新高考英语二轮复习课时练第1部分阅读理解与阅读七选五专题1第7 体裁微解说明文 (含解析)

第7讲体裁微解——说明文说明文通常是通过举例子、作比较、分类别、析结果、列数字和作引用等手段，具体描述一项研究或者介绍一项新产品、新技术，让读者了解信息，说明文通常不包含作者的个人观点。主要具有以下特点：选材实验报告、产品介绍、场馆介绍、社会现象分析以及语言文化、人文地理、生物的生存状况等。内容用平实的语言客观解说事物、解释现象、提供信息，即说明一个事物，说明一项研究。形式总分式(事物说明文常用“总—分”式、“总—分—总”式结构)；递进式(事理说明文由浅入深、由表及里、由现象到本质，逐层递进，剖析事理)；并列式(文章各部分内容没有主次轻重之分)；对照式(通过两个事物的对照和比较说明其异同)。语言主要考查考生对词汇和句式的掌握和运用情况。说明文因其生僻词汇多、句式复杂等特点，相对于其他体裁的文章来说难度更大。命题主要集中在细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题或词义猜测题。出题人经常在长难句上做文章。说明文阅读量大，生僻词汇多，句式结构复杂，题目往往涉及推理判断题和主旨大意题。因此，阅读这类文章时，应把握文章结构，弄清作者所要说明的事物；另外，考生在平时的学习中应多积累阅读词汇，提高分析长难句的能力。具体答题策略如下：策略指导技法解读抓首尾段首段往往提出说明文的主题，尤其是研究类说明文，研究结果就是主题；尾段往往重申强调主题。梳理文章结构整体叙述＋细节或过程说明＋概括评述；现象＋原因＋后果/启示/措施；研究发现/调查结果＋研究/调查过程。破解长难句结合语境和所学语法知识破解结构复杂的长难句。(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ·B)Likemostofus，Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.Thearugula(芝麻菜)wastomakeanicegreensalad，roundingoutaroastchickendinner.ButIendedupworkinglate.Thenfriendscalledwithadinnerinvitation.Istuckthechickeninthefreezer.Butasdayspassed，thearugulawentbad.Evenworse，Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;IcouldhavemadesixsaladswithwhatIthrewout.Inaworldwherenearly800millionpeopleayeargohungry，“foodwastegoesagainstthemoralgrain，”asElizabethRoytewritesinthismonth’scoverstory.It’sjaw-droppinghowmuchperfectlygoodfoodisthrownaway—from“ugly”(butquiteeatable)vegetablesrejectedbygrocerstolargeamountsofuneatendishesthrownintorestaurantgarbagecans.Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater，fuel，andotherresourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact，Roytewrites，“iffoodwastewereacountry，itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”Ifthat’shardtounderstand，let’skeepitassimpleasthearugulaatthebackofmyrefrigerator.MikeCurtinseesmyarugulastoryallthetime—butforhim，it’smorelike12boxesofdonatedstrawberriesnearingtheirlastdays.CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington，D.C.，whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredmorethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished(有瑕疵的)producethatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields.Andthestrawberries？Volunteerswillwash，cut，andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.Suchmethodsseemobvious，yetsooftenwejustdon’tthink.“Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste，whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon’teat，”Curtinsays.语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了我们日常生活中的食物浪费现象以及Washington，D.C.中央厨房的首席执行官Curtin为解决食物浪费而采取的努力。24．Whatdoestheauthorwanttoshowbytellingthearugulastory?A．Wepaylittleattentiontofoodwaste.B．Wewastefoodunintentionallyattimes.C．Wewastemorevegetablesthanmeat.D．Wehavegoodreasonsforwastingfood.答案B解析推理判断题。根据第一段内容可推知，作者想通过讲述芝麻菜的故事来表明我们有时会无意间浪费食物。故选B。25．Whatisaconsequenceoffoodwasteaccordingtothetext?A．Moraldecline.B．Environmentalharm.C．Energyshortage.D．Worldwidestarvation.答案B解析细节理解题。根据第三段可知，浪费食物的一个后果就是会造成环境问题。故选B。26．WhatdoesCurtin’scompanydo?A．Itproduceskitchenequipment.B．Itturnsrottenarugulaintocleanfuel.C．Ithelpslocalfarmersgrowfruits.D．Itmakesmealsoutofunwantedfood.答案D解析细节理解题。根据第四段中的“CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington，D.C.，whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.”可知，Curtin的公司可以将不需要的食物重新做成健康膳食，故选D。27．WhatdoesCurtinsuggestpeopledo?A．Buyonlywhatisneeded.B．Reducefoodconsumption.C．Goshoppingonceaweek.D．Eatinrestaurantslessoften.答案A解析细节理解题。根据最后一段Curtin所说的话可知，Curtin建议人们不要买过多的食物，购买自己所需要的量就好，故选A。A(2022·安徽江南十校一模联考)Foodmadefromatmosphericcarboncouldfeedtheworldwhilehelpingtofightclimatechange，accordingtoSolarFoods，aFinnishcompanyfoundedin2017.“WecancollectCO2anywhere，”saiditsCEOPasiVainika，whosecompanyhasdevelopedaproteinpowdermadeusingCO2.“That’sastrategicshiftwhererawmaterialsareintheair.”Theproteinpowder，calledSolein，canbeturnedintomeatanddairysubstitutesoraddedtofoodsandshakes.SolarFoodsusesspecialunitstopullCO2fromtheatmosphere.Toturnitintoprotein，microbes(微生物)，similartothoseintheproductionofwineandyogurt，willbefedonittogrowandreproduce.Duringtheprocess，waterissplitintohydrogenandoxygen.Alongwithagrowthmediumcontainingnecessaryminerals，thethreegasesarepumpedintofeedthemicrobes.Harvestedanddried，thatremainingmixturebecomesSolein—ayellowpowdermadeupofsingle-cellprotein，withanutrientcompositionsimilartowheatflour.SolarFoodsclaimsthatSoleinremovesmostoftheemissionsassociatedwithmodernagriculture，whichisresponsibleforalmostone-thirdofallgreenhousegasemissions.“OnekilogramofSoleinsendsout0.2kilogramofCO2e(二氧化碳当量)．Incomparison，beefherdsproducearound100kilogramsandchicken10kilograms，”saidVainikka.“Wecanremovetheclimateimpactofmodernfoodsystemsontheplanet，whichtodayaccountforabout30percentofglobalgreenhousegasemissions.”Hefurtherstressedthatwhilethecompany’sfactoriesalsorequiresomelandusedforindustrialfarming，onlyaboutone-tenthofthelandisneededcomparedtophotosynthesis(光合作用)．“Wecouldfreeupagriculturallandtogrowbackforests，”headded，“andthoseremovecarbonpermanentlyfromtheatmosphere.”ProbablyoptimistsarenowcontentingthemselveswiththepleasantsceneofmassesoftreesabsorbingCO2ontheplanet.However，whilethatmaysoundgreat，Vainikkaputsitright，“ItcanhappenonlyifweproduceenoughSoleinfromCO2toreplacemeatanddairyatalargescale.”Andthatstillremainsalongwaytogo.语篇解读本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了一家芬兰公司利用吸碳技术，将空气中的二氧化碳转化为可食用蛋白质，这项做法减少了碳排放并解放了耕地，还可以进一步缓解温室效应。1．WhatcanwesayaboutSolein?A．Itisintheair.B．Itcanbechangedintomeat.C．ItcantakeinCO2.D．Itisgoodfortheenvironment.答案D解析细节理解题。根据第一段可知，Solein是利用收集的二氧化碳研制的一种蛋白质粉，能够被加工成肉、奶等的替代品，这有助于应对气候变化，从而实现保护环境的目的。所以该公司开发的产品对环境有利。故选D。2．WhatareneededtoproduceSoleinaccordingtoparagraph2?A．Wineandwater.B．Waterandminerals.C．Microbesandyogurt.D．Wineandmicrobes.答案B解析细节理解题。根据第二段第二、三、四句可知，微生物(用于发酵)、水(分解成氢气和氧气)和含有矿物质的生长培养基都是必备物质。故选B。3．Whatdoesparagraph3mainlytellusaboutSolein?A．Itspresentsituation.B．Itspossiblebenefits.C．Itsproductionprocess.D．Itspotentialdrawbacks.答案B解析推理判断题。第三段第一句为主题句，研究人员再通过对比说明，相同重量的蛋白质，Solein比牛肉和鸡肉产生更少的二氧化碳，因此会解放更多的耕地，用于退耕还林。故选B。4．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A．AirProteinProduced，CO2ReducedB．CollectingAir，RemovingCO2C．ClimateChanging，DangerComingD．ProtectEarth，SaveOurselves答案A解析标题归纳题。第一段概括介绍SolarFoods公司利用空气中的二氧化碳生产蛋白质粉Solein的基本信息；第二段介绍这一生产过程及所需物质；第三段阐述该技术的优势及长远意义；第四段主要介绍该技术的前景。综上，A项概括了文章大意——从空气中获取二氧化碳生产蛋白质Solein，减少二氧化碳。故选A。BCallingvegetablesandfruits“ugly”canbearecipeforsalessuccess，accordingtoanewstudy.AFrenchsupermarketchainmadeinternationalheadlineswhenitbeganmarketingmisshapenproduceas“ugly”in2014.Sincethen，foodstoresaroundtheworldhavelaunchedcampaignstosell“imperfectproduce”．Somehavebeensuccessful，whileothershaven’t—butuntilnow，researchershadn’tadequatelyexplainedwhyconsumersrejectedimperfectproduce，orwhatmarketingapproachwasmostlikelytowhettheirappetites.Theresearchersconductedsevenstudiesthattestedtheeffectsof“ugly”labelingbyhavingparticipantspurchaseproduceatafarmer’smarketandonline，andbyexaminingpeople’simpressionsaboutmisshapenfoods.Interestingly，theyfoundthatconsumersexpectedtheimperfectproducetobelesstastyandevenlessnutritiousthanmoretraditionallyattractivefoods.Butit’snotallbadnewsforunattractivefoods.Theresearchersalsofoundthatwhentheproduceislabeled“ugly”，consumerhesitancydisappears—andit’snotbecauseofhumorororiginality.Callingitems“ugly”signalstoconsumersthattheonlydifferencebetweenitemsisappearance，whichmakesthemawareoftheirbias(偏见)andsignificantlyincreasestheirwillingnesstobuythelessattractiveproduce.“We’repointingtothesourceoftherejection，”explainsJohnMeredith，theleadresearcher.“Itmakespeopleawareofthelimitednatureoftheirobjectiontotheunattractiveproduceandmakesitcleartoconsumersthattherearenootherproblemsintheproduceotherthanattractiveness.”Theresearchalsofoundconsumersspentmoreonthemisshapenproducelabeled“ugly”insteadof“imperfect”．Andeventhoughtheuglyproducewassoldata25percentdiscount，itturnedouttobemoreprofitableforsellers，asthecostofacquiringtheuglyproducewaslower.However，ifthepricereductionwastoosharp，participantsexpectedthe“ugly”foodstobeoflowquality.语篇解读这是一篇说明文。新的研究表明，将丑陋的蔬菜和水果标上“丑陋”标签可以增加消费者的购买意愿。5．Whatisthenewstudymainlyabout?A．Foodquality.B．Consumerdemand.C．Marketingapproach.D．Biasagainstappearance.答案C解析推理判断题。根据第一段内容及下文可知，称蔬菜和水果“丑陋”是一种成功的营销方法，这项新的研究主要是关于营销方法的研究。故选C项。6．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“whettheirappetites”inparagraph2referto?A．Satisfytheirneedtoeatbetter.B．Stimulatetheirdesireofbuying.C．Encouragethemtorisktryingout.D．Raisetheirconcernsaboutnutrition.答案B解析词义猜测题。根据画线短语上句“researchershadn’tadequatelyexplainedwhyconsumersrejectedimperfectproduce”可知，画线短语所在句指的是研究者想知道什么样的营销方式能激发消费者购买不完美产品的欲望，“Stimulatetheirdesireofbuying”能够表达画线短语在句中所要表达的意思。故选B项。7．Whyarepeoplewillingtobuyugly-labeledproducewithouthesitation?A．Theyarehappytospendlessandhavemore.B．Theyarecuriousaboutthespecialshapesofproduce.C．Theyareattractedbythefunnyandcreativeideaoflabeling.D．Theyareledtobelieveuglyproducehasnoqualityproblems.答案D解析细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句可知，人们会毫不犹豫地购买带有丑陋标签的产品是因为他们被引导相信丑陋的产品没有质量问题。故选D项。8．Whichwayhelpsfoodsellersmakemoreprofitaccordingtothestudy?A．Calltheuglyproduce“ugly”．B．Labeltheuglyproduce“imperfect”．C．Grouptheproducebyitsattractiveness.D．Pricetheuglyproduceatasharpdiscount.答案A解析推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Theresearchalsofoundconsumersspentmoreonthemisshapenproducelabeled‘ugly’insteadof‘imperfect’．Andeventhoughtheuglyproducewassoldata25percentdiscount，itturnedouttobemoreprofitableforsellers，asthecostofacquiringtheuglyproducewaslower.”可知，把丑陋的产品称为“丑陋”可以帮助食品销售商获得更多利润。故选A项。强化练(十三)说明文AApaperpublishedonNovember15inCurrentBiologysuggeststhatapatch(小块)ofcellsdevelopedforidentifyinghumanfaces，thefusiformfacearea(FFA)，isupandrunningininfants(婴儿)asyoungastwomonthsold.RebeccaSaxe，aprofessorofbrainandcognitivesciencesattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology，andhercolleaguesscanned42infantsranginginagefromtwotoninemonthsusingaspecialfunctionalmagneticresonance(磁共振)imaging(fMRI)helmetdesignedspecificallyforbabies.Datafrom16oftheinfantshadtobethrownoutbecauseitisextremelydifficulttokeepthemhappy，stillandawakeforlong.Forthe26remaininginfants，thescientistscomparedactivityinvisualareasofthebrainwhiletheywatched2.7-secondvideoclipsthatdescribedfaces，bodyparts，landscapes，andotherobjects.Resultsshowedmoreactivityintheareasofthebrain’svisualsystemthatarespecializedforrecognizingfaces，bodiesandscenesthanareasforotherobservedobjects.“There’severyreasontothinkthatbabiesarebornexpectingandlookingfortheirmostimportantsocialpartners，”Saxesays.“Somethingintheirbrainmakestheminterestedinfacesactuallybeforethey’vehadanyexperiencewithfacesatall.Babieslooktowardface-likeimagesfromhoursafterbirth.”OtherresearchersarenotconvincedbySaxe’sconclusions.“Idon’tbelievethattherearefacepatchespresentatbirth，”Livingstonesays.HeviewsthatexperienceandlearningareessentialforthedevelopmentoftheFFA.ToKalanitGrill-Spector，apsychologyprofessoratStanfordUniversity，themostexcitingpartofthenewpaperisnotaboutthisquestionoflearnedversusinborndevelopment.“Ithinkthestudyiskindofattemptingtoaddressthisquestion，butitdoesn’treallyprovideaperfectansweronewayoranother.Whatimpressedmeistheamountofbabiesthatthey’vescannedandwithalotofnewinnovationsinbabyfMRI，”shesays.“That’sgoingtopushthefieldforward.”eq\x(语篇解读这是一篇说明文，主要讲了一篇论文研究婴儿识别人脸的作用机制。)1．Whywerethedatafromthe16infantsabandoned?A．Becausetheinfantsdidn’twatchthevideoclips.B．Becausetheinfantsmadenoresponsetotheobjects.C．Becausetheinfantscouldn’tfocusonobjectsforsometime.D．Becausetheinfantswereunwillingtowearhelmetsforlong.答案C解析细节理解题。由第二段第二句(来自16名婴儿的数据不得不被扔掉，因为让他们保持快乐，静止和长时间清醒是极其困难的)可知，数据被抛弃是因为使婴儿集中注意力太难了。故选C。2．Howdidtheresearchersgettheresults?A．Bylistingfigures.B．Byaskingquestions.C．Byanalyzingreasons.D．Bymakingcomparisons.答案D解析推理判断题。由第二段倒数第二句(对于剩下的26名婴儿，科学家们比较了大脑视觉区域的活动，同时他们观看了描述面部、身体部位、风景和其他物体的2.7秒视频剪辑)可知，研究人员通过比较得出结论。故选D。3．WhichstatementwouldRebeccaSaxeprobablyagreewith?A．Infantscanprocessfacialpatternsandgivethemmeaning.B．Specializedareasforrecognizingfacesarepresentatbirth.C．Someabilitiesofthevisualsystemaregraduallydeveloped.D．ExperienceandlearningareessentialforthedevelopmentoftheFFA.答案B解析推理判断题。由第三段第二和第三句可知，Saxe认为婴儿识别人脸是天生的。故选B。4．WhichwordbestdescribesGrill-Spector’sattitudetothewayoftheresearch?A．Objective. B．Skeptical.C．Favorable. D．Disapproving.答案C解析推理判断题。由最后一段中的“Whatimpressedmeis...inbabyfMRI”(令我印象深刻的是他们扫描的婴儿数量以及婴儿fMRI中的许多新创新)可知，该研究方式使Grill-Spector印象深刻，即Grill-Spector支持该研究。故选C。BEverysummer，thecallsofthousandsofswampsparrowscanbeheardacrossNorthAmerica’swetlands.Theselittlebrownbirdsknowonlyafewsongs，buttheyknowthemverywell.Infact，theirmusicalsetlistprobablyhasn’tchangedmuchforcenturies.Likehumans，babyswampsparrowslearntocommunicatebycopyingadults.Fromayoungage，theylearntocopy，ormimic，songssungbytheirelders.“Swampsparrowsveryrarelymakemistakeswhentheylearntheirsongs，”saysbiologistRobertLachlan.Infact，theirmimicryissoaccuratethatthemusicchangeslittlebetweengenerations.Justlikechildren，thesparrowsdon’tremembereverysongtheyhear.Lachlansays，“Theydon’tjustlearnsongsatrandom；theypickupcommonersongsratherthanrarersongs.”Inotherwords，theylearnsongstheyhearmostoften.It’sanexampleofastrategythatscientistscallconformistbias.Untilrecently，thislearningabilitywasthoughttobespecialonlytohumans.Between2008and2009，Lachlan’sresearchteamrecordedthecallsof615maleswampsparrowsacrossthenortheasternUnitedStates.Theresearchersusedcomputersoftwaretobreakeachsongintoacollectionofnotes，orsyllables.Theythenmeasuredthedifferencesbetweenthetunes.Theresearchrevealedthatonly2percentofmalesparrowssangadifferentsongfromthestandardtune.Thecombinationofaccuratemimicryandconformistbiasallowsthebirdstocreatetraditionsthatlastforcenturies.“Withthosetwoingredientstogether，youendupwithtraditionsthatarereallystable，”saysLachlan.“Thesong-typesthatyouhearinthemarshesofNorthAmericatodaymaywellhavebeenthere1,000yearsago.”Lachlan’sstudyisalsoamongthefirsttomeasurethelongevityofsongtraditionswithinabirdspecies.Thefindingsarereallyexciting，saysscientistAndrewFarnsworth.Hehopesthatfutureresearchwillevolvefromthesestudies.Forexample，scientistsmaybeabletoidentifyhowotheranimalsareabletopreservetheirculturaltraditions.“Seeingthepotentialforitinotherorganismsissupercool，”saysFarnsworth.语篇解读这是一篇说明文。科学家研究沼泽麻雀时发现它们的音乐曲目可能几个世纪以来都没怎么变过。文章介绍了研究开展的过程以及研究的意义。5．WhatdoweknowaboutLachlan’sresearch?A．Thecallsof615femaleswampsparrowswererecorded.B．Accuratemimicryallowsthebirdstocreatethecenturies-longtraditions.C．Itaimedtostudyswampsparrows’learningability.D．Computertechnologyhelpedalotduringtheresearch.答案D解析细节理解题。根据第四段第二句可知，计算机技术在研究期间帮了很多忙。故选D。6．Whichofthefollowingisanexampleofconformistbias?A．Anewslangwordbecomespopularwithagroupofteenagers.B．Adoglearnstodoatrickbecauseitsownerrewardsitregularly.C．Astudentmemorizeshistoricaleventsforahistoryexam.D．Astudentlovessingingandjoinstheschoolchorus.答案A解析细节理解题。根据第三段最后三句可知，A项“一个新的俚语在一群青少年中流行起来”是墨守成规的偏见的例子。故选A。7．WhatisAndrewFarnsworth’sattitudetowardsthefindings?A．Indifferent. B．Negative.C．Positive. D．Conservative.答案C解析观点态度题。根据最后一段可推知，AndrewFarnsworth对研究结果持积极态度。故选C。8．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A．TheAmazingLifespanofSwampSparrowsB．TheTraditionalMusicalSetListofSwampSparrowsC．TheEvolutionofSwampSparrowsinNorthAmericaD．TheGreatLearningAbilityofSwampSparrows答案B解析标题归纳题。根据第一段并结合文章主要介绍了科学家研究沼泽麻雀时发现它们的音乐曲目可能几个世纪以来都没怎么变过可知，B项“沼泽麻雀的传统音乐集”最符合文章标题。故选B。C(2022·广西南宁二模)Inordertogetridofgoldenrodfromthecity，thegovernmentofWuhanisencouragingresidentstoreportanyfindingsoftheplant，whichisclassifiedasaharmfulalien(外来的)species.Goldenrodisoneofthemostsuccessfulandwidespreadalienplantspecies.Itisoftenreferredtoas“theflowerofthedevil”，asitspreadsextremelyfastandcausesotherplantstodie.BesidesHubeiProvince，theplanthasalsobeenfoundexpandinginotherprovincessuchasJiangxiandZhejiang.Althoughlocalauthoritieshavetriedtogetridoftheplant，itisprovingtobeadifficulttask.Goldenrodrepresentsjustoneofthealienspeciesthatareaggressivetowardsthecountry’snativespecies.Statisticsshowthatby2020，nearly800kindsofalienspecieshadinvadedthecountry，amongwhich638specieshaveinvadedthecountry’sagriculturalandforestryecosystems，causingdirecteconomiclossesofabout200billionyuan($31.36billion)．AttheUnitedNationsBiodiversityConferenceheldinKunming，YunnanProvince，theinvasionofalienspecieswasthesubjectofdiscussions，asitwasregardedasoneofthetwomostimportantfactorsleadingtothelossofbiodiversity，theotherbeinghuman-causedecologicaldamage.ChinapasseditsBiosecurityLawonApril15，2021，whichprovidesthelegalbasisforpreventingtheinvasionofalienspeci