译林牛津英语M5U2语法

GrammarandusageUnit2非谓语动词过去分词不定式动名词现在分词Revision分词-ing形式动名词现在分词一、动词的–ing形式概念

动词的–ing形式包括两种:①现在分词具有形容词和副词特征可作定语、状语、表语、宾补②动名词具有名词特征可作主语，宾语，表语，定语等。Therearemanysleepingstudentsinclass（表语）（定语）Feelingthelessonisboring,thestudentsaresleepyThestudentsfeelthelessonboringThelessonisboring（宾补）（状语）

语态类别时态

vt.主动语态被动语态现在分词V-ing一般式(与谓语动词同时发生)完成式(先与谓语动词之前发生)二、时态和语态doingbeingdonehavingdonehavingbeendone1Hehurriedhome,looingbehindashewent2Havingfinishedtheirwor,theyhadarest3Thelargebuildingbeingbuiltisalibrary4Havingbeenshownthelab,weweretaentoseethelibrary（一般式）（完成式）（被动语态）（被动完成式）时态和语态：2ThemanrunninginthepictureisLiuiang1arunningman三、现在分词的语法功能1:Attribute定语=ThemanwhoisrunninginthepictureisLiuiang小结:1V-ing形式作定语可表示主语所作动作正在进行或表示和所修饰词之间有逻辑主动关系。词作定语修饰名词一般置于名词之前3V-ing词组修饰名词则置于名词之后此时相当于一个定语从句

Thepeoplesittingbehindusareteachers=ThepeoplewhoaresittingbehindusareteachersRewritethefollowingsentenceswithattributiveclausesYourjourneyinenyaisreallyecitingWhatyoudidwasdisaareIhadlastnightwasveryfrightening小结：现在分词作表语通常表示主语的属性和特征,相当于形容词,含有“令人",其主语通常是物2:Predicative（表语）IheardthegirlsingingintheclassroomInoticedalongqueueoutsidethebanwaitingforittoopenComent（宾补）:Thebabywatchedhisdadshavinghisfacewithgreatinterest小结：常见的两类接现在分词作宾补的动词：⑴感官动词：see,hear,watch,find,feel,smell,observenotice,looat,listento等。⑵使役动词have,eeae等。特殊的两个区别：1现在分词作宾补与不定式做宾补的区别。现在分词：动作正在进行。不定式：动作的全过程。试比较：1Iheardhersingingasongjustnow正在进行的动作2Iheardhersingasongjustnow听见全过程1Sitymillionovingtothecitieseveryyear2Thebottle_________containthepoisonwassenttothelaboratory3Ourtripwas______________disappointWedidnotfindanyunusualplantsPracticelivingcontainingFillintheblanswiththeverbgiveninitsdisappointing4Isawthem______forcethedooromer5Thenewswas__________shocAllthethreeboatshadsuninthestormforcingshocing4现在分词作状语1作时间状语,相当于时间状语从句常同连词when,after,while,once,until等连用注：当现在分词短语用来表示时间时，可以和when,after等引导的时间状语从句互换Hearingthebadnews,theycouldn’thelpcrying=Whentheyheardthebadnews,theycouldn’thelpcryingHavingreceivedhisletter,Idecidedtowritebac=AfterIhadreceivedhisletter,Idecidedtowritebac2作原因状语，相当于原因状语从句。Beingastudent,ImustworhardBeingsoangry,hecouldn’tgotosleep=Because/As/Sincehewassoangry,hecouldn’tgotosleep=BecauseIamastudent,Imustworhard3作条件状语,相当于条件状语从句Woringhard,youwillsucceed=Ifyouworhard,youwillsucceedoresaltintothesouoredelicious=Ifyouoresaltintothesouoredelicious当现在分词用来表示条件时，可以和if引导的条件状语从句互换4作伴随状语,相当于并列句Theycameintotheclassroom,singingandlaughing=TheysangandlaughedandtheycameintotheclassroomThestudentscamein,______________followtheirteacherMycousincametoseemefromthecountry,_____________bringmeafullbasetoffreshfruitsfollowingbringingThefactoryeeoe,maingtheairdirtyThefactoryeeoe,———————————（非限制性定语从句）whichmaestheairdirty5作结果状语Thefactoryeeoe___________theairismadedirtyAsaresult,当现在分词短语用来表结果时，可以和

asaresult引导的结果状语从句互换。

也相当于which引导一个非限制性定语从句例：Shedoeseerciseforanhoureveryday,causinghertoeefigureShedoeseerciseforanhoureveryday,____________hertoeefigureShedoeseerciseforanhoureveryday。____________,sheeefigurewhichcausesAsaresult-ing短语作让步状语，可置于句首或句末，常与evenif,though连用。如：6作让步状语=Althoughhisfatherworedfrommorningtillnight,hedidn’tgetenoughfood虽然他父亲从早到晚拼命地干活，但是他还是挣不到足够的吃的。Thoughworingfrommorningtillnight,hisfatherdidn’tgetenoughfood注意:V-ing形式的否定not要置于V-ing之前。分词作状语时，其逻辑主语同主句的主语一致且有逻辑主动关系，往往可转换为相应的状语从句。1aHearingthenews,tearsrandownherfacebHearingthenews,shecriedoutsadly2aEnteringtheclassroom,IfoundnobodyinitbEnteringtheclassroom,nobodywasfoundinitChoosethecorrectsentence3aLooingoutthroughthewindow,thegardenwasbeautifulbLooingoutthroughthewindow,wesawabeautifulgarden4aReadingtheeveningnewspaper,adogstartedbaringbIwasreadingtheeveningnewspaperwhenadogstartedbaring现在分词做独立成分：有些分词可以独立存在，在句中没有逻辑上的主语，作为习惯用法。这些短语有：generally/franlyser被用作介词或连词的分词：supposingproviding/providedgiven假设,假如,设想considering认为concerning/regarding关于accordingto按照talingof谈到speaingof说到Su,whatshouldhedoAccordingtohisreport,thesituationisgettingseriousTheircarwascaughtinatrafficjam,thus____thedelayAtocauseBcausingCcausedDcause2Iwasinthebathroom,not___thenocatthedoorAhearBtohearChearingDheardEercise3Afterseeingthemovie,_____Atheboowasreadbyhim BtheboomadehimwanttoreaditChewantedtoreadtheboo Dthereadingoftheboointerestedhim4Thenetmorningshefoundthemaninbed,_____deadAlyingBlieClayDlaying5Therewasterriblenoise____thesuddenburstoflightAfollowedBfollowingCtobefollowedDbeingfollowed6Thesecretaryworedlateintothenight,____alongspeechforthepresidentAtoprepareBpre