Unit+3+Grammar+and+usage+表语从句课件【知识精讲精研】 高中英语牛津译林版（2020）选择性必修第三册

新牛津译林版高中英语选择性必修三Unit3Backtothepast

GrammarandUsageExploringtherulesWhatdoyouknowaboutthegreathistorianSimaQian?Bornineither145or135BCE,duringChina’sHanDynasty,SimaQianis“thefatherofChinesehistory”.

SimaQianwroteShiJi,

orRecordsoftheGrandHistorian.Lead-inWesternscholarscanfurtherunderstandChineseculturethroughtheEnglishversionofShiji,andthepublicationoftheEnglishversioninChinacanalsoenableChinesescholarstopayattentiontothestudyoftheEnglishtranslationofShiji,thusdeepeningthecommunicationbetweenChineseandWesterncivilizations.Lead-inReadthearticleonpage34andanswerthefollowingquestions.1.Whatistheessayabout?2.WhatisthegreatestachievementSimaQianmade?3.WhatcontributedtoSimaQian’ssuccess?AExploringtherules1.Whatistheessayabout?TheessayisaboutthegreathistorianSimaQian.2.WhatisthegreatestachievementSimaQianmade?

HewrotetheShiji(RecordsoftheGrandHistorian).3.WhatcontributedtoSimaQian’ssuccess?

Hisfather’sinfluence,hislearningandtravellingexperiences,andhisperseverance.AExploringtherules对......感兴趣周游全国获取广泛的信息继他父亲之后成为太史令方便他接触......整理可用的资源需要艰苦的努力有效且高效地继续某事被关进监狱身体上和精神上无论顺境还是逆境

takeaninterestin...travelextensivelyacrossthecountrygetawiderangeofinformationsucceedhisfatherasGrandHistorianfacilitatehisaccessto...sortoutavailableresourcesUsefulExpressionsrequirepainstakingeffortseffectivelyandefficientlycarryonwith...beputinprisonphysicallyandmentallyingoodtimesorbadtimesWorkingouttherulesFocuson基本用法PredicativeClauses(表语从句)在复合句中作表语的从句叫做表语从句。位于主句的系动词之后，对主语进行解释、说明，使主语的内容具体化。表语从句也必须用陈述语序。“主语+系动词+关联词+表语从句”Structure:WorkouttherulesWecanuseanounclauseasthepredicativeofasentence.Wecanusethattointroduceapredicativeclausewhentheclauseisa(1)_________.Wecanusewhethertointroduceapredicativeclausewhentheclauseisa(2)_____________.Wecanusewhat,why,when,where,etc.tointroduceapredicativeclausewhentheclauseisa(3)___________.statementyes-noquestionwh-questionExplanation

引导表语从句的词有：

从属连词：

连接代词：

连接副词：that/whether/asif/asthough/becausewho/whom/whose/which/whatwhen/where/why/how1.Themostimportantthingisthatwefinishthefinaltask.2.Thequestionis

whetherwecanfinishitinsuchashorttime.3.Thereasonwhyhewaslateis

thathegotuplate.关联词的用法(1)从属连词:that&whether

用法归纳：a.that引导表语从句时，只起______作用，作/不作句子成分，有/没有意义。b.whether引导表语从句时，只起______作用，作/不作句子成分，通常翻译为“______”。注意，引导表语从句时通常不用if。连接√√连接√是否c.注意下面这个结构：Thereasonwhy...is/wasthat...主语是reason时，表语从句不能用because,

只能用that。①麻烦是我把他的地址（address）丢了。

②My

suggestion

is

that

we

___________(tell)

him.should

tellPractice:ThetroubleisthatIhavelosthisaddress.在表“建议,劝说,命令”的名词(suggestion,advice,request,

demand,proposal,order,等)后面的表语从句中，谓语动词用“should+动词原形”(虚拟语气)，should可省略

Mysuggestionisthatweall___________(take)anactivepartinthecomingsportsmeet.2.Hisproposalwasthatthework_________________(finish)infivehours.(should)befinished(should)takeTIP2whether引导一般疑问句、选择疑问句和反义疑问句，意思是“是否”，陈述语序。

e.g.

Thequestioniswhetheritisworthdoing.

Mydoubtiswhetherwecangetthereontime.(注意：if不能引导表语从句。)Practice:

问题是我们是否可以依赖他。Thequestioniswhetherwecanrelyonhim.TIP3whether与if均为“是否”下列情况下只用whether：Whetherhewillcomeisnotclear.Thequestioniswhetherhe'llcome.

I'mnotsureabout

whetherwe'llwin.Letmeknowwhetheryoucancomeor

not.

1.引导主语从句并在句首2.引导表语从句3.从句作介词宾语4.从句后有“ornot”

表语从句也可以由asif/asthough引导，意思是“似乎、好像”

e.g.Helookedasifhewasgoingtocry.

Itseemsasthoughhedoesn'tknowtheanswer.asif/asthough引导的表语从句如果是事实，就用陈述语气；如果与事实不符，就用虚拟语气(从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去式；从句表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用had+过去分词；从句表示将来的可能性不大，用would/might/could+动词原形)。e.g.Helooksasifhewerearichman.

Helookedjust

asifhehadlookedtenyearsbefore.

Itlooksasifitmightrain.

将来事实相反asif

sbwould/might/could+do.现在事实相反asif

sb

were/didsth.过去事实相反

asifsb

haddone

sth.

Explanation2.其他从属连词引导表语从句时有具体的含义,whether表示是否，because表示因为；asif/asthough表示好像，似乎。注：asif/asthough和事实相反要虚拟，规则如下：

1、如果从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时。2、从句表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用“had＋过去分词”。3、从句表示与将来事实相反，谓语动词用“would／could／might＋动词原形e.g.,Itlooksasifsheweredrunk.beItappearsasifhehadn’tmet

her.notmeetbecause引导的表语从句常见于"This/That/It

is/wasbecause..."句型中e.g.Hewassenttothehospital.That'sbecausehewasill.

That'sbecausewewereinneedofmoneyatthattime.That'sbecause…强调原因；That'swhy…强调结果1)Hefailedthemathexam.That’s__________hewastoocareless.2)Hewastoocareless.That’s______hefailedthemathexam.becausewhy名词reason作主语时，表语从句用that而不用because或why引导Thereason____hefailedthemathexamis_____hewastoocareless.thatwhy1.Iwaslateforschoolthismorning.That's________Istayeduptoolatelastnight.(果→因)2.Istayeduptoolatelastnight.That's________Iwaslateforschoolthismorning.(因→果)3.Thereason_______Iwaslateforschoolthismorningis_______Istayeduptoolatelastnight.because引导的表语从句常用于“That'sbecause…”结构中,说明产生上述结果的原因;why引导的表语从句说明由上述原因导致的某种结果。becausewhywhythatExplanation1.that不充当句子成分，无意义，只起连接作用e.g.,WhatImeanis(that)

youmayhavetofaceit.OnereasonwhyCrystalhasbecomesofamousisthatheisveryquickthinking.2.其他从属连词引导表语从句时有具体的含义,whether表示是否，because表示因为；asif/asthough表示好像，似乎。e.g.,Thequestioniswhetherweshouldgoonwiththiswork.Hesaysitisbecausehewantedtodoso.Itsoundsasifsomeoneisknockingatthedoor.Explanation2.其他从属连词引导表语从句时有具体的含义,whether表示是否，because表示因为；asif/asthough表示好像，似乎。注：asif/asthough和事实相反要虚拟，规则如下：

1、如果从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时。2、从句表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用“had＋过去分词”。3、从句表示与将来事实相反，谓语动词用“would／could／might＋动词原形e.g.,Itlooksasifsheweredrunk.Itappearsasifhehadn’tmet

her.Explanation3.由连接代词who/whom/whose/which/what引导的表语从句连接代词在表语从句中可充当主语、宾语、表语或定语。依据“缺什么补什么”原则确定正确的连词。所谓“缺什么补什么”是指从句与连词之间的关系。如果句子中缺主语，指人用who，指物用what。如缺宾语，指人用whom，指物用what。如缺定语用what或which。Explanation3.由连接代词who/whom/whose/which/what引导的表语从句Theproblemis

willwatermyplantswhenIamaway.Thatis

Iwanttotellyou.Thingsarenotalways

theyseem.whowhatwhatThismuseumisnot______itwastenyearsago.whatwhichWhatIwanttoknowis

roadweshouldtake.用法归纳：连接代词引导表语从句时，既起______作用，又作句子成分(通常作__________________)等。连接主语，宾语，表语1.Sheisnotwhoshewas.2.Exerciseiswhatkeepsushealthy.3.Thewinnerwillbewhoeversolvesthatproblem.4.Mypartwillbe

whateveryougivetome.(2)连接代词:who,whom,whose,which,what,whatever,whoever,whichever,...用法归纳：连接代词引导表语从句时，既起______作用，又作句子成分(通常作__________________)等。连接主语，宾语，表语Explanation3.由连接副词when/where/why/how引导的表语从句连接副词在表语从句中充当状语，可表时间、地点、原因、方式等，因此不能省略。依据“缺什么补什么”原则确定正确的连词。所谓“缺什么补什么”是指从句与连词之间的关系。如缺时间状语用when；地点状语用where。

原因状语用why；方式状语用how。Explanation3.由连接副词when/where/why/how引导的表语从句e.g.,Whathewondersis

theycanfinishtheirwork.Thisis

ourbasicinterestlies.Hewasill.That's

hewassenttothehospital.whenwherewhyThatwas

Iwasfifteen.whenThat’s

youarewrong.whereTheproblemis

wecanfindhim.how用法归纳：连接副词引导表语从句时，既起______作用，又作句子成分（通常作______）。连接状语(3)连接副词：when,where,why,how，whenever,wherever,...1.ThehouseiswhereLuXunoncelived.2.Tomorrowis

whenitwouldbethemostconvenient.3.That’s

howmattersstand.4.That's

whyyoushouldpushyourself.5.Thebesttimetostartiswheneveryouareready.用法归纳：连接副词引导表语从句时，既起______作用，又作句子成分（通常作______）。连接状语Explanation4.特殊规则：特定名词+that+（should）do结构我的建议就是你做出决定之前仔细考虑一下。Myadviceisthatyou(should)thinkitoverbeforeyoumakeadecision.Whenthesubjectofasentenceisawordlikesuggestion,advice,order,demand,

etc,weoftenuse________________astheverbofthepredictiveclauseand_________canbeomitted.should+动词原形should引导表语从句的that通常不省略,但在口语或非正式文体中有时也可省略。

Thetroubleis(that)heisill.2.Mydecisionis

thatallofusaretostartat6o'clocktomorrowmorning.TIP1ApplyingtherulesApplyingtherulesB1Completethesentenceswithproperlinkingwordstoformpredicativeclauses.Applyingtherules1.Igotsixbooksfromthelibrary.Thequestionis________oneIshouldreadfirst!2.Thetruthis_____therearemanyreasonswhywarsbreakout.3.Wehavemadeitrulethatvisitorsmustnottouchthechinavases.Theproblemis______somevisitorsdonotpayattentiontoit.whichthatthat4.Themuseumwasclosed.Thatwas_______wecouldn’tseethehistoricaldocuments.5.Thetwohistoriansdisagreewitheachother.Thequestionis__________itispossibletoprovewhoisright.6.Besideshavingthehistoryclassesatschool,wealsovisithistoricdestinations.Thatis_______welearnaboutimportanteventsinhistory.whywhetherhowApplyingtherulesB2BelowisanarticleabouttheShiji.Completethearticlebelowwithproperlinkingwordstoformpredicativeclauses.

ApplyingtherulesInthefirstcenturyBCE,SimaQiancompletetheShiji,whichdescribeshistoricaleventsandfigurefromtheeraofheYellowEmperorinancientlegendstohisowntime.Totallingover520,000Chinesecharactersandextendingoveraperiodofabout3,000years,theShijiconsistsof130chaptersinfivecategories.Whatmakesthisbookremarkableincontentis(1)_______itnotonlyincludesvividdescriptionsofhistoricalfiguressuchasemperors,ministersorotherexceptionalfigures,butalsolistsimportanteventsindifferentperiods.Anotherthingtonoteis(2)_______itcoversadvancesinastronomy,music,thecalenderandsoon.thatthatOneofthemainfeaturesoftheShijiis(3)______thebiographiesarepresented－intheformofstoriesratherthandryfacts.SimaQianwasabletouseasmallnumberofwordstodescribeahistoricaleventorfigurevividly.Someofthephrasesemployedinthisbookarestillinconstantuse.Eventoday,theeventsandfiguresintheShijiseemrealwhenyoureadaboutthem.Laterhistorianswrote23moreofficialhistoriesinasimilarformat.TogetherwiththeShiji,thesewereeditedintheQingDynasty.Thatis(4)______theseworksbecameknownastheTwenty-FourHistories.TheyareamongthemostimportantrecordsofChinesehistory.howwhyQuestions:1.WhatareincludedintheShiji?2.WhatisoneofthemainfeaturesintheShiji?3.HowdidtheShijiinfluencethewaytorecordChinesehistoryinyearstocome?IntensivereadingQuestion:1.WhatareincludedintheShiji?

Itnotonlyincludesvividdescriptionofhistoricalfigures,butalsolistsimportanteventsindifferentperiods.Moreover,itcoversadvancesinastronomy,music,thecalendarandsoon.IntensivereadingQuestion:2.WhatisoneofthemainfeaturesintheShiji?

SimaQianusedvividstoriesinsteadofdryfactstopresentbiographies.IntensivereadingIntensivereadingQuestion:3.HowdidtheShijiinfluencethewaytorecordChinesehistoryinyearstocome?

Laterhistorianswrote23moreofficialhistoriesinasimilarformat.Writeashortparagraphbasedoneachofthesituationsbelow,usingpredicativeclauses.B3ExampleI’dliketojoinyouindoingtheprojectontheFirstWorldWar,butmyconcernisthatIdon’thavemuchknowledgeofit.Applyingtherules1.Tomissonervousabouthishistorytesttomorrow.

Theproblemisthathegetsstressedveryeasilywheneverhetakesatest.Onewaytostayrelaxedistokeepcalmandbreathedeeply.Tomhopesitwillhelpsolvehisproblem.ApplyingtherulesApplyingtherules2.David’snewbookonworldhistoryhassold10,000copies!

Atfirst,hisconcernwaswhetheranyonewouldreadhisbook.Actually,itisawell-writtenbookthatisalsofuntoread.ThereasonwhyhisbookhassoldsomanycopiesisthatDavid’sloveforhistoryisrepresentedinthewayhewritesaboutthetopic.Thefactis_____weshoulddependonourselves.Thecityisnolonger______itwastenyearsago.Thebestmomentforthefootbal