntilIsuggestedwetakethetoyaparttoseehowitdidwork.Hisquickexpressionofdisapprovaltoldmehedidnotagreewiththispracticalapproach.Heneverdidworkoutthesolution.第二天早晨他宣布说:“关于那只鸟我睡觉前思索了很长时间,它一定是这样运转的……〞他开始做起了长篇解释。后来他意识到自己推理中的一个漏洞便停了下来。“不,我想不是那么回事。〞他连续几天试着用各种理论来加以解释,后来我建议他把玩具拆开来看看它是怎样运转的。他迅速显出的不赞成的表情告诉我,他并不同意这种切实可行的作法。他一直没有研究出这个答案。AnotherpuzzlethatEinsteincouldneverunderstandwashisownfame.Hehaddevelopedtheoriesthatwereprofoundandcapableofexcitingrelativelyfewscientists.Yethisnamewasahouseholdwordacrossthecivilizedworld."I'vehadgoodideas,andsohaveothermen,"heoncesaid."Butit'sbeenmygoodfortunethatmyideashavebeenaccepted."Hewasbewilderedbyhisfame:peoplewantedtomeethim;strangersstaredathimonthestreet;scientists,statesmen,students,andhousewiveswrotehimletters.Henevercouldunderstandwhyhereceivedthisattention,whyhewassingledoutassomethingspecial.Thereisonegaspresentintheairwebreathethatisessentialtolife.Unfortunately,onecanhavetoomuchofagoodthingandthegrowthincarbondioxidethreatenstowarmupourplanettoadangerousextent.IsaacAsimovintroducesustothisvillainintheatmosphere,explaininghowitworksandwhatcanbedoneaboutit.在我们呼吸的空气中,有一种气体对生命是必不可少的。遗憾的是,一样好东西我们可能会拥有得太多,而二氧化碳的增长威胁着我们,使地球变暖到一种危险的程度。艾萨克·阿西莫夫向我们介绍了大气层中的这个坏蛋,向我们解释了它是怎样活动的以及对付它的方法。Unit5TheVillainintheAtmosphereIsaacAsimov艾萨克·阿西莫夫大气层中的恶棍乃是二氧化碳。Thevillainintheatmosphereiscarbondioxide.大气层中的恶棍Itdoesnotseemtobeavillain.Itisnotverypoisonousanditispresentintheatmosphereinsosmallaquantity—only0.034percent—thatitdoesusnoharm.二氧化碳看上去不像一个恶棍。它毒性不大,在大气层中的含量极小——只占0.034%——不会对我们造成任何伤害。What'smore,thatsmallquantityofcarbondioxideintheairisessentialtolife.Plantsabsorbcarbondioxideandconvertitintotheirowntissue,whichserveasthebasicfoodsupplyforallofanimallife(includinghumanbeings,ofcourse).Intheprocesstheyliberateoxygen,whichisalsonecessaryforallanimallife.再者,空气中的那一点点二氧化碳对生命至关重要。植物吸收二氧化碳并将其转化成它们自己的组织,充当所有动物〔当然也包括人类〕的根本食物供给。在这一过程中,植物释放氧气,而氧气又是所有动物生命所不可缺少的。Buthereiswhatthisapparentlyharmlessandcertainlyessentialgasisdoingtous:然而,这一看上去无害而且无疑又必不可少的气体却正在对我们产生影响。Thesealevelisrisingveryslowlyfromyeartoyear.Inalllikelihood,itwillcontinuetoriseanddosoatagreaterrateinthecourseofthenexthundredyears.Wheretherearelow-lyingcoastalareas(wherealargefractionoftheworld'spopulationlives)thewaterwilladvancesteadily,forcingpeopletoretreatinland.年复一年,海平面正在慢慢上升。它很可能继续上升,而在今后数百年间,会以更快的速度上升。在那些低洼的沿海地区〔在这些地区居住着世界上很大一局部人口〕,海水会稳步向前推进,迫使人们向内陆退居。Eventuallytheseawillreachtwohundredfeetaboveitspresentlevel,andwillbesplashingagainstthewindowsalongthetwentiethfloorsofManhattan'sskyscrapers.Floridawilldisappearbeneaththewaves,aswillmuchoftheBritishIsles,thecrowdedNilevalley,andthelow-lyingareasofChina,India,andRussia.最后,海水将会高出目前海平面两百英尺,一阵阵海浪将会拍打曼哈顿摩天大楼二十层楼的窗户。佛罗里达将会漂浮在海浪之下,英伦三岛的大局部,人口稠密的尼罗河流域,还有中国、印度和俄罗斯的低洼地区也都将遭到同样的命运。Notonlywillmanycitiesbedrowned,butmuchofthemostproductivefarmingareasoftheworldwillbelost.Asthefoodsupplydrops,starvationwillbewidespreadandthestructureofsocietymaycollapseunderthepressure.不仅许多城市将被淹没,而且世界上大局部盛产粮食的地区也将会失去。由于食品供给下降,到处都会出现饥荒,在这种压力下,社会结构有可能崩溃。Andallbecauseofcarbondioxide.Buthowdoesthatcomeabout?Whatistheconnection?而这一切都是因为二氧化碳。可怎么会出现这种情况呢?两者之间又有什么联系呢?Itbeginswithsunlight,towhichthevariousgasesoftheatmosphere(includingcarbondioxide)aretransparent.Sunlight,strikingthetopoftheatmosphere,travelsrightthroughmilesofittowarmtheEarth'ssurface.Atnight,theEarthcoolsbyradiatingheatintospaceintheformofinfraredradiation.首先是太阳光,大气层中的各种气体〔包括二氧化碳〕对于太阳光来说是透明的。太阳光照射大气层的顶部,径直透过数英里的大气层,温暖着地球的外表。在夜间,地球将热量以红外线的形式放射到外层空间而冷却下来。However,theatmosphereisnotquiteastransparenttoinfraredradiationasitistovisiblelight.Carbondioxideinparticulartendstoblocksuchradiation.Lessheatislostatnight,forthatreason,thanwouldbelostifcarbondioxidewerenotpresentintheatmosphere.Withoutthesmallquantityofthatgaspresent,theEarthwouldbedistinctlycooler,perhapsuncomfortablycool.然而,大气层对红外线来说并不像它对可见光那样透明。二氧化碳特别会阻挡这样的热量辐射。因此,在夜间失去的热量要比在大气中没有二氧化碳的情况下失去的要少。要是没有少量的二氧化碳存在,地球就会明显冷得多,说不定就冷得不舒服了。Wecanbethankfulthatcarbondioxideiskeepinguscomfortablywarm,buttheconcentrationofcarbondioxideintheatmosphereisgoingupsteadilyandthatiswherethevillainycomesin.In1958,carbondioxidemadeuponly0.0316percentoftheatmosphere.Eachyearsince,theconcentrationhascreptupwardanditnowstandsat0.0340percent.Itisestimatedthatby2023theconcentrationwillbenearlytwicewhatitisnow.我们该感到欣慰,二氧化碳给我们温暖使我们舒舒服服,但是大气中二氧化碳的浓度正在稳步升高,其恶迹也就由此而生。1958年,二氧化碳只占大气总量的0.0316%。此后,其浓度逐年悄悄攀升,而现在已到达0.0340%。据估算,到2023年,二氧化碳的浓度将接近现在的两倍。Thismeansthatinthecomingdecades,Earth'saveragetemperaturewillgoupslightly.Asaresult,thepolaricecapswillbegintomelt.这就意味着,在未来几十年间,地球的平均温度将要稍许升高。极地冰盖因此将开始融化。Somethinglike90percentoftheiceintheworldistobefoundinthehugeAntarcticaicecap,andanother8percentisintheGreenlandicecap.Iftheseicecapsbegintomelt,thesealevelwillrise,withtheresultthatIhavealreadydescribed.世界上大约90%的冰都聚积在巨大的南极冰盖中,另有8%在格陵兰冰盖。如果这些冰盖开始融化,海平面将要升高,其结果就是我上面描述的那个样子。Butwhyistheconcentrationofcarbondioxideintheatmospheresteadilyrising?可是大气中的二氧化碳浓度为什么正在不断升高呢?Toblamearetwofactors.Firstofall,inthelastfewcenturies,firstcoal,thenoilandnaturalgas,havebeenburnedforenergyatarapidlyincreasingrate.Thecarboncontainedinthesefuels,whichhasbeensafelyburiedundergroundformanymillionsofyears,isnowbeingburnedtocarbondioxideandpouredintotheatmosphereatarateofmanytonsperday.难辞其咎的有两个因素。首先,在近几个世纪中,先是煤,其后是石油和天然气,以快速增长的态势被用做燃料获取能量。这些燃料中所含的碳,在过去数百万年的岁月里一直平安地埋在地下,而现在正被烧成二氧化碳,并以每天数吨的速率大量排放到大气中。Tomakemattersworse,Earth'sforestshavebeendisappearing,slowlyatfirst,butinthelastcoupleofcenturiesquiterapidly.Rightnowitisdisappearingattherateofsixty-fouracresperminute.更糟的是,地球上的森林在不断消失,起先是慢慢地消失,但在近一两个世纪里其消失的速度相当快。现在,森林消失的速度是每分钟64英亩。Whateverreplacestheforest—grasslandorfarmsorscrub—producesplantsthatdonotconsumecarbondioxideatanequalrate.Thus,notonlyismorecarbondioxidebeingaddedtotheatmospherethroughburningoffuel,butastheforestsdisappear,lesscarbondioxideisbeingremovedfromtheatmospherebyplants.不管取代森林的是草地、农田,还是灌木丛,其生产的植物消耗二氧化碳的速率与森林是不相等的。因此,不仅是通过燃料的燃烧使更多的二氧化碳被释放到大气中,而且,随着森林的消失,植物从大气中吸收的二氧化碳也减少了。Butthisgivesusanewperspectiveonthematter.Thecarbondioxideisnotrisingbyitself.Itispeoplewhoareburningthecoal,oil,andgas.Itispeoplewhoarecuttingdowntheforests.Itispeople,then,whoarethevillains.但是这也给了我们一个新的视角来考察这个问题。大气中二氧化碳并不是自行上升的。是人在烧煤、烧油和烧气。是人在砍伐森林。所以,人才是真正的元凶。Whatistobedone?怎么办呢?First,wemustsaveourforests,andevenreplantthem.首先,我们必须拯救森林,乃至重植森林。Second,wemusthavenewsourcesoffuelthatdonotinvolvetheproductionofcarbondioxide.Nuclearpowerisoneofthem,butifthatisthoughttoodangerous,thereareotheralternatives.Thereistheenergyofwaves,tides,wind,andtheEarth'sinteriorheat.Mostofall,thereisthedirectuseofsolarenergy.第二,我们必须有新的不产生二氧化碳的燃料源。核能就是其中之一,如果认为核能太危险,也还有其他选择。有波浪能,潮汐能,风能,还有地球内部的热能。尤其是,还可以直接利用太阳能。Allofthiswilltaketime,work,andmoney,tobetrue,butnationsspendmoretime,work,andmoneyinordertosupportcompetingmilitarymachinesthatcanonlydestroyusall.Shouldweobjecttospendinglesstime,work,andmoneyinordertosaveusall?RTThereisonegaspresentintheairwebreathethatisessentialtolife.Unfortunately,onecanhavetoomuchofagoodthingandthegrowthincarbondioxidethreatenstowarmupourplanettoadangerousextent.IsaacAsimovintroducesustothisvillainintheatmosphere,explaininghowitworksandwhatcanbedoneaboutit.在我们呼吸的空气中,有一种气体对生命是必不可少的。遗憾的是,一样好东西我们可能会拥有得太多,而二氧化碳的增长威胁着我们,使地球变暖到一种危险的程度。艾萨克·阿西莫夫向我们介绍了大气层中的这个坏蛋,向我们解释了它是怎样活动的以及对付它的方法。Unit6TheMakingofaSurgeonDr.Nolen外科医师的成功之道诺兰医生Howdoesadoctorrecognizethepointintimewhenheisfinallya"surgeon"?AsmyyearaschiefresidentdrewtoacloseIaskedmyselfthisquestiononmorethanoneoccasion.一位医生怎样识别自己终于成了一名“外科医师〞的那一时刻呢?在我任住院主任医师的那一年快要结束的时候,我曾不止一次地问过自己这个问题。Theanswer,Iconcluded,wasself-confidence.Whenyoucansaytoyourself,"ThereisnosurgicalpatientIcannottreatcompetently,treatjustaswellasorbettertha

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