专业英语 刘亚平 专业英语（第七周）ower and administra

PowerandAdministrationNortonE.Long精选pptThelifebloodofadministrationispower.Itsattainment,maintenance,increase,dissipation,andlossaresubjectsthepractitionerandstudentcanillaffordtoneglect.Powerisonlyoneoftheconsiderationsthatmustbeweighedinadministration,butallofitisthemostoverlookedintheoryandthemostdangeroustooverlookinpractice.精选pptThepowerresourcesofanadministratororanagencyarenotdisclosedbyalegalsearchoftitlesandcourtdecisionsorbyexaminingappropriationsorbudgetaryallotments.Administrativerationalityrequiresacriticalevaluationofthewholerangeofcomplexandshiftingforcesonwhosesupport,acquiescence,ortemporaryimpotencethepowertoactdepends.Thebudgetingofpowerisabasicsubjectmatterofarealisticscienceofadministration.精选pptItmaybeurgedthatforallbutthetophierarchyoftheadministrativestructurethequestionofpowerisirrelevant.Poweradequatetothefunctiontobeperformedflowsdownthechainofcommand.精选pptPowerisnotconcentratedbythestructureofgovernmentorpoliticsintothehandsofaleadershipwithacapacitytobudgetitamongadiversesetofadministrativeactivities.ApictureofthePresidencyasareservoirofauthorityfromwiththelowerechelonsofadministrationdrawlifeandvigorisanidealizeddistortionofreality.精选pptTodenythatpowerisderivedexclusivelyformsuperiorsinthehierarchyistoassertthatsubordinatesstandinafeudalrelationinwhichtoadegreetheyfendforthemselvesandacquiresupportpeculiarlytheirown.Astructureofinterestsfriendlyorhostile,vagueandgeneralorcompactandwell-defined,encloseseachsignificantcenterofadministrativediscretion.Thisstructureisanimportantdeterminantofthescopeofpossibleaction.精选pptItisclearthattheAmericansystemofpoliticsdoesnotgenerateenoughpoweratanyfocalpointofleadershiptoprovidetheconditionsforanevenpartiallysuccessfuldivorceofpoliticsfromadministration.Subordinatescannotdependontheformalchainofcommandtodeliverenoughpoliticalpowertopermitthemtodotheirjobs.Accordinglytheymustsupplementtheresourcesavailablethroughthehierarchy.精选pptSummarizeI?精选pptIIThetheoryofadministrationhasneglectedtheproblemofthesourcesandadequacyofpower,inallprobabilitybecauseofadistasteforthedisorderlinessofAmericanpoliticallifeandabeliefthatthisdisorderlinessistransitory.themajoritypartywithamandateatthepollsandafirmlyseatedleadershipintheCabinetseemstosolveadequatelytheproblemofthesupplyofpowernecessarytopermitadministrationtoconcentrateonthefulfillmentofacceptedobjectives.精选pptTheelectionover,itspoliticalmeaningmustbeexploredbythediverseleadersintheexecutiveandlegislativebranches.Sincethepartieshavefailedtodiscussissues,mobilizemajoritiesintheirterms,andcreateaworkingpoliticalconsensusonmeasurestobecarriedout,thetaskisleftforothers–mostprominentlytheagenciesconcerned.Theagenciestowhichtasksareassignedmustdevotethemselvestothecreationofanadequateconsensustopermitadministration.themandatethatthepartiesdonotsupplymustbeattainedthroughpublicrelationsandthemobilizationofgroupsupport.精选pptTheweaknessinpartystructurebothpermitsandmakesnecessarythepresentdimensionsofthepoliticalactivitiesoftheadministrativebranch–permitsbecauseitfailstoprotectadministrationfrompressuresandfailstoprovideadequatedirectionandsupport,makesnecessarybecauseitfailstodevelopaconsensusonaleadershipandaprogramthatmakespossibleadministrationonthebasisofaccepteddecisionalpremises.精选pptAgenciesandbureausmoreorlessperforceareinthebusinessofbuilding,maintaining,andincreasingtheirpoliticalsupport.Theyleadandinlargepartareleadbythediversegroupswhoseinfluencesustainsthem.精选pptVictoryatthepollsdoesnotyieldeitheraclear-cutgrantofpoweroraunifiedmajoritysupportforacoherentprogram.Integrationoftheadministrativestructurethroughanover-allpurposeintermsofwhichtasksandprioritiescanbeestablishedisanemergencyphenomenon.InordinarytimesthemanifoldpressuresofourpluralisticsocietyworkthemselvesoutinaccordancewiththebalanceofforcesprevailinginCongressandtheagencies.精选pptSingleheadednessintheexecutivegivesnoassuranceofsinglenessofpurpose.Itonlyinsuresthatthesignificantpressuresinasocietywillbebroughttobearononeoffice.Muchofadministrativethought,whenitdoesnotassumethevalueofcoordinationforcoordination’ssake,operatesontheassumptionthattheremustbesomethingakintoRosseau’svolontegenerale(公共意志)in