美国文学复习资料

Hawthorne’s霍桑MajorWorks

romanticnovelist(P1-22)Twocollectionsofshortworks:Twice-toldTules《故事重述》（1837）MossesFromanoldManse《古屋青苔》（1846）Hawthorne’sMajorWorksTheScarletLetter《红字》Oneofhismasterpieces,whichmadehimtheleaderofAmericannativenovelistofthenineteenthcentury.Hawthorne’sMajorWorksTheHouseoftheSevenGables《七个尖角阁的房子》Shortstories:YoungGoodmanBrown《小伙子古德曼·布朗》Hawthorne’spointofviewHawthorneisinfluencedbyPuritanismdeeply.HewasnotaPuritanhimself,buthehadPuritanancestorswhoplayedanimportantroleinhislifeandworks.Hawthorne’spointofviewMelville:“霍桑描写黑暗的巨大影响，是由于受到加尔文派关于与生俱来的堕落与罪恶思想的影响。没有一位思想深邃的人能完全摆脱这种思想所发生的各种形式的影响。”Hawthorne评价Melville:“他既不肯相信宗教，又对自己的不相信感到惶恐不安。”对霍桑同样适用。Hawthorne’spointofviewEvilisatthecoreofhumanliferejectsthetranscendentalism“black”visionoflifeandhumanEvilexistsinthehumanheart,humanheartisthesourceofevilDiscussessinandevilinalmosteverywork.（literarywork）Hawthorne’spointofviewWheneverthereissin,thereispunishment.Sinorevilcanbepassedfromonegenerationtogeneration.eg.TheHouseoftheSevenGablesColonelpuncheontakesthelandofMatthewMaulandbuildsahouseontheland,hisoffspringwitheranddieout.(Godwillgivehimbloodtodrink)Hawthorne’spointofviewEvileducatesAchievementisundertheimpactofandbyengagementwithevil.经历过犯罪，受到其影响，人们才能有所成就。Manisbetterforthecrimewhichbringsaboutthefall.人在犯罪后才能更好的完善自己。Hawthorne’spointofviewHehasdisgustinscience,onesourceofevilisoverwhelming(tooproudofoneself)intellect.Hisintellectualcharactersarevillains,dreadfulandcold-blooded.Style-typicalromanticwriter

amanofliterarycraftsmanship,extraordinaryintheuseof……

revelationof……theuseof……TheuseofsymbolThesymbolservesasaweapontoattackreality.Itcanbefoundeverywhereinhiswriting.Revelationofcharacter’spsychologyHeisgoodatexploringthecomplexionofhumanpsychology.Thereisn’tmuchpsychologymovementgoinginhisworks.TheuseofsupernaturalmixedwiththeactualItcanbefoundeverywhereinhiswriting.TheScarletLetterThemesFeaturesThemesLoveSinMoral,emotionalandpsychologicaleffectofthesinonthepeopleFeaturesCulturalallegoryStructurallycompactComplexpsychologiesonthepartofthemajorcharactersAmbiguity(multipleview)Strongfairy-taleelementFeaturesSupernaturalelementSymbolism“A”namesofcharacters,flowerattheprisondoor,wilderness.

Thedifferentmeaningsof“A”Adultery（象征通奸）Able（“能干”）Admirable（代表“可敬佩的”）Angel（代表“天使”）Amorous（还代表“爱情”）Art（代表“艺术”）Advanced（代表“前进”）American（“美国”）

AsymbolofsinAsymbolofaloneandalienationAsymbolofable,angelandadmirable.

Thethreechangesinthescarletletteraresignificant;theyshowtheprogressivepossessionofhersin,herlonelylife,andherability.Hesterisastrongadmirablewomanwhogoesthroughmoreemotionaltorturethatmostpeoplegothroughinalifetime.More：BiblicalArchetypeThescarletletter"A"alsocanbeseenthesymbolofAdam.IttellsusthatHester'ssinistheoriginalsinofhumanbeing,itisforgivable.Thewritershowshissympathybydescribingthescarletletter"A"onHester'sclothingasanornamentandadecoration.了不起的盖茨比(23-39)F.ScottfifigeracdThisSideofParadise《这片乐土》(1920),TheGreatGatsby《了不起的盖茨比》(1925)TenderIstheNight《温柔的夜》(1934).

TheBeautifulandDamned《漂亮冤家》TheGreatGatsbyTheGreatGatsbyisfirstpublishedonApril10,1925,itissetonLongIsland‘sNorthShoreandinNewYorkCityduringthesummerof1922.Itisacritique（批判）oftheAmericanDream.It

hasbecomeastandardtextin

highschool

and

university

courses

on

Americanliterature

incountriesaroundtheworldandisrankedsecondinthe

ModernLibrary'slistsofthe

100BestNovelsofthe20thCentury.TomDaisyhusbandEx-loverGatsbycousinNickNeighbormistressMyrtleWifeWilsonCollegeclassmateRelationshipofMainCharactersAnalysisofGatsby

1、Daisy——浅薄和自私的Gatsby对于感情的忠贞vs他看待问题缺乏深度，缺乏应有的判断力和洞察力，“没有认识到上流社会极端卑劣、自私的本质，”结果玩火自焚

她和盖茨比也都是自私的，他们之间的“爱情”是一种相互利用的关系。

2、Tom——欲望和野心的Gatsby

拥有野心，想要霸占任何能够勾起他欲望的东西，无论是在物质层面还是在精神层面。

两人命运不同的结局揭露了资本主义社会的“游戏规则”——明显的阶级对立，绝不允许有野心的下层社会的人加入到他们的“游戏”行列当中3、Myrtle——虚无和梦幻的Gatsby

她和盖茨比一样，拥有相同的出生背景，也是一个梦的追随者。追求社会上层阶级的身份。

不管怎么说，盖茨比想要的也都不是黛西这个人，他想要追求的只是自己心目中的金色女郎，自己五年前的金色梦想。4、Wilson——浪漫和执著的Gatsby

坚持崇尚名誉观并真爱自己的妻子而走向了毁灭。在这道德的垃圾场上，他成为了浪漫和坚持理想的牺牲品”

这正说明了像盖茨比和威尔逊这样的人——那种有感情式理想的浪漫的人在现代美国这片垃圾场上只能是死路一条。5、Nick——理性和聪明的Gatsby

他既不是汤姆所代表的‘荒原时代’的精神世界的公民，也不是盖茨比所代表的盲目崇拜黛西的脱离现实的梦幻时代的同路人，他代表着美国传统道德规范。

追求旧爱的手段：第一点就是他必须要“显富”。第二点是他善于利用尼克。Theanalysisofthechapter3A.Thesymbolizationofthecolorinchapter3

Ⅰ.yelloworangeandgolden1.(The6thlineofP219)Whilehisstationwagonscamperedlikeabriskyellowbugtomeetalltrains.2.(The11thlineofP219)EveryFridayfivecratesoforangeandlemonsarrivedfromafruiterer...3.(ThesecondparagraphofP220)andnowtheorchestraisplayingyellowcocktailmusic4.(The12thlineofP222)Sheheldmyhandimpersonally,asapromisethatshe’dtakecareofmeinaminute,andgaveeartotwogirlsintwinyellowdresses,whostoppedatthefootofthesteps.5.(ThelastbutsevenlineofP222)WithJordan’sslendergoldenarmrestinginmine,wedescendedthestepsandsaunteredaboutthegarden.

※Yellowisamajorsymboliccolorinthebook.※Italsoappearsthemosttimeasanimage.※Itrepresentsthewealthandluxury.ScottFitzgeraldsaid:”inJazzAge,moneyhasbecomethemeanstogetsuccess.”※Yellow,thecolorwhichstandsformoneyandblatancyperformthefateofthefeaturesoftheJazzAge.

1.(thelastbutonelineofP218)Inhisbluegardensmenandgirlscameandwentlikemothsamongthewhisperingsandthechampagneandthestars.2.(the6thlineofP221)Achauffeurinauniformofrobin’s-eggbluecrossedmylawnearlythatSaturdaymorningwithasurprisinglyformalnotefromhisemployer.※Bluestandsforcalmness,melancholy（忧郁)anddreams.※Fitzgeraldusebluetosymbolizedreamsandsecularfactorsinordertomakeacontrastwiththeyellowsymbolizingthestateofclamor.※Actuallytheholenovelisadream.IttellustheAmericandreaminJazzAge.Ⅱ.BlueHesmiledunderstandingly—muchmorethanunderstandingly.Itwasoneofthoseraresmileswithaqualityofeternalreassuranceinit,thatyoumaycomeacrossfourorfivetimesinlife.Itfaced—orseemedtoface—thewholeexternalworldforaninstant,andthenconcentratedonyouwithanirresistibleprejudiceinyourfavor.Itunderstoodyoujustsofarasyouwantedtobeunderstood,believedinyouasyouwouldliketobelieveinyourself,andassuredyouthatithadpreciselytheimpressionofyouthat,atyourbest,youhopedtoconvey.Preciselyatthatpointitvanished—andIwaslookingatanelegantyoungrough-neck,ayearortwooverthirty,whoseelaborateformalityofspeechjustmissedbeingabsurd.SometimebeforeheintroducedhimselfI’dgotastrongimpressionthathewaspickinghiswordswithcare.

他心神领会的一笑———还不止心领神会。这足极为罕见的笑容，其中寒有永久的善意的表情，这你一辈子也不过能遇见四二次。它面对——或者似乎面对——整个永恒的世界一刹那，然后就凝注在你身上，对你表现出不可抗拒的偏爱。他了解你恰恰到你本人希望被了解的程度，相信你如同你乐于相信你自己那样，并且教你放心他对你的印象正是你最得意时希望给予别人的印象。恰好在这一刻他的笑容消失了——于是我看着的不过是一个风度翩翩的年轻汉子，三十一二岁年纪，说起话来文质彬彬，几乎有点可笑。在他作自我介绍之前不久，我有一个强烈的印象，觉得他说话字斟句酌。

B.ThewayofdescriptioninthenovelTheorderofdescription(thesecondparagraphonP224)差不多在盖茨比先生说明自己身份的那一刻，一个男管家急急忙忙跑到他跟前报告他芝加哥有长途电话找他。他微微欠身道歉，把我们大家——包括在内。

※ThisisthefirsttimewhenNickmeetGatsby.Theydon’thaveadeeptalkthistime,butinNick’sdescriptiontherearesomelyricalsentences,whichtheflavouroffeelingisextremelythickfromhissmiletopersonality.Itgivesadeepimpressiontothereader.

※ButhowcanNickknowsomanywhentheymeteachotheratthefirsttime?SothereaderwillnaturallymakepredictionsthatthesesentencesiswrittenwhenNickrecallsthethings.

※Thisnarrativeorderofinversionandinterlacingproducedsimilareffectwiththe"flashback”infilm.Thenovelisendowedwithstrongartisticappealbythiskindoforder.AlmostatthemomentwhenMr.Gatsbyidentifiedhimself,abutlerhurriedtowardhimwiththeinformationthatChicagowascallinghimonthewire.Heexcusedhimselfwithasmallbowthatincludedeachofusinturn.TheSimilaritiesofTheGreatGatsbyandTheStoryoftheStoneⅠ.Theme—thedisillusionofthedream.

InTheGreatGatsby,GatsbywaspursuinghisAmericanDream，inwhichtheremaybesweetlove，lotsofmoney，andahighposition.InTheStoryoftheStone,whichisalsotranslatedintoTheDreamoftheRedChamber,it’sdreamheremeanslove，happinessandprosperity.Bothofthethemesofthetwonovelsareaboutthedisillusion0fthedream．whichisjustthereflectionoflife．Ⅱ.Symbolism--TheSouloftheStoryInTheGreatGatsby,Fitzgeraldcleverlyusessymbolism.First,thereareseveralcolorsusedforsymbolisminthenovel.Second,theauthorusesymbolismtosome

images．Forexample，theimagegreenlampappearedthreetimesrespectivelyatthecrucialpointsofthedevelopment.Third,authoralsousessymbolisminchoosingthenameofthecharacters.E.g.Daisyisasmallwildflowerwithayellowcenterandwhitepetals．Wecanknowsheiscoldandruthless．InTheStoryoftheStone，symbolismisalsousedinit.First,isthecolorred.Theredhereinnovelsymbolizestheyouthandthebeauty．Fromthenovelwecanfindmanyexample，suchas“千红一窟”，”怡红公子”andsoon．Second,thesymbolismofthe

image.Forexample,jade(碧玉)isasymbolofbeingnobleandfortunateinChineseculture.Third,theauthoralsousessymbolisminnamingthecharacters.贾雨村（假语村言，假语存)，甄士隐（真事隐），元迎探惜（原应叹息），卜士仁（不是人），秦可卿（情可轻，亲），甄英莲（真应怜），贾政、贾敬（假正经）

Ⅲ．NarrativePointofView—theFirst—personNarrationInTheGreatGatsby，theauthoruseafirstperson“I”withthenameNick．InTheStoryoftheStone,theauthorusesafirstpersonnarration，andthenarratorhereisanomniscientnarrator--thestone．尤金，奥尼尔TheCopandTheAnthem(P40-58)ThecharacterSoapy,ishomeless,amemberofthesubstantialarmyofunderclassmenandwomenwhohadflockedtoNewYorkCityduringtheearliestyearsofthetwentiethcentury.Inanunstateddayinlatefall,Soapyfacestheurgentnecessityoffindingsomesortofshelterforthewinter.AswithmanyotherhomelesspeopleintheUnitedStates,Soapyispsychologicallyexperiencedinthinkingofthelocaljailasahomelessshelter.Hethereforedevelopsaseriesoftacticsintendedtoencouragethepolicetoclassifyhimasacriminalandarresthim.

Firstly,hetriedtogohavedinnerandnotpayandgetputinjailforthat.Theupper-classrestaurantlooksatSoapy‘sthreadbare（衣衫褴褛的）clothesandrefusestoservehim.Waiterthrewhimoutbecausehisclotheslookedlikeabum's.Thenhethrewabrickthroughawindow.Officerdidn'tbelievehediditbecausehehungaround.Thethirdtime,heatedinneratacheaprestaurant,andsaidthathecouldn'tpay.Thewaiterjusthadsomeguysthrowhimout.Hetriedtomolestawoman,butshedidn'tcallforthecopsbecauseshewasaprostitute.Thefifthtimeheacteddrunkbutthecopthoughthewasacollegestudentcelebratingawininafootballgame.Thenhetriedtostealanotherman'sumbrella.Butthevictimoftheumbrellatheftrelinquishestheitemwithoutastruggle.Becauseitisalsonothisumbrella.Hisattemptsfail,hepassedbyachurchandheardtheSabbath（安息日）anthem.Theinfluencesabouttheoldchurchwroughtasuddenandwonderfulchangeinhissoul.Heviewedwithswifthorrorthepitintowhichhehadtumbled,thedegradeddays,unworthydesires,deadhopes,wreckedfaculties,andbasemotivesthatmadeuphisexistence.Soapydecidesthatontheverynextdayhewillseekoutthispotentialmentorandapplyforemployment.AtthattimeSoapyfeltahandlaidonhisarm.Helookedquicklyroundintothebroadfaceofapoliceman.“Whatareyoudoingthere?”askedtheofficer.“Nothing’,”saidSoapy.“Thencomealong,”saidthepoliceman.“ThreemonthsontheIsland,”saidtheMagistrateinthePoliceCourtthenextmorning.TheBriefAnalysis

Conflictisthestrugglewhicheverystory,noveldevelopsaround.ItcontainsthattwotypesofconflictareExternalconflictandInternalconflict.Externalconflictmaytaketheformofabasicopposition,betweenmanandnature,betweenmanandsociety,betweenmanandman.Internalconflictincludebetweenmanandhimself.Thisshortstory’sconflictbelongstomanandsocietyofexternalconflict.

Characterisavitalandnecessaryelementofshortstory,withoutcharacter,therewouldbenoplotanhence,nostorywhenwespeakofcharacterinliteraryanalysis.Weareconcernedessentiallywiththreeseparate,butcloselyconnected,activities.Inthisshortstory,Soapyisprotagonist（主角）.Thecopandthewholesocietyisantagonist.Methodsofcharacterization（描述）includetwomethods,onemethodistelling,andtheothermethodistheindirectcharacterization.Directmethodsofrevealingcharacter-characterizationbytelling.1.characterizationthroughtheuseofnames.2.characterizationthroughappearance.3.Characterizationbytheauthor’scomment.Thereareessentiallytwomethodsofindirectcharacterizationbyshowing.1.characterizationthroughdialogue.2.Characterizationthroughaction.Settinginbroadestsense:encompasses（包含）boththephysicallocalethatframestheactionandthetimeofdayoryear,theclimaticconditionsandthehistoricalperiodduringwhichtheactiontakesplace.Thefunctionsofsetting:1.Settingasabackgroundforaction.2.Settingasantagonist.3.settingasmeansofcreatingappropriateatmosphere.4.Settingasameansofrevealingcharacter.5.settingasameansofreinforcingtheme.Forexample,Soapystoppedbeforeanoldchurch,throughonewindowasoftlightglowed,wherenodoubt,theorganistplayedaSundayanthem.FortherecametoSoapyearssweetmusicthatcaughtandheldhimattheironfence.Thisparagraphservesforillustratecharacter’sheart,andpurifySoapysoul.

Pointofviewisthemethodofnarrationthatdeterminestheposition,orangleofvision,fromwhichthestoryistold.Commonlyusedpointsofview:1.Omniscientpointofview全知叙事模式2.Limitedomniscientpointofview有限视角3.First-personpointofview第一人称有限视角4.Dramaticpointofview.Thisshortstory’sthepointofviewisomniscientpointofview.Thegreatadvantageoftheomniscientpointofviewistheflexibilityitgivesits“all-knowing”narrator,whocandirectthereader’sattentionandcontrolthesourcesofinformation.TheThemeThethemeisthecentralideaorstatementaboutlifethatunifiesandcontrolsthetotalwork.Themeisnottheissue,orcommentorstatementtheauthormakesaboutthatissue,problem,orsubject.Thethemeofthisshortstoryispeoplearebornkindandequal.Butundertheevilcontrolfromthelocalgovernment,someofthepeoplebecomeevil.Thoughtheyarehopingtochangethemselves,theyarenotgivenanyopportunitiestodoso.《警察与赞美诗》评析《警察与赞美诗》是欧·亨利的代表作品之一。欧·亨利的作品曾被誉为“美国生活的幽默的百科全书”。幽默风趣、辛辣讽刺、构思奇特情节曲折多变，是这篇小说的艺术特色。小说描写一个穷因失业、无家可归的流浪汉，为进监狱得以安身而故意犯罪，几次惹事生非都没有达到目的，后来想改邪归正，警察却逮捕了他。欧·亨利的幽默举世公认。在《警察和赞美诗》一文中，许多描写都体现出了这一风格。但无论是在选词造句、塑造人物性格或是情节构思方面，他的幽默都紧紧抓住了托恢谐寄意这一要旨。纵观全文．欧·亨利幽默的表现形式是多样的。其中之一就是作者巧妙地运用了事物发展过程中的“不合理性”。苏比曾几次惹事生非，想进监狱得以安身，可他总是“背运”。当苏比受到赞美诗的感化，欲改邪归正时，警察却以“莫须有”的罪名将他投入了监狱。主人公的反常心理，跌宕起伏的情节，出乎意料的结局，令人捧腹之余又辛酸不已，警察该抓他的时候不抓，不该抓的时候偏抓。这一系列与情理相悖的现象无不使人哑然失笑。事物发展过程中的“不合理性”常被人们巧妙地利用来表现幽默，而欧·亨利就很好地运用了这种方法，并借此深刻地反映社会现实。,这就是黑色幽默的效果。“黑色幽默”是美国当代文学中的一股潮流。美国作家弗里德曼认为，“黑色幽默”是一种在思想感情上黑色的东西与幽默的东西的结合：它是幽默的，但包含着阴沉的东西；它是绝望的，但从中又会令人发笑。警察+赞美诗=人间地狱揭露资本主义社会善恶不分，是非颠倒的腐朽性，这种社会不仅给穷人带来生活上的困苦和精神上的屈辱，而且也剥夺了他们做人的权利，对穷人来说只能是人间地狱indirectreflectthewholesociety’sdarknessandcrueltyASurveyofAmericanLiterature—EugeneO’NeillCommentonO’NeillO’NeillwasnodoubtthegreatestAmericandramatistofthefirsthalfofthe20thcenturyandatirelessexperimentalistindramaticart.O’Neillwasatirelessexperimentalistindramaticart.Hetookdramaawayfromtheoldtraditionsofthelastcenturyandrooteditdeeplyinlife.HesuccessfullyintroducedtheEuropeantheatricaltrendsofrealism,naturalism,andexpressionismtotheAmericanstageasdevicestoexpresshiscomprehensiveinterestinmodernlifeandhumanity.HeintroducedtherealisticoreventhenaturalisticaspectoflifeintotheAmericantheater.ASurveyofAmericanLiterature—EugeneO’NeillCommentonO’NeillHewasthefirstplaywrighttoexploreseriousthemesinthetheatreandtocarryouthiscontinual,vigorous,courageousexperimentswiththeatricalconventions.Hisplayshavebeentranslatedandstagedallovertheworld.HewonPulitzerPrizefourtimes(1920,1922,1928,1956)andtheNobelPrizein1936forhisachievementsinplays.Asthenation’sfirstplaywrightwith47publishedplays,hedidagreatdealtoestablishthemodesofthemoderntheatreinthecountry.O’Neill’sceaselessexperimentationenrichedAmericandramaandinfluencedlaterplaywrightsasTennesseeWilliamsandEdwardAlbee.爱默生RalphWaldoEmersonNature

(1803-1882)

P59-74Americanphilosophy,poet,essayist,anoutstandingrepresentativeofNewEnglandTranscendentalism.Hislife

Emerson

wasborninMassachusetts,Boston.HewasgraduatedfromHarvardDivinitySchool(哈佛神学院）andbeganpreachingChristianityin1829.

Threeyearslater,heresignedhispostaspreacherbecausehewasdoubtableabouttraditionalreligions.In1836,hefirstpublished“Nature”andelaboratedhisthesis.ThisbookinauguratedNewEnglandTranscendentalism.Soonhebecamealeaderofthismovement.HemadetheacquaintancewithHenryDavidThoreau(梭罗)whowasalsoanactiveTranscendentalist.ThoreauhelpedEmersontoedittheTranscendentalistjournal,theDialandwassusceptibletoOrientalinfluencessuchasHinduismandConfucianism.梭罗Transcendentalism（超验主义）

Transcendentalism—itisaphilosophicandliterarymovementthatflourishinNewEngland,asareactionagainstrationalismandCalvinism（加尔文主义）

.Itstressedintuitiveunderstandingofgodwithoutthehelpofthechurch,andadvocatedindependenceofthemind.Calvinism

=salvationpredestination救赎预定论

=fatalism宿命论

超验主义一词“transcendentalism”来源于拉丁动词“transcendere”意为超越极限。超验主义被定义为人通过知觉获取知识的能力。强调知觉的力量，相信人们可以通过感官认知外部世界。认为自然界中的一切事物都是精神的象征。精神高于物质，且无处不在（Spiritispresenteverywhere）Emerson’stranscendentalism:

Theover-soul（超灵）—itisanall-pervadingpowergoodness,fromwhichallthingscomeandofwhichallareapart.Itisasupremerealityofmind,aspiritualunityofallbeingsandareligion.Itisacommunicationbetweenanindividualsoulandtheuniversalover-soul.Andhestronglybelieveinthedivinity（神学）andinfinityofmanasanindividual,somancantotallyrelyonhimself.

MainfeaturesItplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheover-soul.Itstressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.Itofferedafreshperceptionofnatureasasymbolicofthespiritofoverwhelmingpresence.Representativeworks《自然》(Nature,1836)《美国学者》(TheAmericanScholar,1837)《知识的自然历史》(NaturalHistoryofIntellect,1893)《瓦尔登湖》(Waldon,orLifeintheWoods,1854)IntermsofAmericanliterature,Emerson’stranscendentalismnotonlyenrichedthecontentandthemeinAmericanwritingbutalsomadeabreakthroughinexpressionforms.InfluenceButbecauseofhisidealism（唯心主义）andover-stressonindividualism,histranscendentalismstillhasitslimitsanddemerits.Hisattitudetowardsnature:

Emersonlovesnature.Hisnatureisthegarmentoftheover-soul,symbolicandmoralbound.Natureisnotsomethingpurelyofthematter,butalivewithGod’spresence.Itexercisesahealthyandrestorativeinfluenceonhumanbeings.Childrencanseenaturebetterthanadult.Togointosolitude,amanneedstoretireasmuchfromhischamberasfromsociety.(para1)为了寻得孤身独处，人有必要走出卧房，退出社会，回归自然。Natureistheembodimentofhuman’smind.Joyfulnaturerepresentshappiness,whilesadnatureshowssorrow.(爱默生眼中的自然是人的精神化身，欢乐的自然呈现着欢乐，哀愁的自然则又显得哀愁)theintegrityofimpressionmadebymanifoldnaturalobjects.(para2line10)大千世界中多种事物给予的完整的印象ItshowsEmerson’sromanticopinionofnature,heregardsthevariousthingsintheworldasaorganicwhole.(表明爱默生视大千世界为一个有机整体的浪漫主义自然观)Standingonthebareground,myheadbathedbytheblitheairandupliftedintoinfinitespace,allmeanegotismvanishes.Ibecomeatransparenteyeball;Iamnothing;Iseeall;thecurrentsoftheUniversalBingcirculatethroughme;IampartofGod.(para2line45)当我伫足旷野，头脑陶醉在宜人的空气中，身体只觉得飘飘然腾空而起，所有卑微的私心杂念都荡然无存了。我变成了一颗透明的眼球。我渺小至极，却洞悉一切。世间生灵汇成一股洪流，在我周身循环，我成了上帝或大或小的一个部分。Emersonstressesthatmenareinharmonywiththenature.(爱默生强调人与自然界的和谐一致)Naturealwayswearsthecolorsofthespirit.(para4line6)大自然总是披着情感的外衣。InEmerson’sopinion,spiritinvolvesman’smindandthenature,materialisthesymbolofspirit.So,heholdstheviewthatman’stranscendenteffectshouldbeunleashed.(在他看来，精神渗透人的心灵和自然界，物质为精神之象征。他主张发挥人的超验作用)Moby-Dick白鲸HermanMelville:麦伦威尔LifeandWork

(P75-82)BorninNewYorkCityin1819.Fatherwentbankruptwhenhewas9.Fatherbecamecrazyanddiedwhenhewas11.Droppedoutofschoolandstartedtosupporthimself.At18shippedouttosea,onashortcargotrip.At21,3-yearSouthSeawhalingventure.Cannibals,personaladventures,exoticcustoms…(Thisexperiencecontributestohislife,hiswork,andworldliterature)Earlyworks:Typee(1846),Omoo(1847).Moby-DickorTheWhaleHawthorneandthisbook(dark,complex)“Intokenofmyadmirationforhisgenius,thisbookisinscribedtoNathanielHawthorne.”

TheReceptionofhisWorksold50copiesathistime.“Itisoneofthestrangestandmostwonderfulbooksintheworld.”---D.H.LawrenceMelville’spessimisticviews…PlotandmaincharactersRevengestory:acaptainhaslosthisrightlegtoawhaleandhewantstorevenge.Thecaptain:AhabThewhale:Moby-DickTheship:PequodNarrator:IshmaelOthercharactersQueequegStarbuck,Stubb,andFlask.FedallahPipSymbolisminthisstory

Theshiptheworld,America,humanlifeThewhalenature,God,man.Thewhitenessofthewhalemystery,perfection,evil,nothingness……Formandstructure:135chaptersChapter1–22:IshmaelandQueequeg;introductiontothemessuchaswhaling,brotherhood,andman'srelationshipwithGod(exploredingreaterdetailatsea).Chapter23–46:ThePequodsails.Ahabandthewhaleappear.Chapter47–105:whalesarehuntedandkilled;otherwhalingshipsmet.Ishmaelpondersthemeaningoftheseactivities.Chapter106–135:GettingclosertoMoby-Dickandthefinaldisaster.Eachchapterhasatitle!Toolooselyconnected!Styles:novel,encyclopedia,essay,drama,poetry,journal,diary,musicsymphony,oceanitself!Themes:thefateofaparticularperson,whaling,humanlife,Americansociety,thenature,theuniverse……StylesandThemes:themostambitiousworkHenryJames（1843-1916）P82-107AnAmericannovelistand

literarycriticTotaldepravity(originalsin)Unconditionalelection(God’selection)Limitedatonement(Particularredemption)Irresistiblegrace(effectualcalling)PerseveranceofthesaintsCalvinismTheInternationalTheme“Theinternationaltheme”referstothemoralandpsychologicalcomplicationswhentheAmericaninnocenceencounteredtheEuropeansophisticationThetypicalAmericansinJames:fresh,enthusiastic,eagertolearn,andbasically“good”,disregardoftheconventions,standformoralityTheEuropeansinJames:highlycultivated,elegantinmanners,butsophisticated.standformannersJames’spsychologicalnovelJameschangedthemethodofpresentationinanovel,shiftingthecentreofgravityfromactiontoitsintellectualandfantasticaspects:externalcircumstanceslosesignificancebeforetheinwardeventsthattakeplaceinasoul.Literarycareer:threestages

a.1865~1882:internationalthemeTheAmerican《美国人》DaisyMiller《黛西米勒》ThePortraitofaLady《贵妇画像》b.1882~1895:inter-personal

relationshipsandsomeplaysThenovelsandplayswerepoorlyreceivedbuthegotabetterknowledgeofliterarytechniques.c.1895~1900:novelsandtalesdealingwithchildhoodandadolescence,thenbacktointernationalthemeTheTurnoftheScrew《螺丝在拧紧》WhatMaisieKnew《梅西所知道的》TheAmbassadors《奉使记》TheWingsoftheDove《鸽翼》TheGoldenBowl《金碗》Psychologicalnovel

Jameschangedthemethodofpresentationinanovel,shiftingthecentreofgravityfromactiontoitsintellectualandfantasticaspects:externalcircumstanceslosesignificancebeforetheinwardeventsthattakeplaceinasoul.Anewconceptoftheauthor

Jameseliminatestheauthorandgivesthereadertheillusionofbeingpresentatthesceneofaction.Hepresentseventsandthemindsofthecharactersdirectly,withoutcommentsorexplanations:Dramatize,onlydramatize,ishislesson.James’sinternationalthemearesetagainstalargeinternationalbackground,usuallybetweenEuropeandAmerica

focusontheconfrontationofthetwodifferentcultureswithtwodifferentgroupsofpeoplerepresentingtwodifferentvaluesystemshis

famerestsuponhisnovelswithnovelsAmericanpersonalitiesofEuropeanpersonalitiesofinnocence,enthusiasm,vulgarity,ignorance,unsophistication,freshness,freedom,individualityAmericanheroesandheroines,whoconfrontedEuropeansophistication,eithertriumphedoveritorwereoverwhelmed.over-refinement,degeneration,complexity,highcultivation,contrastwithJames’sliterarycriticis