2023年考研考博-考博英语-重庆大学考试历年高频考点真题荟萃带答案

长风破浪会有时，直挂云帆济沧海。住在富人区的她2023年考研考博-考博英语-重庆大学考试历年高频考点真题荟萃带答案第1卷一.综合题(共10题)1.单选题SectionATheroleofgovernmentsinenvironmentalmanagementisdifficultbutinescapable.Sometimes,thestatetriestomanagetheresourcesitowns,anddoessobadly.Often,however,governmentsactinanevenmoreharmfulway.Theyactuallysubsidizetheexploitationandconsumptionofnaturalresources.Awholerangeofpolicies,fromfarmpricesupporttoprotectionforcoal-mining,doenvironmentaldamageand(often)makenoeconomicsense.Scrappingthemoffersatwo-foldbonus:acleanerenvironmentandamoreefficienteconomy.Growthandenvironmentalismcanactuallygohandinhand,ifpoliticianshavethecouragetocontrolthevestedinterestthatsubsidiescreate.SectionBNoactivityaffectsmoreoftheearth’ssurfacethanfarming.Itshapesathirdoftheplanet’slandarea,notcountingAntarctica,andtheproportionisrising.Worldfoodoutputperheadhasrisenby4percentbetweenthe1970sand1980smainlyasaresultofincreasesinyieldsfromlandalreadyincultivation,butalsobecausemorelandhasbeenbroughtundertheplough.Higheryieldshavebeenachievedbyincreasedirrigation,bettercropbreeding,andadoublingintheuseofpesticidesandchemicalfertilizersinthe1970sand1980s.SectionCAlltheseactivitiesmayhavedamagingenvironmentimpacts.Forexample,landclearingforagricultureisthelargestsinglecauseofdeforestation;chemicalfertilizersandpesticidesmaycontaminatewatersupplies;moreintensivefarmingandtheabandonmentoffallowperiodstendtoexacerbatesoilerosion;andthespreadofmonocultureanduseofhigh-yieldingvarietiesofcropshavebeenaccompaniedbythedisappearanceofoldvarietiesoffoodplantswhichmighthaveprovidedsomeinsuranceagainstpestsofdiseasesinfuture.Soilerosionthreatenstheproductivityoflandinbothrichandpoorcountries.TheUnitedState,wherethemostcarefulmeasurementshavebeendone,discoveredin1982thataboutone-fifthofitsfarmlandwaslosingtopsoilataratelikelytodiminishthesoil’sproductivity.Thecountrysubsequentlyembarkeduponaprogramtoconvert11percentofitscroppedlandtomeadoworforest.TopsoilinIndiaandChinaisvanishingmuchfasterthanAmerica.SectionDGovernmentpolicieshavefrequentlycompoundedtheenvironmentaldamagethatfarmingcancause.Intherichcountries,subsidiesforgrowingcropsandpricesupportsforfarmoutputdriveupthepriceofland.Theannualvalueofthesesubsidiesisimmense;about$250billion,ormorethanallWorldBanklendinginthe1980s.Toincreasetheoutputofcropsperacre,afarmer’seasiestoptionistousemoreofthemostreadilyavailableinputs:fertilizersandpesticides.FertilizerusedoubledinDenmarkintheperiod1960-1985andincreasedinTheNetherlandsby150percent.Thequantityofpesticidesappliedhasrisentoo:by69percentin1975-1984inDenmark,forexample,withariseof115percentinthefrequencyofapplicationinthethreeyearsfrom1981.Inthelate1980sandearly1990ssomeeffortsweremadetoreducefarmsubsidies.ThemostdramaticexamplewasthatofNewZealand,whichscrappedmostfarmsupportin1984.Astudyoftheenvironmentaleffects,conductedin1993,foundthattheendoffertilizersubsidieshadbeenfollowedbyafallinfertilizeruse(afallcompoundedbythedeclineinworldcommodityprices,whichcutfarmincomes).Theremovalofsubsidiesalsostoppedland-cleaningandover-stocking,whichinthepasthadbeentheprincipalcausesoferosion.Farmsbegantodiversify.Theonekindofsubsidywhoseremovalappearedtohavebeenbadfortheenvironmentwassubsidytomanagesoilerosion.Inlessenlightenedcountries,andintheEuropeanUnion,thetrendhasbeentoreduceratherthaneliminatesubsidies,andtointroducenewpaymentstoencouragefarmerstotreattheirlandinenvironmentallyfriendlierways,ortoleaveitfallow.Itmaysoundstrangebutsuchpaymentsneedtobehigherthantheexistingincentivesforfarmerstogrowfoodcrops.Farmers,however,dislikebeingpaidtodonothing.Inseveralcountries,theyhavebecomeinterestedinthepossibilityofusingfuelproducedfromcropresidueseitherasareplacementforpetrol(asethanol)orasfuelforpowerstations(asbiomass).Suchfuelsproducefarlesscarbondioxidethancoaloroil,andabsorbcarbondioxideastheygrow.Theyarethereforelesslikelytocontributetothegreenhouseeffect.Buttheyarerarelycompetitivewithfossilfuelsunlesssubsidizedandgrowingthemdoesnolessenvironmentalharmthanothercrops.SectionEInpoorcountries,governmentsaggravateothersortsofdamage.Subsidiesforpesticidesandartificialfertilizersencouragefarmerstousegreaterquantitiesthanareneededtogetthehighesteconomiccropyield.AstudybytheinternationalRiceResearchinstituteofpesticideusebyfarmersinSouthEastAsiafoundthat,withpest-resistantvarietiesofrice,evenmoderateapplicationsofpesticidefrequentlycostfarmersmorethantheysaved.Suchwasteputsfarmersonachemicaltreadmill:bugsandweedsbecomeresistanttopoisons,sonextyear’spoisonsmustbemorelethal.Onecostistohumanhealth.Everyyearsome10,000peoplediefrompesticidepoisoning,almostalloftheminthedevelopingcountries,andanother400,000becomeseriouslyill.Asforartificialfertilizers,theiruseworld-wideincreasedby40percentperunitoffarmedlandbetweenthemid1970sandlate1980s,mostlyinthedevelopingcountries.Overuseoffertilizersmaycausefarmerstostoprotatingcropsorleavingtheirlandfallow.That,inturn,maymakesoilerosionworse.SectionFAresultoftheUruguayRoundofworldtradenegotiationsislikelytobeareductionof36percentintheaveragelevelsoffarmsubsidiespaidbytherichcountriesin1986-1990.Someoftheworld’sfoodproductionwillmovefromWesternEuropetoregionswheresubsidiesarelowerofnon-existent,suchastheformercommunistcountriesandpartsofthedevelopingworld.Someenvironmentalistsworryaboutthisoutcome.Itwillundoubtedlymeanmorepressuretoconvertnaturalhabitatintofarmland.Butitwillalsohavemanydesirableenvironmenteffects.Theintensityoffarmingintherichworldshoulddecline,andtheuseofchemicalinputswilldiminish.Cropsaremorelikelytobegrownintheenvironmentstowhichtheyarenaturallysuited.Andmoreframersinpoorcountrieswillhavethemoneyandincentivetomanagetheirlandinwaysthataresustainableinthelongrun.Thatisimportant.Tofeedanincreasinglyhungryworld,farmersneedeveryincentivetousetheirsoilandwatereffectivelyandefficiently.Fromthelistbelowchoosethemostsuitabletitleforthereadingpassageabove.WritetheappropriateletterA-Einbox28ontheAnswerSheet.（

）问题1选项A.EnvironmentalmanagementB.Increasingtheworld’sfoodsupplyC.SoilerosionD.Fertilizersandpesticides—thewayforwardE.Farmsubsidies2.翻译题Itisimpossibletooveremphasizetheimportanceofcommercialactivitytoacountryanditspeople.Inalmostalldevelopingcountries,economicdevelopmentdependsupongrowthinexporttrade,whichinturncreatesjobsandraiseslivingstandards.Theincreasingimportrequirementswhichflowfromeconomicdevelopmentmustsomehowbefinanced,fromforeignexchangereceipts,derivedfromexportearningsandcapitalinvestment.Withoutdynamicexpansioninexportsthegrowthofyourcountry’seconomywillalmostcertainlyslacken.Yourobjectiveasacommercialrepresentativeisobviouslytodothebestpossiblejobimprovingyourcountry’sexportearningsinthebroadestmeaningoftheterm.Thetimehaslongsincearrivedtorecognizecommercialrepresentationasaprofessionperse,thesuccessfulexerciseorwhichispositivelycorrelatedwithcarefulinitialselectionofcommercialrepresentatives,thelevelandcontentoftheirformaleducationandspecializedtraining,thelengthandvarietyoftheirpertinentexperience,andthequalityofsupporttheyreceivefromthetradepromotionorganization(TPO)orministryathome.3.填空题Thosethatexperienceafailedmarriagefeellikefailuresontheirown.Theyfeelthattheyshouldhavebeenabletodosomethingdifferenttomakethemarriage（1）.Theymayhavebeenbetrayedbyanaffair,（2）stillfeelasifitistheirfault.Therapycanhelpsomeonework（3）feelingslikethatiftheypersist.Manyseeafailedmarriageasapersonalfailure,andthatcanbehardtoget（4）,evenasafewyearshavegonebyandtheyhavemovedontoanewrelationship.Thisis（5）thatneverreallygoesaway—butthatdoesnotmeanyoucannotlearnhowtodealwithitina（6）manner.Thosethatdidnotseethedivorcecomingaregoingtobehardesthitby（7）ishappening.Whiletheotherspousewaspullingaway,theymaynothavehadany（8）thattheirpartnerwashurtingorwishingtobeoutofthemarriage.Forthem,dealingwiththefailedmarriageisgoingtobeveryhard,andtheyaregoingtotryeverythingto（9）it.Attimes,thiscanbedone,butnot（10）.Prepareforthisifyouaretheonethatwantedthe（11）.Understandwheretheyarecomingfromandyoucanavoidalotof（12）andhardfeelingsinthefuture.Thatisveryimportantifyouhavechildrentogether.Goingthroughafailedmarriageisnevereasyonanyone,evenifitappearstoyouthatyourspouseis（13）ormovingonmuchsoonerthanyoueverthoughttheycould.Gethelpdealingwithyourfeelingsifyoufindthatyou（14）cannotfindareasonforwhathappenedandyoucannotmoveon（15）sometypeofclosureorclarityaboutyourfailedmarriage.Remember,notallmarriagesaregoingtolastnomatterwhathappens,butthatdoesnotmeanyoucannotfindanotherpartnerandtakeyourlessonfromyourfirstmarriagewithyoutoensurethisdoesnothappentoyouagain.4.翻译题Whenyou’refedupwithself-obsessedtwenty-somethings,trytorememberthatthey’llbe33oneday.Forthat’stheagewhentheylosethe“allaboutme”attitude,researchsuggests.Bythen,youthfulselfishnesssubsidesandpeoplebegintoconsiderothers’feelingsmoreoften,researcherssay.Whenwereach33,wearealsomorelikelytomakeaneffortwithparentsandgrandparentsandtakeapositiveattitudetowardsendingfeudswithfamilyorfriends.Theolderweget,themoreselflessweareinalmostallareasoflife—withtheexceptionofvolunteeringinthecommunity,thereportsuggests.Mostpeopleagreethathavingchildrenistheturningpointinchangingourattitudestowardsotherpeople.Thisiswhenweapparentlyfindourselvesworryingmoreaboutothersanddoingthingsforthem,suchascheckinghowtheyaregettinghome,offeringtohelpwithchildcareanddoingairportruns.Andwearemorelikelytokeepaneyeoutforneighbors,aswellasgiveupseatstoelderlypeopleonpublictransport.Wewillprobablyalsobemoreinvolvedinthecommunityandwillingtodonatemoneytogoodcauses.Thoseunder33aremostlikelytoadmittobeingveryselfish—with40percentsayingthattheyputthemselvesfirstinallcircumstances.However,40percentofthisagegroupregularlyvolunteerforcharityortheircommunity—higherthananyotheragegroup.Theageatwhichwearemostselfishisourteenageyears,researchersfound—withpeoplesayingthatjustgrowingupmadethemmorelikelytoconsiderothers.Otherscitemeetingtheirpartnerorbuyingahouseasthepointatwhichtheystartedbeingmorecompassionateandputtingothersfirst.ResearchersatMake-A-WishFoundationUKcametotheirconclusionafterstudyingtheattitudesof2,000adultsagedfrom20to60.5.单选题Today,mostcountriesintheworldhavecanals.Somecanals,suchastheSuezorthePanama,（1）shipsweeksontimebymakingtheirvoyageathousandmilesshorter.Othercanalspermitboatstoreachcitiesthatarenotlocatedonthecoast（2）othercanalsdrainlandswherethereistoomuchwater,helpor（3）fieldswherethereisnotenoughwater.The（4）ofacanaldependsonthekindofboatsgoingthroughit.Thecanalmustbewideenoughtopermittwoofthe（5）boatsusingitto（6）eachothereasily.Itmustbedeepenoughtoleaveabouttwofeetofwater（7）thekeelofthelargestboatusingthecanal.Somecanalshaveslopingsides,whileothershavesidesthatarenearly（8）canalsthatarecutthroughrockcanhavenearlyverticalsides.（9）canalswithearthbanksmay（10）iftheangleoftheirsidesistoosteep.Somecanalsarelinedwithbrick,stone,orconcretetokeepthewater（11）soakingintothemud.Thisalsopermitsshipstogoat（12）speeds,sincetheycannotmakethebanksfallinby（13）upthewater.Insmallcanalswithmudbanks,shipsandbarges(大平底船)must（14）theirspeed.Whenthecanalgoes（15）differentlevelsofwater,theshipsmustbe（16）orloweredfromoneleveltotheother.Thisisgenerallydoneby（17）oflocks.Ifashipwantstogouptohigherwater,thelowerendofthelockopenstolettheboatin.Thenthisgatecloses,andthewaterisletintothelockchamberfromtheupperlevel.Thisraisedthelevelofthewaterinthelock.（18）itisthesameastheupperlevelofwater.Nowtheuppergatescanbeopenedto（19）theshipintothehigherwater.Sometimesacanalcontainsaseriesoflockswhenthe（20）inlevelsisverygreat.问题1选项A.takeB.saveC.costD.waste问题2选项A.SomeB.ManyC.EvenD.Still问题3选项A.disperseB.drainC.irrigateD.flood问题4选项A.widthB.depthC.lengthD.size问题5选项A.largestB.longestC.heaviestD.tallest问题6选项A.passB.encounterC.overtakeD.confront问题7选项A.downB.beneathC.aboveD.below问题8选项A.flatB.straightC.verticalD.horizontal问题9选项A.MeanwhileB.HenceC.ThereforeD.However问题10选项A.collideB.corruptC.crumbleD.deteriorate问题11选项A.awayB.fromC.downD.off问题12选项A.slowerB.fasterC.lowerD.greater问题13选项A.revolvingB.stirringC.mixingD.rotating问题14选项A.limitB.confineC.decreaseD.increase问题15选项A.acrossB.alongC.downD.through问题16选项A.raisedB.promotedC.hoistedD.alleviated问题17选项A.waysB.methodsC.meansD.approaches问题18选项A.afterB.untilC.byD.during问题19选项A.freeB.retrieveC.releaseD.expose问题20选项A.distanceB.varianceC.contrastD.difference6.写作题Directions:ForthispartyouareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthefollowingtopicOnPayingbackstudentLoans.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsaccordingtotheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese.1.现今，在高校通过助学贷款完成学业的学生越来越多。2.但是有些学生毕业后没有能力或拒绝按时还贷。3.你认为贷款的学生应如何对待还贷问题。7.案例题Home-TheNewWorkplaceOneofthesourcesofthemodernworldisthelengthoftimewetakecommuningtoandfromwork.Inlargecitiesthiscanmeanlosingthreeormorehourseverydayjusttravelingfromhometoworkandbackagain.Surelythereisanalternative!Well,accordingtoasurveyconditionedintheUS,22%ofpeoplewouldmuchpreferworkingfromhome,shouldcircumstancesallow.LizSewellspoketoseveralpeoplewhohavealreadymadethechangetothismodern-dayworkplacetotryandfindoutmore.ScottMillerisa40year-olddraughtsmanwhohasbeenworkinghomeforthepasttwoyears.Headmitsthatitwasn’tsomethingthathecravedfor;ratherithappenedwhenhiswife,Jules,auniversitylecturer,wasofferedafull-timeposition.“Shedidn’tthinkthatshecouldtakethejob.Iknewthatshereallywantedit,butshedidn’twanttoputoursonintofull-timecars.Ihadbeenworkingforthesamefirmforsevenyearsanddecidedtoapproachmybosses.Mytrackrecordprobablyhelpedbecausetheyacceptedtheproposition.Aslongasmyproductivitywasmaintained,theydidn’tmindwhereIworked.Alsomywifeishappy,andhercareerisblossoming.”“NowIgointotheofficeeveryMondayafternoonforameetingandpickupmyweek’swork.Interestingly,IfeelthatIworkevenbetterfromhome,somuchsothateventhoughoursonnowatschool,Istillworkthere.”However,isworkingfromhomeassimpleasitsounds?TransferringworktoadifferentworkplaceisonlypartoftheequationforJoanneMcCarthy,whountilthreemonthsagowasaHumanResourcesManagerforalargepubliccorporation.Shehasnowbecomeafull-timetraderonthestockmarket.Shesaysshelovesthefreedomthatworkingfromhomegivesher,butshereallymissedthesocialinteraction.“Asmyjobjustinvolvesworkingformyself,bymyself,IfindthatIhavebecomemuchmoreintrovertedbecauseIdon’thavethatface-to-face,professionalinvolvementwithpeopleanymore.Ispendalldayonthecomputercheckingthepricesofmystocks.Byevening,Iamdesperatetotalktomyhusband—evenifitisonlyaboutwhatliehasbeendoingallclay.”Shehasrealizedthatthiscouldjeopardizeherattemptstoworkfromhome.LouiseTateisanaccountantandusedtocommuteanhoureachwaytoherofficebeforedecidingtherehadtobeabetterway.Forher,thebiggestproblemwithworkingfromhomewasdistractions.“Itwassoeasytogetdistractedbytheotherthingsyouhavetodoathome,likewastingandcleaning,”shetoldus.“Ihadtoforcemyselftoviewmystudyasanoffice,notpartofthehouse.SoIcameupwithanovelidea—myhusbandthoughtIwasmade,butIhadaseparateentrancebuilttotheoffice.Atthebeginningofmyworkday,Igooutofthefrontdoorofourhouse,lockit,andthenwalkaroundtotheoffice.NowIfeelthatIamreallyatwork,andmyproductivityhasincreasedasaresult.Iknowitsoundsstrange,butitworksforme.”TwelvemonthsdownthetrackandLouiseneverwantstofacethemorningtrafficagain.Peoplechoosetoworkfromhomeforamultitudeofreasons.TaketheexampleofGeorgeMercer,whoownssevencafeswithina7-mileradiusofdowntownMiami.HehasbasedhisofficeinhisFortLauderdalebeachfronthome,andkeepsincontactwithhisvariousmanagersbyphone,faxande-mail,“WhenIstartedthebusinessfouryearsago,Icouldn’tdecidewhichcafetohaveasmymainbase,soIdecidedtosetupmyofficeathome.Withmoderntelecommunicationsnowadays,Iamalwaysabletocontactmypremisesandorderprovisionsfrommysuppliers.”“IfIgetfedupwithworkingfromhomeorifthereareproblemsthathavetobedealtwithinperson.Ijustjumpinthecaranddrivetothecafes.Fromtimetotime,wehavemeetingsatmyplace,whichgivethemanagersabreakfromtheirown‘office’.Theygetachangeofscenery.Istillhavecontrolbuttheyhavealargeamountofindependenceintheday-to-dayrunningofthecafes.Ilovemyjobandit’sobviousthatmymanagersrespondwelltothearrangement.Life’sgreatatthemomentwouldn’tchangeathing!”Obviously,noteveryoneisabletohavethetypeofworkthatcanbedonefromhome,butthereareplentyofpeoplejustlikeme—judgingbyinternetsitesthemoretraditionalemploymentvacancyads—whowouldjumpatthechance.UsinginformationfromReadingPassage2,matchthepeoplelistedA-Fintheboxbelowwiththeirdescriptions.NOTE:Therearemoredescriptionsthanpeople.Youmayuseanyofthechoicesmorethanonce.ListofPeopleAScottMillerBJoanneMcCarthyCLouiseTateDGeorgeMercerENoneoftheaboveFAlloftheaboveDescriptions（）needstobegoodatmath.（）isnotself-employed.（）hasbeenworkingfromhomeforthelongestperiod.（）doesn’tneedtointeractwithclientstocarryouttheirbusiness.

试题缺失（）thinksthattheyarelesssuccessfulworkingfromhome.（）helpedsomeoneelsetoretainhis/hercareer.（）livesonthecoast.8.翻译题HonestyandReputationAJapaneseproverbofferswisdomforthosewhowouldconsidercheatinganother:thereputationofathousandyearsisdeterminedbytheconductofonehour.Inbusiness,thetreatmentweextendtoothers,whethercustomers,suppliers,orshareholders,comesbacktohelpusortohauntus.Nestle,aninternationalfoodproductionfirm,madethedecisionin1970tomarketinfantformulainThird-Worldnations.Nestlewasthefirstandonlyinfantformulamanufacturertoenterthesemarkets.WhiletherewasnothingillegalaboutmarketinginfantformulainAfricannations,therewasanissueofhonesty.Inthesecountries,eveninsituationswheremothersaremalnourished,mother’smilkremainspediatricians’preferredmethodofnutritionforseveralreasons:(1)thelackofrefrigerationforunused,cannedformula;(2)thelackofpurewaterformixingpoweredinfantformula;(3)thelackofknowledgeabouttherisksofdilutingthericher-lookingformulatotheconsistencyofmother’smilk;and(4)thelackoffundsforthepurchaseofformulaoncethefreesamplesrunoutandthemother’smilkisnolongerflowing.Nonetheless,Nestle,withoutthedisclosureofthesedrawbacks,enteredThird-Worldnationsandenjoyedgreatsuccessinmarketingformula.However,thepresenceofthefourfactorscausedinfantmortalityratestoskyrocketinthosecountrieswheretheformulawasmarketed.9.单选题Ihavesaidthatallbranchesofknowledgeareconnectedtogether,becausethesubject-matterofknowledgeisintimatelyunitedinitself[...].HenceitisthattheSciences,intowhichourknowledgemaybesaidtobecast,havemultiplebearingsononeanother,andaninternalsympathy,andadmit,orratherdemand,comparisonandadjustment.Theycomplete,correct,andbalanceeachother.Thisconsideration,ifwell-founded,mustbetakenintoaccount,notonlyasregardstheattainmentoftruth,whichistheircommonend,butasregardstheinfluencewhichtheyexerciseuponthosewhoseeducationconsistsinthestudyofthem.Ihavealreadysaidthattogiveundueprominencetooneistobeunjusttoanother;toneglectorsupersedetheseistodivertthosefromtheirproperobjects.Itistounsettletheboundarylinesbetweenscienceandscience,todisturbtheiraction,todestroytheharmonywhichbindsthemtogether.Suchaproceedingwillhavecorrespondingeffectwhenintroducedintoaplaceofeducation.Thereisnosciencebuttellsadifferenttale,whenviewedasaportionofawhole,fromwhatitislikelytosuggestwhentakenbyitself,withoutthesafeguard,asImaycallit,ofothers.Letmemakeuseofanillustration.Inthecombinationofcolors,verydifferenteffectareproducedbyadifferenceintheirselectionandjuxtaposition;red,green,andwhitechangetheirshades,accordingtothecontrasttowhichtheyaresubmitted.And,inlikemanner,thedriftandmeaningofabranchofknowledgevarieswiththecompanyinwhichitisintroducedtothestudent.Ifhisreadingisconfinedsimplytoonesubject,howeversuchdivisionoflabormayfavortheadvancementofaparticularpursuit,apointintowhichIdonothereenter,certainlyithasatendencytocontracthismind.Ifitisincorporatedwithothers,itdependsonthoseothersastothekindofinfluencethatitexertsuponhim.ThustheClassics,whichinEnglisharethemeansofrefiningthetaste,haveinFrancesub-servedthespreadofrevolutionaryanddeisticaldoctrines.[...]Inalikemanner,Isuppose,ArcesilaswouldnothavehandledlogicasAristotle,norAristotlehavecriticizedpoetsasPlato;yetreasoningandpoetryaresubjecttoscientificroles.ItisagreatpointthentoenlargetherangeofstudieswhichaUniversityprofesses,evenforthesakeofthestudents;and,thoughtheycannotpursueeverysubjectwhichisopentothem,theywillbethegainersbylivingamongthoseandunderthosewhorepresentthewholecircle.ThisIconceivetobetheadvantageofaseatofuniversallearning,consideredasaplaceofeducation.Anassemblageoflearnedmen,zealousfortheirownsciences,andrivalsofeachother,arebrought,byfamiliarintercourseandforthesakeofintellectualpeace,toadjusttogethertheclaimsandrelationsoftheirrespectivesubjectsofinvestigation.Theylearntorespect,toconsultandtoaideachother.Thusiscreatedapureandclearatmosphereofthought,whichthestudentalsobreathes,thoughinhisowncaseheonlypursuesafewsciencesoutofthemultitude.Heprofitsbyanintellectualtradition,whichisindependentofparticularteachers,whichguideshiminhischoiceofsubjects,anddulyinterpretsforhimthosewhichhechooses.Heapprehendsthegreatoutlinesofknowledge,theprinciplesonwhichitrests,thescaleofitsparts,itslightsanditsshades,itsgreatpointsanditslittle,asheotherwisecannotapprehendthem.Henceitisthathiseducationiscalled“Liberal”.Ahabitofmindisformedwhichlaststhroughlife,ofwhichtheattributesare,freedom,equitableness,calmness,moderation,andwisdom;orwhatinaformerdiscourseIhaveventuredtocallaphilosophicalhabit.ThisthenIwouldassignasthespecialfruitoftheeducationfurnishedataUniversity,ascontrastedwithotherplacesofteachingormodesofteaching.ThisisthemainpurposeofaUniversityinitstreatmentofitsstudents.1.Themainideaofthefirstparagraphisthat（）.2.BytheSciences(line2),theauthormeans（）.3.Theword“exercise”inline7mostnearlymeans（）.4.Byusingthewordsafeguardinline13,theauthorsuggeststhat（）.5.Thepurposeofthesecondparagraphisto（）.6.Thewordapprehendsasusedinlines39means（）.7.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheauthor’sideaofaliberaleducation?8.Theauthorbelievesthatauniversityshould（）.Ⅰ.havefacultyrepresentingawiderangeofsubjectsandphilosophiesⅡ.teachstudentshowtoseetherelationshipsamongideasⅢ.teachstudentstounderstandandrespectotherpointsofviewⅣ.teachstudentsliberalratherthanconservativeideals问题1选项A.eachscienceshouldbestudiedindependentlyB.thesciencesareinterrelatedC.theboundarylinesbetweeneachofthesciencesshouldbeclearerD.itisdifficulttoattainaproperbalanceamongthesciences问题2选项A.thephysicalsciencesonlyB.educationalmethodologiesC.thephysicalandsocialsciencesD.allbranchesofknowledge,includingthephysicalandsocialsciencesandthehumanities问题3选项A.removeB.competeC.imposeD.arrange问题4选项A.eachsciencehasitsownspecificsafetyguidelinesB.itisnotsafetostudythesciencesC.themoreoneknows,thesaferonewillfeelD.oneshouldchooseasecondareaofspecializationasabackupincasethefirstdoesnotworkout问题5选项A.compareandcontrastdifferentbranchesofknowledgeB.developtheideapresentedinthepreviousparagraphC.statethemainideaofthepassageD.presentanalternativepointofview问题6选项A.understandsB.capturesC.fearsD.believes问题7选项A.In-depthspecializationinonearea.B.Anemphasison