Agriculture-Mechanics-Ware-County-Schools：农业机械学课课件

AgricultureMechanics-WareCountySchools：农业机械学课件县学校AgricultureMechanics-WareCountySchools：农业机械学课件县学校AgricultureMechanics-WareCountySchools：农业机械学课件县学校AgricultureMechanicsByDavidpAndrewsAgricultureMechanicsByDavidpAndrewsExploringcareersinAgriculturalmechanics

1section

unit1mechanicsintheworldofagriculture

unit2careeroptionsinagriculturemechanics

delmarlearning/samplechapters/dl_display_sampchap.aspx?isbn=0766814106&cid=3UNIT1MechanicsintheWorldofAgricultureTERMSTOKNOWagricultureagriscienceagribusinessrenewablenaturalresourcesoccupationalclusteroccupationbusinessprofitemploymenttrademechanicalmechanictechnicianmechanicsagriculturalmechanicsefficiencyOBJECTIVETodeterminehowmechanicalskills,concepts,andprinciplesareusedinagricultureandrelatedoccupations.CompetenciestobedevelopedAfterstudyingthisunit,youshouldbeableto:Defineagricultureandagriculturalmechanics.Defineoccupationanddescribeanoccupationalcluster.Describetheroleofmechanicsandmechanicalapplicationsinsociety.Demonstrateknowledgeofcontributionsmadebymechanicalapplicationtothedevelopmentofagriculture.Nameeightinventorsofimportantagriculturalmachines.MaterialsList✔Pencil✔Paper✔Encyclopedias4SECTION1ExploringCareersinAgriculturalMechanicsHistorically,thewordagriculturemeanttofarmortogrowplantsoranimals.Today,agriculturemaybedefinedasthoseactivitiesconcernedwithplantsandanimalsandtherelatedsupplies,services,mechanics,products,processing,andmarketingrelatedtoplants,animals,andtheenvironment.ThetermAgriScienceevolvedduringthecurrentdecadetoclearlydenotethatagricultureisascience.Actually,modernagriculturecoverssomanyactivitiesthatasimpledefinitionisnotpossible.TheUnitedStatesDepartmentofEducationdevelopedthephrase“agriculture/agribusinessandrenewablenaturalresources”torefertothebroadrangeofactivitiesassociatedwithagriculture.Agribusinessreferstothenetworkofcommercialfirmsthathavedevelopedwithorstemoutofagriculture.Renewablenaturalresourcesaretheresourcesprovidedbynaturethatcanreplaceorrenewthemselves.Examplesofsuchresourcesarewildlife,trees,andfishaswellastheirnaturalsurroundings.Someoccupationsinrenewablenaturalresourcesaregametrapper,forester,andwaterman.Awatermanusesboatsandspecializedequipmenttoharvestfish,oysters,andotherseafood.Alljobsandtypesofworkinthefieldofagriculture/agribusinessandrenewablenaturalresourcesmakeupanoccupationalcluster.Anoccupationalclusterisagroupofrelatedjobs.Therearemanyoccupationsthatarerelatedtoagricultureasillustratedinfigure1–1.Agriculturalmechanicsisonlyoneofthemanycareersthatfallunderthebroadtermofagriculture.Agriculturedependsonmanynonfarmworkersforgoodsandservices.ForeveryfarmworkerintheUnitedStates,therearesaidtobefourworkersinnonfarmagriculturaljobs,figure1–2.Nonfarmagriculturistsprovidemachinery,equipment,fertilizer,feed,seed,money,research,andgovernmentservices.Similarly,marketing,transporting,processing,anddistributingfarmproductsaredonebynonfarmagriculturalists.ThisnetworkofnonfarmagriculturalworkershelpstheaverageU.S.farmerfeedabout128peopleperyear,figure1–3.Onthemostproductiveandefficientfarms,however,onefarmermayproduceenoughtofeedmorethan200people.Thetermoccupationmeansbusiness,employment,ortrade.Itistheworkapersondoesregularlytoearnaliving.Businessgenerallyreferstoworkdoneforprofit.Profitreferstoincomemadefromthesaleofgoodsorservicesafterexpenseshavebeentakenout.Anexampleofprofitistheincomemadebyalocalmachinerydealeroralocalgardencenterminusexpenses.Employmentmeansworkdoneforpay.Employeesarepaidbythehour,day,week,month,oryear.Asmall-enginesmechanicemployedatthelocalmachinerydealerisprobablypaidbythehour,butthesalesmanagerisprobablypaidanannualsalarywithbonusesbasedonsalesvolume.Tradereferstospecifickindsofworkorbusinesses,especiallythosethatrequireskilledmechanicalwork.Mechanicalmeanshavingtodowithamachine,mechanism,ormachinery.Apersonwhoisspecificallytrainedtoperformmechanicaltasksisamechanic.Amechanicwhouseshightechnologyisgenerallycalledatechnician.Themechanicmustbeskilledintheuseoftoolsandmachines.Themechanicmustalsobeabletoselectappropriatematerials,useavarietyofprocesses,andanalyzeproblems.Thetermmechanicsisdefinedasthebranchofphysicsdealingwithmotion,andtheactionofforcesonbodiesorfluids.Thetermagriculturalmechanicsistheselection,operation,maintenance,servicing,selling,anduseofpowerunits,machinery,equipment,structures,andutilitiesusedinagriculture.Hundredsofdifferentjobsareavailableinagriculturalmechanics.Atotalof99outof305occupationalentriesinAConciseHandbookofOccupationsaremechanicalinnature.

AGRICULTURE—ABASICINDUSTRYAgricultureisaverycomplexindustry.Theindustryproducesplantandanimalproductsfromwhichthousandsofcommoditiesaremade.Sinceeverypersonandmanyindustriesdependuponagriculture,itissaidtobeabasicindustry.Someproductsofagriculturearefood,oils,fiber,lumber,ornamentaltreesandshrubs,flowers,leather,fertilizers,feed,seed,andmore.Basicagriculturalproductsformtherawmaterialsformanyitemsofeverydayliving.Fabricsforclothing,curtains,andfloorcoveringsaremadefromoilssuchascornoil,soybeanoil,andcottonseedoil.Plasticsofallkindsarealsomadefromvegetableoils.Productsfromanimalsareusedtomakematerialssuchasglue,leather,andpaint.Manymedicinescomefromplantsandanimals.Themanufactureofautomobiles,furniture,airplanes,radios,stereos,andcomputersalldependsonagricultureforcertainrawmaterials.Theconstructionofhomes,boats,andfactoriesalldependsonagricultureforlumber,fiber,andotherbasiccommodities.MostdwellingsinAmericaaresurroundedbylawn,shrubs,orotherplantsforbeautification.Thesearealsoagriculturalcommodities.Agricultureis,indeed,abasicindustryuponwhichallpeopledepend.ItisthebackboneoftheAmericansociety.THEROLEOFAGRICULTURALMECHANICSMechanicalapplicationsarefoundthroughoutagriculture.Someoftheseapplicationsareshowninfigures1–4through1–8.Afewexamplesofjobsinvolvingagriculturalmechanicsare:theengineerwhodesignstractorsandotherfarmandranchmachinestheforesterwhokeepschainsawsandotherequipmentgoing

thebuilderofprocessingplants,farmbuildings,andaquaculturefacilitiestheelectricianwhoinstallsclimatecontrols,silounlades,andmillingequipmentthesoilconservationistwhoconstructsterracestocontrolerosionthehardwarestoreemployeewhomustlocaterepairpartsforagriculturaltoolsandmachinestheairconditioningandrefrigerationspecialistinprocessingandstoragefacilitiesthedesignerandinstalleroffield,turf,landscape,thelawnequipmentservicemechanicwhorepairslawntractorsthewelderwhorepairsfarmmachinerythemechanicwhokeepsthedieseltrucksandmachinesgoing.Processingplantsforfieldcrops,livestock,poultry,fruits,andvegetablesallhavemachinery.Suchmachineryrequiresdesigners,engineers,operators,maintenanceandrepairpersonnel,andconstructionworkers.Evenpeoplewithjobsinfinance,publications,andcommunicationsmayneedsomeknowledgeofmechanicswhentheirassignmentsdealwithagriculture.Allarelikelytousecomputersandcomputerapplicationsintheirwork.THEINFLUENCEOFMECHANIZATIONAtthebirthoftheUnitedStatesin1776,over90percentoftheAmericancolonistswerefarmers,yetmanyofGeneralWashington’stroopsatValleyForgediedforlackoffoodandclothing.Today,lessthan10percentofallAmericansworkinagriculture,yettherearegenerallyfoodsurplusesinAmerica.TheratiooffarmworkerstononfarmpeopleinAmericaapproximatelyreverseditselfin200years.In1776,thefarm-to-nonfarmratiowasapproximately9to1.Today,theratioofagriculturalworkerstotheremainingpopulationisapproximately1to9.Mechanizationhasplayedamajorroleinthisriseinproductionefficiency.Efficiencymeansabilitytoproducewithaminimumwasteoftime,energy,andmaterials.Americaprovidedtheinventorsformanyoftheworld’smostimportantagriculturalmachines.CyrusMcCormickinventedthereaperin1834tocutsmallgraincrops.Later,thecombinewasinvented,whichcutandthreshedthegraininthefield.Today,onemoderncombineoperatorcancutandthreshasmuchgraininonedayas100personscouldcutandbundleinonedayinthe1830s.Twoinventionshadaprofoundinfluenceonthesettlingofthiscountry.ThefirstwasbyamannamedJohnDeerewhodevelopedasteelplowthatreplacedanironplowinventedbyThomasJefferson.TheplowinventedbyDeerein1837allowedfarmerstobreakupthetoughsodthatpreviouslyhadpreventedpioneersfromcultivatingtherichprairiesoils.ThisallowedsettlerstoinhabitalloftheMidwestandPlainsregionwheresomuchofourfoodisgrowntoday.TheotherinventionthataffectedsettlementwasbyEliWhitneywhodevelopedamachine,calledagin,toremoveseedsfromcotton.Priortohisinventionin1793,seedswereremovedfromcottonbyhand.Theseedswereeasilyseparatedfromthecotton,butitwasstilltimeconsuming.Anotherproblemwasthetypeofcottongrown.CottonwithlooseseedswastheSeaIslandorlong-staplevarietythatwouldonlygrowalongthecoastofGeorgiaandtheCarolinas.UplandcottonwouldgrowanywhereintheSouth,buttheseedsofthistypewerealmostimpossibletoseparatebyhand.Whitney’sginnotonlysavedlabor,butopeneduptheentiresouthernportionofthenationforcultivationofuplandcotton.In1850,EdmundW.Quincyinventedthemechanicalcornpicker.JosephGlidden’sdevelopmentofbarbedwirepermittedestablishmentofrancheswithdefiniteboundaries.Theinternalcombustionenginemademachinestremendouslymoreefficient.Relativelylightweight,powerfulenginesrevolutionizedtheproductionoffoodandfiberbyprovidingmechanizationthatreplacedtheworkofanimals.Today,mostofthemachineryusedinagriculturalproductionisbasedontheinternalcombustionengine.Onefarmworker(jobsinvolvingtheProductoffoodAndfiber)SUPPLIESANDSERVICES(JOBSTHATSUPPORTPRODUCTIONAGRICULTURE)TWOJOBSINAGRICULTURALPROCESSINGANDDISTRIBUTION(JOBSTHATPROCESSANDMARKETTHEPRODUCTSOFPRODUCTIONAGRICULTURE)Perhapsnoinventionhashadmoreimpactonagricultureandthelivesofpeoplethantheinventionofrefrigeration.Priortothistime,produceandmeatshadtobesoldfreshandtheshelflifewasveryshort.Withmechanicalrefrigeration,meatsandproducecouldnotonlybestoredmuchlonger,butcouldalsobetransportedlongdistances.Refrigeratedrailcarsandtrucksallowedlivestock,fruits,andvegetablestobeproducedinonepartofthecountryandshippedacrossthecountrytolargecities.Forthefirsttimeinhistory,peoplecouldhavefreshmeatsandvegetablesyear-round.Manyoftheearlyinventorsworkedaloneorwithoneortwopartners.Theyallcouldbeconsideredworkersintheareaofagriculturalmechanics.Bytheearly1900s,manypeopleworkedinfactoriesoroperatedbusinesses.Thecompaniesthatwereformedtoproduceagriculturalmachineryorprocessagriculturalproductsturnedtoinventionalso.Forinstance,mechanicalcottonpickersweredevelopedinthe1930sbyseveralAmericancompanies.Agriculturehasbecomehighlymechanizedinthedevelopedcountriesoftheworld.Fortheundevelopedcountries,manyengineers,teachers,andtechnicianshavesoughtsimple,tough,andreliablesmallmachinestoimproveagriculture.Insuchcountries,America’shighlydeveloped,complex,computerized,andexpensivemachinerywillnotdo.MostcountriesdonothavepeopletrainedforthevarietyofagriculturalmechanicsjobsthatareneededtosupportAmerica’sagriculture.Manyfeatures,suchasrubbertires,havebeenstandardequipmentonAmericanfarmssincethe1930s.Yet,amachinewithrubbertiresisuselessifatireisdamagedandrepairservicesarenotavailable.ThisisthecaseinmostundevelopedcountriesinCentralandSouthAmerica,Asia,andAfrica.MuchoftheworldcannotcompetewithAmericanagriculturebecausetherelatedagriculturalproductsandservicesarenotavailabletosupportthefarmworker.TheefficiencyofAmericanagriculturewillincreaseinthefutureascomputer-controlledmachinesandroboticsplayanimportantpart.Itisexcitingtoenvisionthechangesinstoreforagriculturalmechanizationinthetwenty-firstcentury.

SUMMARYAgriculturalmechanicshasbeenfundamentaltothedevelopmentoftheagriculturalindustryinthiscountry.MuchofthetremendousincreaseintheefficiencyoftheAmericanproducersisduetotheinnovationsinmechanics.Thewiringofbuildingstosupplypower;therepairingofenginesandequipment;thelayingofpipeforwatersupplies;andtheconstructionsofbuildingsareonlyafewexamplesofmechanicsinagriculture.Asfurtheradvancesaremadetheroleofmechanicsinagriculturewillbeasprominentinthefutureasithasbeeninthepast.STUDENTACTIVITIES1.DefinetheTermstoKnowinthisunit.2.InterviewaCooperativeExtensionSpecialistforAgriculturalResourcesinyourcountyorcity.Askthespecialisttodescribethedifferentjobspeopledoinyourlocalitythatareregardedasagriculturaloragriculturallyrelated.3.Lookup“inventors”or“inventions”inanencyclopedia.Pickouttheinventionsthatrelatetoagricultureandreportyourfindingstotheclass.4.Selectthreeorfiveclassmatestojoinyouinadebateontheroleofagricultureinsociety.Oneteamshouldsupportthepositionthatagricultureisthebackboneofsociety.Theopposingteamshouldsupportthenotionthatitisnot.5.Consideraneverydayproductsuchasbread,milk,leathergloves,oracorsageforMother’sDay.Tracetheproduction,processing,andmarketingoftheitemfromitssourcetofinishedproduct.Listpointsalongthewaywhereagriculturalmechanicsareused.SELF-EVALUATION

MultipleChoice.Selectthebestanswer.

1.Theproductionofplantsandanimalsandtherelatedsupplies,services,mechanics,products,processing,andmarketingdefinesa.horticultureb.renewablenaturalresourcesc.agriculturalmechanicsd.agriculture2.Agribusinessisa.thesameasagriculturalmechanicsb.limitedtothesaleofagriculturalproductsc.businessstemmingfromagricultured.specialworkdonebymedicaldoctors3.Examplesofrenewablenaturalresourcesarea.oil,gas,andcoalb.fish,trees,andwildlifec.rubber,steel,andwaterd.air,soil,andminerals4.Thetermoccupationmeansa.businessb.employmentc.traded.allofthese5.Agriculturalmechanicsstemsmostlyfroma.physicsb.biologyc.medicined.horticulture6.Agriculturalproductscomefroma.soilandcoalb.plantsandanimalsc.ironoreandaluminumd.atomicfuel7.Productsofagricultureincludea.leatherseatcoversb.paintc.flowerarrangementsd.allofthese8.Agriculturalmechanicsincludestheoccupationofa.gardentractorrepairpersonb.automobilemechanicc.piledriverd.systemsanalyst9.Mechanizationofagriculturehasresultedina.decreasedsoilproductionb.decreasedfarmexpensesc.increasedproductionefficiencyd.increasednumbersoffarmworkers10.CyrusMcCormickinventedthea.steelplowb.cottonginc.milkingmachined.reaper11.In1776,theratiooffarmworkerstononfarmpeoplewasapproximatelya.9to1b.1to1c.4to1d.1to912.Today,theratioofagriculturalworkerstotheremainingpopulationisapproximatelya.9to1b.1to9c.4to1d.1to1EVALUATIONPLAN

Person(s)responsiblefortheevaluation:Vasamillet1.Evaluationscope

Thereisinterestinaprogrammethatpreparesagriculturalmechanics.Whiletheschooldoesnotoffersuchaprogramme,thedirectorwouldinitiateoneifarealneedisproven.Theobjectiveofthisevaluationistodeterminetheneedforanagriculturemechanicsprogramme.2.Programmedescription

Appropriatedocumentswillbereviewedtodetermineprogrammegoals,activitiesandrequiredresources.Existingresourceswillalsobeassessedtodetermineiftheyarecompatiblewithprogrammerequirements.

3.Measuresanddesign

Arandomsampleofpotentialstudentsandprospectiveemployerswillbesurveyedtodetermineneeds.Manpowerreportsandcurriculumdocumentswillalsobereviewed.Complementaryinformationwillbeanalysed,similaritiesanddiscrepanciesnotedandconclusionsdrawn.4.Dataconcerns

Questionnaireswillbesenttostudentsandemployerson15Septemberandagainon15Octobertonon-respondents.Reviewofmanpowerreports,curriculumdocumentsandexistingresourceswillstarton15September.Tabulationandanalysisofdatawillcommenceon15November.Bargraphswillbeusedtopresentdata.Thefinalwrittenreportwillbedeliveredtothedirectorby1December.5.Budget

AtotalofUS$700hasbeensetasideforevaluation.PersonnelexpenseswillbeUS$270.TestitemswillcostUS$30andcommunicationsUS$400.PLANNINGSHEET1

SCOPEOFTHEEVALUATION

Steps

1.1Whatprogrammeistobeevaluated?

Agriculturalmechanics1.2Whowantstoknowabouttheprogramme?

Schooldirector1.3Whatdecisionswillbebasedontheevaluation?

Whetherornottostartanagriculturalmechanicsprogramme1.4Whatinformationmustbegiventotheaudience?

·Supplyofanddemandforagriculturalmechanics

·Poolofqualifiedstudents

·Programmegoals,activitiesandrequiredresources1.5Whatis/aretheobjective(s)oftheevaluation?

-Todeterminetheneedforanagriculturalmechanicsprogramme-TodetermineiftheschoolhassufficientresourcestoimplementsuchaprogrammePLANNINGSHEET2

PROGRAMMEDESCRIPTION

Steps

2.1Whataretheprogrammeoutcomes?

Tobedeterminedbyassessment2.2Whataretheprogrammeactivities?

Tobedeterminedbyassessment2.3Whataretherequiredresources?

TobedeterminedbyassessmentPLANNINGSHEET3

MEASURESANDDESIGNS

Steps

3.1Whatwillbemeasured?

·Studentsandemployerstobeservedbytheprogramme

·Thesupplyofagriculturalmechanics

·Thedemandforagriculturalmechanics

·Thepoolofqualifiedstudents

·Programmegoals,activitiesandrequiredresources3.2Whatinstrumentswillbeused?

·Studentandemployerquestionnaires

·Manpowersupplyanddemanddocuments

·Curriculumandfacilitydocuments3.3Howwilldatabeanalysed?

·Descriptiveanalysisofobservedagreement/differencesbetweenofficialstatisticsandemployerandstudentresponses·Descriptiveanalysisofexistingresourcesandthoseprescribedincurriculumdocuments3.4Whatdesignswillbeused?

·Informalcomparisonsof:

manpowerdataandstudent-employerresponses

-existingresourcesandthoseprescribedinstandarddocuments3.5Whatsamplingstrategywillbeused?

RandomsampleofemployersandstudentsPLANNINGSHEET4

DATACONCERNS

Steps

4.1Whatarethedeadlines?

1September-Developquestionn