2023年考研考博-考博英语-北京航空航天大学考试历年高频考点真题荟萃带答案

长风破浪会有时，直挂云帆济沧海。住在富人区的她2023年考研考博-考博英语-北京航空航天大学考试历年高频考点真题荟萃带答案第1卷一.综合题(共10题)1.单选题Treesshouldonlybeprunedwhenthereisagoodandclearreasonfordoingsoand,fortunately，thenumberofsuchreasonsissmall.Pruninginvolvesthecuttingawayofovergrownandunwantedbranches,andtheinexperiencedgardenercanbeencouragedbythethoughtthatmoredamageresultsfromdoingitunnecessarilythanfromleavingthetreetogrowinitsownway.First,pruningmaybedonetomakesurethattreeshaveadesiredshapeorsize.Theobjectmaybetogetatreeoftherightheight,andatthesametimetohelpthegrowthofsmallsidebrancheswhichwillthickenitsappearanceorgiveitaspecialshape.Secondly,pruningmaybedonetomakethetreehealthier.Youmaycutdiseasedordeadwood,orbranchesthatarerubbingagainsteachotherandthuscausewounds.Thehealthofatreemaybeencouragedbyremovingbranchesthatareblockingupthecentreandsopreventingthefreemovementofair.Oneresultofpruningisthatanopenwoundisleftonthetreeandthisprovidesaneasyentryfordisease,butitisawoundthatwillheal.Oftenthereisaracebetweenthehealingandthediseaseastowhetherthetreewillliveordie,sothatthereisaperiodwhenthetreeisatrisk.Itshouldbetheaimofeverygardenertoreducethatriskofdeathasfaraspossible.Itisessentialtomakethearea，whichhasbeenpruned,smoothandclean,forhealingwillbesloweddownbyroughness.Youshouldallowthecutsurfacetodryforafewhoursandthenpaintitwithoneofthesubstancesavailablefromgardenshopsproducedespeciallyforthispurpose.Pruningisusuallywithoutinterferencefromtheleavesandalsoitisveryunlikelythatthecutsyoumakewillbleed.Ifthisdoeshappen,itis,ofcourse,impossibletopaintthemproperly.1.Pruningshouldbedoneto（）.2.Treesbecomeunhealthyifthegardener（）.3.Whyisaspecialsubstancepaintedonthetree?4.Agoodgardenerprunesatree（）.5.Whatwastheauthor’spurposewhenwritingthispassage?问题1选项A.makethetreegrowtallerB.improvetheshapeofthetreeC.getridofthesmallbranchesD.makethesmallbranchesthicker问题2选项A.allowstoomanybranchestogrowinthemiddleB.doesnotprotectthemfromwindC.forcesthemtogrowtooquicklyD.damagessomeofthesmallsidebranches问题3选项A.Tomakeawoundsmooth.B.Topreventdiseaseenteringawound.C.Tocoveraroughsurface.D.Tohelpawoundtodry.问题4选项A.atintervalsthroughouttheyearB.asquicklyaspossibleC.occasionallywhennecessaryD.regulareverywinter问题5选项A.Togivepracticalinstructionforpruningatree.B.Togiveageneraldescriptionofpruning.C.Toexplainhowtreesdevelopdiseases.D.Todiscussdifferentmethodsofpruning.2.单选题Forsometimepastithasbeenwidelyacceptedthatbabies—andothercreatures—learntodothingsbecausecertainactsleadto“rewards”；andthereisnoreasontodoubtthatthisistrue.Butitusedalsotobewidelybelievedthateffectiverewards,atleastintheearlystages,hadtobedirectlyrelatedtosuchbasicphysiological“drives”asthirstorhunger.Inotherwords，ababywouldlearnifhegotfoodordrinkorsomesortofphysicalcomfort，nototherwise.Itisnowclearthatthisisnotso.Babieswilllearntobehaveinwaysthatproducere-sultsintheworldwithnorewardexceptthesuccessfuloutcome.Papousekbeganhisstudiesbyusingmilkinthenormalwayto“reward”thebabiesandsoteachthemtocarryoutsomesimplemovements，suchasturningtheheadtoonesideortheother.Thenhenoticedthatababywhohadenoughtodrinkwouldrefusethemilkbutwouldstillgoonmakingthelearnedresponsewithclearsignsofpleasure.Sohebegantostudythechildren’sresponseinsituationwherenomilkwasprovided.Hequicklyfoundthatchildrenasyoungasfourmonthswouldlearntoturntheirheadstorightorleftifthemovement“switchedon”adisplayoflights一andindeedthattheywerecapableoflearningquitecomplexturnstobringaboutthisresult,forinstance,twoleftortworight,oreventomakeasmanyasthreeturnstooneside.Papousek’slightdisplaywasplaceddirectlyinfrontofthebabiesandhemadethein-terestingobservationthatsometimestheywouldnotturnbacktowatchthelightscloselyalthoughtheywould“smileandbubble”whenthedisplaycameon.Papousekconcludedthatitwasnotprimarilythesightoflightswhichpleasedthem,itwasthesuccessthattheywereachievinginsolvingtheproblem，inmasteringtheskill,andthatthereexistsafundamentalhumanurgetomakesenseoftheworldandbringitunderintentionalcontrol.1.Accordingtotheauthor,babieslearntodothingswhich（）.2.Papouseknoticedinhisstudiesthatababy（）.3.InPapousek’sexperimentbabiesmadelearnedmovementsoftheheadinorderto（）4.Thebabieswould“smileandbubble”atthelightsbecause.（）.5.AccordingtoPapousek,thepleasurebabiesgetinachievingsomethingisareflec-tionof（）.问题1选项A.aredirectlyrelatedtopleasureB.willmeettheirphysicalneedsC.willbringthemafeelingofsuccessD.willsatisfytheircuriosity问题2选项A.wouldmakelearnedresponsewhenitsawthemilkB.wouldcarryoutlearnedmovementswhenithadenoughtodrinkC.wouldcontinuethesimplemovementswithoutbeinggivenmilkD.wouldturnitsheadtorightorleftwhenithadenoughtodrink问题3选项A.havethelightsturnedonB.berewardedwithmilkC.pleasetheirparentsD.bepraised问题4选项A.thelightsweredirectlyrelatedtosomebasic“drives”B.thesightofthelightswasinterestingC.theyneednotturnbacktowatchthelightsD.theysucceededin“switchingon”thelights问题5选项A.abasichumandesiretounderstandandcontroltheworldB.thesatisfactionofcertainphysiologicalneedsC.theirstrongdesiretosolvecomplexproblemD.afundamentalhumanurgetodisplaytheirlearnedskills3.单选题We（）thathecannotfinishtheworkbeforeJune15.问题1选项A.prosecuteB.meddleC.presumeD.mingle4.单选题The（）cycleoflifeanddeathisasubjectofinteresttoscientistsandphilosophersalike.问题1选项A.incompatibleB.exceedingC.instantaneousD.eternal5.单选题Superficialdifferencesbetweenthespecialproblemsandtechniquesofthephysicalsciencesandthoseofthebiologicalsciencesaresometimescitedasevidenceforthe（）ofbiologyandfortheclaimthatthemethodsofphysicsarethereforenotadequatetobiologicalinquiry.问题1选项A.autonomyB.vitalityC.purposefulnessD.obsolescence6.单选题Accordingtogovernmentstatistics，menofallsocialclassesinBritainvisitpubsquiteregularly,（1）thekindofpubtheygotomaybedifferentandtheirreasonsforgoingthere（2）too.Nowadaystheyoftentaketheirwivesorgirl-friends,which（3）tobethecase.ThefactisthatthetypicalEnglishpubischanging,partly（4）thelicensinglawsnotbeingsostrictasthey（5）,butalsobecausepublicansaretryingto（6）awaywiththeoldVictorian（7）ofthepuband（8）providecoupleswithanatmospherewheretheycanbothenjoythemselves.Pubusednottoopen（9）atcertaintimes.Theresultwasthattheywereusually（10）withmenwhoseemedtobedrinkingasmuchaspossibleinthetime（11）Butthatkindofpubisrapidlybecomingathingofthepast.Curiouslyenough,theoldBritishlicensinglaws,whichforeignersfoundsoobjectionableandab-surd,were（12）introducedasa（13）measuretostopworkersdrinkingintheFirstWorldWar.（14）,thestrongPuritanical（15）inParliamenttook（16）o£thelawand（17）it.Openinghoursare（18）limitedtoeighthoursaday,butthepublicancannowchoosewhichhours（19）himbest.Andthesedaysyoucanevengetacupofcoffeeifyouprefer（20）beer.ButinspiteofthisthePuritanswouldneverdreamofadmittingthatapubcouldbecomearepeatableplace.问题1选项A.andB.thoughC.whenD.as问题2选项A.disagreeB.divergeC.varyD.deviate问题3选项A.usednotB.notusedC.usedD.isused问题4选项A.becauseB.becauseofC.forD.inthat问题5选项A.wereB.areC.usedD.hadbeen问题6选项A.takeB.doC.keepD.go问题7选项A.sightB.imageC.appearanceD.perception问题8选项A.thenB.insteadC.furtherD.still问题9选项A.exceptB.exceptforC.onlyD.onlyfor问题10选项A.coveredB.crowdedC.fullD.plenty问题11选项A.availableB.properC.probableD.accessible问题12选项A.ordinarilyB.generallyC.originallyD.formerly问题13选项A.perpetualB.temporaryC.uniformD.temperate问题14选项A.NeverthelessB.HoweverC.AfterwardsD.Furthermore问题15选项A.factorB.elementC.componentD.atom问题16选项A.advantageB.profitC.useD.charge问题17选项A.retainedB.containedC.maintainedD.protected问题18选项A.evenB.justC.butD.still问题19选项A.suitB.matchC.meetD.agree问题20选项A.againstB.forC.withD.to7.单选题Hundredsoflocalresidentssigneda（）againstclosingtheswimming-pool.问题1选项A.petitionB.perceiveC.partitionD.participation8.单选题ThecompanythatJoanworksforis（）withanautomotivecompany,soshecangetadis-countonanewcar.问题1选项A.correlatedB.parallelC.affiliatedD.accounted9.单选题ThereismuchIenjoyaboutthechangingseasons,butmyfavoritetimeisthe（）fromfalltowinter.问题1选项A.transmissionB.transformationC.transitionD.transfer10.翻译题Throughouthistorynewtechnologieshaverevolutionizedwarfare,sometimesabruptly,sometimesonlygradually:thinkofgunpowder,aircraft,radarandnuclearfission.Soithasbeenwithinforma-tiontechnology.ComputersandtheinternethavetransformedeconomiesandgivenWesternarmiesgreatadvantages,suchastheabilitytosendremotelypilotedaircraftacrosstheworldtogatherintelli-genceandattacktargets.(1).Butthespreadofdigitaltechnologycomesatacost:itexposesarmiesandsocietiestodigitalattack.Somescenarios(电影)imaginethealmostinstantaneousfailureofthesystemsthatkeepthe

modern

worldturning.Ascomputernetworkscollapse,factoriesandchemicalplantsexplode,satellitesspinoutofcontrolandthefinancialandpowergridsfail.Cyberspacehasbecomethefifthdomainofwarfare,afterland,sea,airandspace.ThecyberattacksonEstoniain2007andonGeorgiain2008(thelatterstrangelyhappenedtocoincidewiththeadvanceofRussiantroopsacrosstheCaucasus)arewidelyassumedtohavebeendi-rectedbytheKremlin(克里姆林宫),buttheycouldbetracedonlytoRussiancyber-criminals.ManyofthecomputersusedintheattackbelongedtoinnocentAmericanswhosePCshadbeenhi-jacked.CompaniessuspectChinaoforganizingmini-raidstoransackWesternknow-how:butitcouldjusthaveeasilybeenWesterncriminals,computer-hackersshowingoffordisillusionedformeremploy-ees.(2).OnereasonwhyWesterngovernmentshaveuntilrecentlybeenreticentaboutcyber-espio-nage（间谍）issurelybecausetheyaredabhandsatit,too.Cyber-weaponsarebeingdevelopedsecretly,withoutdiscussionofhowandwhentheymightbeused.（3）.Ifcyberarms-controlistoAmerica’sadvantage，itwouldbewisetoshadesuchaccords（协议）whileitstillhastheupperhandincyberspace.Inthemeantime，however,countriesshouldagreeonmodestaccords,orevenjustinformal“rulesoftheroad”thatwouldraisethepoliticalcostofcy-ber-attacks.Perhapstherecouldbeadealtopreventthecrude“denial-of-service”assaultsthatbroughtdownEstonianandGeorgianwebsiteswithamassofbogus（伪造的）requestsforinforma-tion；NATOandtheEuropeanUnioncouldmakeitclearthatattacksincyberspace,asintherealworld,willprovokearesponse:theUNorsignatoriesoftheGenevaConventionscoulddeclarethatcyber-attacksoncivilianfacilitiesare,likephysicalattackswithbombandbullet,outofboundsinwar；richcountriescouldexerteconomicpressureonstatesthatdonotadoptmeasurestofightonlinecriminals.Countriesshouldbeencouragedtospellouttheirmilitarypoliciesincyberspace,asAmeri-cadoesfornuclearweapons,missiledefenseandspace.（4）.Andtherecouldbeaninternationalcen-tretomonitorcyber-attacks,oraninternationaldutytoassistcountriesundercyber-attacks,regard-lessofthenationalityormotiveoftheattacker—akintothedutyofshipstohelpmariners（水手）indistress.Theinternetisnota“commons”,butanetworkofnetworksthataremostlyprivatelyowned.Alotcouldalsobeachievedbygreaterco-operationbetweengovernmentsandtheprivatesector.（5）Butintheendmoreoftheburdenforensuringthatordinarypeople’scomputersystemsarenotco-optedbycriminalsorcyber-warriorswillendupwiththelatter—especiallytheinternet-serviceprovidersthatrunthenetwork.Theycouldtakemoreresponsibilityforidentifyinginfectedcomputersandspottingattacksastheyhappen.第1卷参考答案一.综合题1.【答案】第1题:B第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:A【解析】1.根据题干关键词“Pruningshouldbedone”定位至第二段：pruningmaybedonetomakesurethattreeshaveadesiredshapeorsize（修枝是为了确保树木按照所需要的形状或大小生长）。因此，B项为正确答案。2.根据题干关键词“Treesbecomeunhealthy”定位至第二段：Thehealthofatreemaybeencouragedbyremovingbranchesthatareblockingupthecentre…（剪去堵塞中心的树枝可以促进树木的健康）。因此推测，树木中心的树枝太多不利于树木的生长，A项为正确答案。3.根据题干关键词“specialsubstancepaintedonthetree”定位至第三段：Oneresultofpruningisthatanopenwoundisleftonthetreeandthisprovidesaneasyentryfordisease...andthenpaintitwithoneofthesubstancesavailablefromgardenshopsproducedespeciallyforthispurpose.由此可知，在树木切口表面漆上特殊的材料就是为了防止病害从树木切口进入，B项为正确答案。4.第一段指出：moredamageresultsfromdoingitunnecessarilythanfromleavingthetreetogrowinitsownway（不必要的剪枝会给树木带来更多的伤害）。由此推测，好的园丁只是在必要的时候才修剪树木，C项为正确答案。5.通篇作者在阐述什么情况下修剪树木并且详细介绍了原因和方法。因此，作者的目的是在修剪树木方面给予实践指导，A项为正确答案。2.【答案】第1题:C第2题:C第3题:A第4题:D第5题:A【解析】1.文章第二段指出：Babieswilllearntobehaveinwaysthatproduceresultsintheworldwithnorewardexceptthesuccessfuloutcome.婴儿学会做某些动作，是因为这些动作在周围世界能产生成功结果，除此之外，并无其他奖励。据此可知，婴儿能学会做那些会给他们带来成功的感觉的事情，C项正确。2.根据题干关键词“Papousek,studies”定位至第三段：Thenhenoticedthatababywhohadenoughtodrinkwouldrefusethemilkbutwouldstillgoonmakingthelearnedresponsewithclearsignsofpleasure（有足够牛奶喝的婴儿尽管会拒绝牛奶，但仍会愉快地继续做学会的动作）。因此，没有得到牛奶的婴儿会继续做简单的动作，C项正确。3.根据题干定位至第三段：Hequicklyfoundthatchildrenasyoungasfourmonthswouldlearntoturntheirheadstorightorleftifthemovement“switchedon”adisplayoflights（普塞克很快发现，如果他们的动作能“打开”灯，四个月大的婴儿也能学会左右转头）。因此，让婴儿转头是为了把灯打开，A项正确。4.根据题干“smileandbubble”定位至第四段：theywouldnotturnbacktowatchthelightscloselyalthoughtheywould“smileandbubble”whenthedisplaycameon.Papousekconcludedthatitwasnotprimarilythesightoflightswhichpleasedthem,itwasthesuccessthat...bringitunderintentionalcontrol（当打开光源时，婴儿们尽管会“咯咯笑着吐泡泡”，但他们有时不会转过头来紧盯灯光。普塞克推断，让婴儿们感到愉悦的主要原因，并不是灯光，而是解决问题、掌握技巧获得的成就感，是人类具有认识世界和有意识控制世界的基本欲望）。据此可知，婴儿会笑是因为他们成功地打开了灯，D项正确。5.根据题干定位至第四段：Papousekconcludedthatitwasnotprimarilythesightoflightswhichpleasedthem,itwasthesuccessthattheywereachievinginsolvingtheproblem,inmasteringtheskill,andthatthereexistsafundamentalhumanurgetomakesenseoftheworldandbringitunderintentionalcontrol（普塞克推断，让婴儿们感到愉悦的主要原因，不是灯光，而是解决问题、掌握技巧获得的成就感，是人类具有认识世界和有意识控制世界的基本欲望）。据此可知，婴儿从成功完成某件事中获得的乐趣反映了人类想要了解和控制世界的基本欲望。3.【答案】C【解析】动词辨析。句意：我们他不能在六月十五号之前完成工作。prosecute起诉；meddle干涉；presume假设，认为；mingle使混合，与……交往。因此，C项符合句意。4.【答案】D【解析】形容词辨析。incompatible不相容的，矛盾的；exceeding超越;instantaneous瞬间的，即刻的；eternal永恒的，不朽的。句意：（）生死轮回是一个科学家和哲学家都感兴趣的课题。D选项eternal符合句意。

5.【答案】A【解析】名词辨析。句意：自然科学和生物科学的特殊问题和技术之间的表面差异有时会被用来证明生物学的（），并且用来说明自然科学的方法对生物科学的探究是不够的。autonomy自治，自治权；vitality活力，生气，生命力；purposefulness目的性；意志坚强；obsolescence退化，荒废。A选项表示将两门学科之间的一些浅显区别用于证明生物学是独立的，符合题意。

6.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:A第4题:B第5题:A第6题:B第7题:B第8题:B第9题:A第10题:B第11题:A第12题:C第13题:B第14题:C第15题:B第16题:A第17题:A第18题:D第19题:A第20题:D【解析】1.逻辑推理。句意：据英国政府统计，所有社会阶级的人都会频繁光顾酒吧，他们选择的酒吧类型可能不同。空格前后句子为让步关系。故B项正确。2.词义辨析。句意：尽管他们选择的酒吧类型可能不同，去的理由也。disagree不同意；diverge偏离；vary不同；deviate脱离，出轨。And为并列连词，因此，空格处应表达跟different相似的含义。故选C。3.语法分析。句子想表达的是：与以往情况不同，他们现在经常带着他们的妻子和女朋友去酒吧。因此，空格处应为否定，排除C，D项。A项usednot后面接tobethecase表示“过去不是这样”，符合句意且语法正确。4.语法分析。句意：事实是典型的英国酒吧正在改变，部分原因是特许经营法不如之前那么严格。C、D项后面应接完整的从句，而空后为动词ing形式，故选B。5.语法分析。句意：特许经营法不如之前那么严格。因此此处应为一般过去时，而主语是“they”，因此A项“were”正确。6.词义辨析。句意：同时也因为酒店老板想要旧维多利亚时代酒吧的形象。doawaywith废除；takeaway带走，摆脱；keepaway使离开；goawa