语言学期末考试试题

第一章1.Whatislanguage?Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication2.Designfeaturesoflanguage①Arbitrariness(任意性)referstotheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.(soundsandmeanings)②Duality（二层性）:Thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.③Productivity/creativity(创造性）:Languageisproductiveinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.④Displacement(移位性):HumanLanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atmomentofcommunication.(p7)3.Functionsoflanguage①Informative(信息功能):togiveinformationaboutfacts.(ideational)②Interpersonal(人际功能):toestablishandmaintainsocialstatusinasociety.(age,sex,language,background,accent,status)③Performative(施为功能):languageisusedtodothings,toperformcertainactions.(name,promise,apologize,sorry,declare)④.Emotive/Expressive(情感功能):toexpressfeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker.⑤Phaticcommunion(寒暄交流):tousesmallandmeaninglessexpressionstoestablishacomfortablerelationshipormaintainsocialcontactbetweenpeoplewithoutanyfactualcontent.(health,weather)⑥Recreationalfunction(娱乐):theuseoflanguageforsheerjoy.(lyrics,poetry)⑦Metalingualfunction(元语言功能):totalkaboutlanguageitself.4.Whatislinguistics?Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.5.ImportantdistinctionsinlinguisticsDescriptive&prescriptiveSynchronic&diachronicLangue&paroleCompetence&performance6.Descriptive(描写/述性)—describeandanalyzelinguisticfactsorthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse(modernlinguistic)Prescriptive(规定性)—laydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”linguisticbehaviorinusinglanguage(traditionalgrammar:“neveruseadoublenegative”)7.Synchronicstudy(共时)—descriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftime(modernlinguistics)Diachronicstudy(历时)—descriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime(historicaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime)第四章1．WhatisSyntax（句法）?Syntaxisthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentences.句法就是研究语言的不同成分组成句子的规则2．FourApproaches:Thetraditionalapproach传统语言观(Partsofspeech、SyntacticFunction不考、Category范畴、Concordandgovernment一致关系和支配关系)、Thestructuralapproach结构语言观、Thegenerativeapproach、Thefunctionalapproach功能语言观3．Thetraditionalgrammarregardssentencesasasequenceofwords,soitpaysgreatattentiontothestudyofwords,suchastheclassificationofwordsintermsofpartsofspeech,theidentificationoffunctionofwordsintermsofsubject,predicate,etc.4.PartsofspeechTraditionalgrammardefines8partsofspeech:nouns,verbs,pronouns,adjectives,adverbs,prepositions,conjunctionsandinterjections.5．ThetermCategory范畴insomeapproachesreferstowordclassesandfunctionsinitsnarrowsense,范畴这一术语狭义上是指词类和功能eg.Noun,Verb,Subject,Predicate.Morespecifically,itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofthesegeneralunits:thecategoriesofthenoun名词的范畴,includenumber,gender,caseandcountability（case）;thecategoriesoftheverb动词的范畴:tense,aspect,voice,etc.6．Numberismostlyacategoryofthenounandpronoun名词和不可数名词.Twotermsofnumberinnouns:singularandplural单数和复数Numberisalsoreflectedintheinflectionsofpronounsandverbs7.Genderisalsomostlyacategoryofthenounandpronoun.InEnglish,thegenderdistinctionsareonthewholenatural,determinedbythebiologicalgenderofthecreature.8.Caseisusedintheanalysisofwordclassestoidentifythesyntacticrelationshipbetweenwordsinasentence.在词类分析中，格范畴用来辨别句子中词之间的句法关系InEnglish,pronounshavethreecasesofnominative主格,accusative受格,andgenitive与格.Nounshavetwoofgeneralandgenitive所有格InEnglish,thecaseofnounisrealisedinthreechannels:(a)inflection(b)followingapreposition(c)wordorder9.Tense时态:theabsolutelocationofaneventoractionontime.Itismarkedbyaninflectionoftheverb.Asaresult,thereareonlytwotensesrecognizednow:pastandpresent.Sincethefuturetimedoesnotinvolveanyinflectionoftheverb,wedonotrefertoa“futuretense”,eventhoughinmanydifferentwayswecantalkaboutthefuture.10.Aspect体:Ithasnothingwithtime,andittellsuswhetheranactionisongoingorcompleted.Perfective（完成体）andImperfective（进行体）PerfectiveandProgressive(inEnglish)11.Voice语态:describetherelationshipbetweenverbandsubjectPassive被动语态andactive主动语态12.ConcordandgovernmentEntailmentreferstoakindofmeaninginclusion.Ifxentailsy,themeaningofxisincludediny.④

Presupposition(前提预设)Itiswhataspeakerorwriterassumesthatthereceiverofthemessagealreadyknows.⑤Contradiction(矛盾)⑥Semanticanomaly(语义反常)18.Anintegratedtheory﹡Compositionality(组合性原则)：themeaningofasentencedependsonthemeaningoftheconstituentwordsandthewaytheyarecombined.﹡Thissemantictheoryistheintegrationofsyntaxandsemantics﹡Theirbasicideaisthatasemantictheoryconsistsoftwoparts:adictionaryandasetofprojectionrules﹡Thedictionaryprovidesthegrammaticalclassificationandsemanticinformationofwords﹡Theprojectionrulesareresponsibleforcombiningthemeaningsofwordstogether.19.Logicalsemantics（逻辑语义学）﹡Aproposition(命题)iswhatistobeexpressedbyadeclarativesentencewhenthatsentenceisutteredtomakeastatement.﹡Itisthebasicmeaningwhichasentenceexpress.﹡Averyimportantpropertyofthepropositionisthatithasatruthvalue.第七章1.LanguageandCulture：①Sapir-WhorfHypothesis②EvidenceGivenbyWhorf③ImplicationofSWH④RelationbetweenLanguageandCulture2．SHWcanbebrokendownintotwobasicprinciples:Linguisticdeterminism(语言决定论):thelanguageweusedeterminesthewayweviewabouttheworldaroundus.Languagemaydetermineourthinkingpatterns.(语言决定思维)P1623.RelationbetweenLanguageandCultureLanguageinfluencesthoughtandculture，Languagevariesincategoriesandconcepts,thusreflectingthedifferentworldviewsofdifferentlanguageusers,thatis,cultureandthoughtareconditionedbylanguageCultureinfluenceslanguage，Everylanguageisapartofaculture.Assuch,itcannotbutserveandreflectculturalneeds.Whenacultureexperienceradicalchanges,thevocabularyalsoundergoescorrespondingalterations4.LanguageandSocietyRelationbetweenLanguageandSocietyVarietiesoflanguage（Dialects、Registers）BilingualismandDiglossiaPidginandCreole5.Varietiesrelatedtotheuserarenormallyknownasdialectsandvarietiesrelatedtouseasregisters.6.DialectalVarieties：Regionaldialect、Socialdialect（Sociolect、Languageandgender、Languageandage、Idiolect、Ethnicdialect）7.Socialdialectreferstoavarietyoflanguageassociatedwithaparticularsocialgroup,suchasaparticularsocialclass,orethnicgroup,orthosebasedonage,genderandoccupation.8.Anethnicdialectisasocialdialectofalanguagethatcutsacrossregionaldifferences;itismainlyspokenbyalessprivilegedpopulationthathasexperiencedsomeformofsocialisolationsuchasracialdiscriminationorsegregation.9.Idiolectreferstothespeechvarietyofanindividual.Everyspeakerhashisownwayofexpressinghisorheridea.10.Registerreferstothefunctionalvarietyoflanguagethatisdefinedaccordingtoitsuseinacontextofsituation.11.Halliday’sRegisterTheoryLanguagevariesasitsfunctionvaries;itdiffersindifferentsituations.Hallidaydistinguishes3variablesthatdeterminetheregister:fieldofdiscourse(语场)、tenorofdiscourse(语旨)、modeofdiscourse(语式)12.Bilingualism(双语制):theuseoftwolanguages,espwithequalornearlyequalfluency.13.Diglossia(双语体现象):whentwovarietiesofalanguageexistsidebyside;andeachisusedfordifferentpurposes,thisiscalleddiglossia.14．Apidgin:itisaspeciallanguagevarietythatmixesandblendslanguagesusedforcommunicativepurposesbygroupsofpeoplewhodonotknoweachother’slanguage.15.Acreole:whenapidginhasbecometheprimarylanguageofaspeechcommunity,andisacquiredbythechildrenofthatspeechcommunityastheirnativelanguage,itissaidtohavebecomeacreole.第八章1.WhatisPragmaticsPragmaticsisthestudyoflanguageincontext/use/communication.2SemanticsandPragmaticsSimilarity：PragmaticsandsemanticsarebothlinguisticstudyofmeaningDifference：Semanticmeaning:themoreconstant,inherentsideofmeaning；Pragmaticmeaning:themoreindeterminate,themorecloselyrelatedtocontext；Pragmatic=meanin