全高考必考语法精讲精练：定语从句

高考必考语法精讲精练：定语从句基本概念：定语从句:在复合句中修饰名词或代词、充当定语的句子叫定语从句。因其功能相当于形容词，所以又称为。先行词:被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。关系词:引导定语从句的词，也叫引导词。分为关系代词（who，whom，that，which，whose,as）和关系副词(where，when，why)。关系词要在定语从句中作某个成分，如主语、宾语、状语等。关系词及其意义：关系代词和关系副词功能有三个：①用来引导定语从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来。②关系代词和关系副词可作定语从句的一个成分。关系代词可作主语、宾语、定语；关系副词可作状语。③关系代词和关系副词在从句中代替在他前面的先行词。一、关系代词引导的定语从句1．who指人，在定语从句中作主语。①TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.②YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwhohadlosthisway.③Thatistheteacherwhoteachesusphysics.2．whom指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。①MrLiuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.②LiMingisjusttheboy(whom)Iwanttosee.③Theprofessor(whom)youarewaitingforhascome.④Thegirl(whom)theteacheroftenpraisesisourmonitor.注意：关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替，也可省略。Theman(whom/who)youmetjustnowismyoldfriend.3．which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语可省略。①Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.②Thefactorywhichmakescomputersisfarawayfromhere.③Helikestoreadbookswhicharewrittenbyforeignwriters.④Thehousewhichisbythelakelooksnice.⑤Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.⑥Thefilm(which)theysawlastnightwasnotinterestingatall.4．that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可以省略。①Thenumberofpeoplethat/whocometovisitthiscityeveryyearreachesonemillion.②Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?③Thepersonthat/whomyouintroducedtomeisverykind.④Theseasonthat/whichcomesafterspringissummer.⑤YesterdayIreceivedaletterthat/whichcamefromAustralia.

5．whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。①Ivisitedascientistwhosenameisknownalloverthecountry.②Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.③Ioncelivedinthehousewhoseroofhasfallen.注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：①Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.②Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.③Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?④Doyoulikethebookthecoverofwhichisyellow?关系代词that与which的区别（一）只用that不用which的情况：1、先行词是everything,nothing,anything,much,little,none等不定代词或由不定代词any,some,no,much,few,little,every,all等修饰时,引导定语从句用that不用which。例如：①Finally,thethiefhandedeverythingthathehadstolen.②Thereseemstobenothingthatisimpossibletohimintheworld.③ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou.2、先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰且指物时,引导定语从句用that。例如：①ThisisthebestbookthatIhaveeverread.②ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.3、先行词中既有人又有事物时，引导定语从句用that。如：①Wetalkedaboutthethingsandpersonsthatwesawthen.②Lookatthemanandhisdogthatarewalkingupthestreet.4、先行词被theonly，thevery,justthe等修饰且指物时,引导定语从句用that。例如：ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy.注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。例如：HeistheonlypersonthatIwanttoseenow.5、当先行词前面有who/which等疑问代词时，只用that。例如：①Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?②WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?6、定语从句内容为解释名词的性质、概念时，需用that。例如：Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.（二）只用which不用that的情况1、指物，介词后。例如：IstillrememberthedayonwhichIfirstgottoParis.2、用于非限制定语从句中。例如：Sheheardaterriblenoise，whichbroughtherheartintohermouth.3、先行词是that,those时。例如：ThatisthebookwhichIborrowedfromthelibrary.4、一个句子有两个定语从句，为避免重复，一个用that，另一个用which。例如：Isthereanythingthatisnotexpensivewhichwecanbuyforherasagift?二、theway作先行词的定语从句比较下列句子，理解关系词，并分析原因：①Theway(that/inwhich/×)heansweredthequestionwassurprising.②Idon'tliketheway(that/inwhich)youlaughather.归纳：（1）当关系词在定语从句中作状语时，关系词用inwhich，that或者省略；（2）当关系词在定语从句中作主语时，关系词用that或which；（3）当关系词在定语从句中作宾语时，关系词用that，which或省略。三、介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由"介词+关系代词"引出。①Theschool(which/that)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.=Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.②I'llbringherethemagazine(which/that)youaskedfor.=I'llbringherethemagazineforwhichyouasked.③Thisistheboy(whom/who/that)Iplayedtenniswithyesterday.=ThisistheboywithwhomIplayedtennisyesterday.④We'llgotohearthefamoussinger(whom/who/that)wehaveoftentalkedabout.=We'llgotohearthefamoussingeraboutwhomwehaveoftentalked.1、单个介词（in/with/on/by）+关系代词(whom,which)①ThetwothingofwhichtheyfeltveryproudwereJim'sgoldwatchandDella'shair.②Aharvesterisamanwhoisharvestingoramachinewithwhichweharvestcrops.注意：介词确定的依据A、依从句中的动词,形容词,名词与介词的固定搭配而定；B、依先行词与从句中动词的关系及所表达的含义而定。2、介词短语+关系代词(which,whom,whose)常用的介词短语有:someof,bothof,asaresultof,atthebackof，becauseof,infrontof,inthemiddleof,atthebottomof,onthetopof,atthefootof等。①Thereisagreatpaininmyrightfoot,becauseofwhichIcanonlylimpalong.②Theyarrivedatafarmhouse,infrontofwhichsatanoldman.注意:含有介词的动词短语一般不能拆开,如lookafter,lookfor,takecareof,takepartin,lookforwardto等。例如：①Thisisthewatch(which/that)Iamlookingfor.(正)②ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.(误)③Thebabies(whom/who/that)thenurseislookingafterareveryhealthy.(正)④Thebabiesafterwhomthenurseislookingareveryhealthy.（误）3、单个介词+关系代词(which,whose)+名词介词要依介词与关系代词后的名词的搭配习惯而定。例如：①HelivedinLondonforthreemonths,duringwhichtimehelearnedsomeEnglish.②OurEnglishteacher,withwhosehelpwehavemadegreatprogressinEnglish,hascompletedthirtyyearsofteaching.4、the+名词+of+关系代词(which,whom)结构中的名词和后面的关系代词有所属关系。例如：ThisisthebookthecoverofwhichisdesignedbyMrJones.=Thisisthebook,whosecoverisdesignedbyMrJones.5、部分词汇/结构+of+关系代词(1)all,both,none,neither,either,many,most,few,several,enough,half,some,any,one,two,three,themajority,anumber,theyoungest等。(2)数词(基数词,序数词,百分数,分数)+名词(3)the+形容词最高级/比较级①Herearetwopairsofsocks,eitherofwhichyoumaychoose.②Thefootballteamhas15members,theoldestofwhomis25yearsold.③Heloveshisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.④Therearemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.⑤Therearefortystudentsinourclass,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.⑥Hehaswrittentenstories，threeofwhichareaboutcountrylife.四、关系代词as与which的用法as和which引导非限制性定语从句时，其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是：1.as和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如：①Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.②Heishonest,as/whichwecansee.2.as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。which引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as常常有"正如、正像"的含义。如：①Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.②Heisfromthesouth,aswecanknowfromhisaccent.③John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.④Theairqualityinthecity,asisshowninthereport,hasimprovedoverthepasttwomonths.(2012·福建高考)⑤HehasbeentoParistentimes,whichIdon'tbelieve.

注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。如①Tomwaslateforschoolagainandagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.②Thistableismadeofmetal,whichmadeitveryheavy.3.当先行词受such,thesame修饰时，关系词常用as。如：①I'veneverheardsuchstoriesashetells.②Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.③ThisisthesamedictionaryasIlostlastweek.注意：当先行词受thesame修饰时，也可能用that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。如：SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary'swedding.她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。Sheworethesamedressasheryoungersisterwore.她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。五、关系副词引导的定语从句1.when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。①IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametothisschool.②Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallyarrived.③October1,1949wasthedaywhenthePeople'sRepublicofChinawasfounded.2.where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。①ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.②ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.③Ivisitedthefarmwherealotofcowswereraised.④Isthistheplacewheretheyfoughttheenemy?3.why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。①Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.②Thereasonwhyhewaspunishedisunknowntous.③Idon'tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.注意：引导定语从句的关系副词可以用"介词+which"来替换。例如：①Istillrememberthedaywhen(=onwhich)Ifirstcametothisschool.②Greatchangeshavetakenplacewhere(inwhich)welive.③Thereasonwhy(=forwhich)herefusedtheinvitationisquiteclear.六、一些特殊词之后的where如果定语从句用来修饰point,situation,part,condition和case等表示抽象意义的词，并且作状语，要用where引导定语从句，意思是"到了某种地步，在某种境况中"，这种现象叫做地点模糊化。常见的表地点的模糊化名词还有：occasion,circumstance,state,degree,extent,stage,level,period,aspect等。例如：①Ihavecometothe

pointwhereIcan'tstandhim.②Thecountryisinthe

situationwhereawarwillbreakoutatanytime.③Wearetryingtoreacha

pointwherebothsideswillsitdowntogetherandtalk.④Icanthinkofmany

cases

wherestudentsobviouslyknowalotofEnglishwordsandexpressionsbutcouldn'twriteagoodessay.⑤It'shelpfultoputchildrenina

situation

wheretheycanseethemselvesdifferently.注意：如果不作状语，则用关系代词that/which。例如：Rememberthatthereisstillone

point

whichwemustmakeclearattheconferencetomorrow.高考英语短文改错及语法填空分析与训练：定语从句考点规律分析:定语从句短文改错考点主要涉及定语从句引导词的误用、缺失以及多余；语法填空主要考查根据先行词及上下文填合适的引导词。定语从句单句改错之真题训练：1.…inotherplacesyouarelimitedtoacertainnumber,ofthatsomemaybenovels.(全国卷)2.Ialsoenjoyedtheeveningswhenwespenttogether.(全国卷)3.IliveinBeijing,whereisthecapitalofChina.(全国卷)4.Ihaveagoodfriendwho'snameisLiuMei.(福建卷)5.(2016·四川)ThedisheswhatIcookedwereMom'sfavorite.定语从句单句改错之模拟训练：1.Heisthemanhiscarwasstolen.2.That'sthehotelwhichwewerestayinglastsummer.3.That'sthepalacewherewevisitedlastsummer.4.It'sreallyabeautifulplace,whereeveryonehopestovisit.定语从句单句改错之提升训练：1.Thisisthefactorywherewevisitedlastweek.2.ThisisthewatchforwhichTomislooking.3.ThepersontowhoyouspokeisastudentofGradeTwo.4.Thehouseinthatweliveisverysmall.5.Thesungivesofflightandwarmth,thatmakesitpossibleforplantstogrow.6.I'vereadallthebookswhichIborrowedfromthelibrary.7.ThisisthebestfilmwhichIhaveeverseen.8.MyfatherandMr.Smithtalkedaboutthingsandpersonswhotheyrememberedinthecountry.9.Everythingwhichwesawwasofgreatinterest.10.Hisdog,thatwasnowveryold,becameillanddied.11.Thereasonwhichhedidn'tgotoschoolisthathewasill.12.Thosewhowantstogowithmeputupyourhands.13.Theboy,hismotherdiedlastyear,studiesveryhard.14.Ihavetwosisters,bothofthemaredoctors.15.We'regoingtovisittheschoolwhereyourbrotherworksthere.16.HeistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohavebeeninvitedtotheEnglishEvening.17.Thatisthewaywhichtheywork.18.Thosehavequestionscanasktheteachersforadvice.19.Whoisthemanwhohaswhitehairs?20.Iwillneverforgetthedayswhichwehadagoodtimetogetheratthesea.定语从句单句语法填空之真题训练：1.(2016·全国Ⅰ，65)MyconnectionwithpandasgoesbacktomydaysonaTVshowinthemid－1980s,________IwasthefirstWesternTVreporter.2.(2016·全国Ⅱ，阅读A)Simonisacomedianandactor_______has10years'experienceofteachingcomedy.3.(2016·全国Ⅱ，阅读D)FrankHurley,aconfidentandgiftedAustralianphotographerwhoknewtheAntarctic,washiredtomaketheimages,mostof________haveneverbeforebeenpublished.4.(2016·全国Ⅲ，47)SomepeoplethinkthatthegreatChinesescholarConfucius，________livedfromroughly551to479B．C,influencedthedevelopmentofchopsticks.5.(2016·全国Ⅲ，完形)WhenIwas13myonlypurposewastobecomethestaronourfootballteam.ThatmeantbeatingoutMillerKing,________wasthebestplayeratourschool.6.(2016·北京，22)Ilivenextdoortoacouple________childrenoftenmakealotofnoise.7.(2016·四川，阅读C)Iprefertoworkinblackandwhite,________allowsmetoshowdifferentspecificworldsmoreclearly.8.(2016·四川，阅读D)Researchershavediscoveredthat"nightmilk"containsmoremelatonin(褪黑激素),________hasbeenproventohelppeoplefeelsleepyandreduceanxiety.9.(2016·江苏，23)Manyyoungpeople,mostof________werewell－educated，headedforremoteregionstochasetheirdreams.10.(2016·浙江，11)Scientistshaveadvancedmanytheoriesaboutwhyhumanbeingscrytears,noneof________hasbeenproved.11.(2015·江苏，21)Thenumberofsmokers,________isreported,hasdroppedby17percentinjustoneyear.12.(2015·湖南，29)Itisatrulydelightfulplace,________looksthesameasitmusthavedone100yearsagowithitswindingstreetsandprettycottages.13.(2015·浙江，19)Creatinganatmospherein________employeesfeelpartofateamisabigchallenge.14.(2015·重庆，14)Hewrotemanychildren'sbooks,nearlyhalfof________werepublishedinthe1990s.15.(2015·四川，3)Thebooksonthedesk，________coversareshiny，areprizesforus.16.(2015·安徽，28)Someexpertsthinkreadingisthefundamentalskillupon________schooleducationdepends.17.(2015·福建，34)ChinaTodayattractsaworldwidereadership，________showsthatmoreandmorepeopleallovertheworldwanttolearnaboutChina.18.(2014·安徽，22)Theexactyear________AngelaandherfamilyspenttogetherinChinawas2008.19.(2014·北京，26)IborrowedthebookSherlockHolmesfromthelibrarylastweek，________myclassmatesrecommendedtome.20.(2014·山东，10)Acompany________profitsfromhomemarketsaredecliningmayseekopportunitiesabroad.21.(2014·重庆，9)We'llreachthesalestargetsinamonth________wesetatthebeginningoftheyear.22.(2014·四川，4)Untilnow，wehaveraised50,000poundsforthepoorchildren，________isquiteunexpected.23.(2014·陕西，13)Pleasesendusalltheinformation________youhaveaboutthecandidatefortheposition.24.(2015·北京，24)OppositeisSt.Paul'sChurch,________youcanhearsomelovelymusic.25.(2015·陕西，15)Asthesmallestchildofhisfamily，Alexisalwayslongingforthetime________heshouldbeabletobeindependent.26.(2015·天津，15)Thebossofthecompanyistryingtocreateaneasyatmosphere________hisemployeesenjoytheirwork.27.(2014·福建，31)Studentsshouldinvolvethemselvesincommunityactivities________theycangainexperienceforgrowth.28.(2014·浙江，5)Ididn'tbecomeaseriousclimberuntilthefifthgrade，________Iwentuptorescueakitethatwasstuckinthebranchesofatree.参考答案及解析定语从句单句改错之真题训练：1.that改为which，因介词后要用which来引导定语从句2.去掉when或将when改为that，因这里的定语从句中谓语动词(spent)缺宾语，故只能用关系代词that或将其省略3.where改为which，因此处要填关系代词作主语4.who's改为whose，因who's=whois，不仅结构错误，而且意思也不通；whose引导定语从句，表示"……的"定语从句单句改错之模拟训练：1.his改为whose，whose在此引导定语从句。2.which改为where，where引导定语从句且在从句中用作状语；此题还可在staying后加in。3.where改为which/that，也可去掉where，因visit为及物动词，此处应用关系代词作其宾语（也可省略）。4.where改为which，which在此引导非限定性定语从句，且在从句中用作宾语(用作visit的宾语)。5．what→which/that或去掉what考查定语从句，并在从句中作宾语，指物，用关系代词that/which，也可省略。定语从句单句改错之提升训练：1.where→that/which或去掉where。2.把for放在looking之后。英语中,有些短语动词,介词或副词不可与动词相分离。又如:lookafter,runinto等。3.who→whom。尽管在口语中who,whom都能作宾语,但在介词后只能用whom。4.that→which。5.that→which。that不可以引导非限制性定语从句。6.which→that或去掉which。当先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little等修饰时,常用that引导定语从句。7.which→that或去掉which。当先行词被序数词、形容词的最高级或theonly,thevery等所修饰时,常用that引导定语从句。8.who→that。如果先行词既指人又指物时,常用that引导定语从句。9.which→that或去掉which。当先行词为something,anything,everything,nothing,all等时,常由that引导定语从句。10.that→which。11.which→why/which前加for或去掉which。12.wants→want。定语从句中谓语动词的数应与先行词一致。13.his→whose。14.them→whom或both前加and。15.去掉there。16.have→has。当oneof+名词复数作先行词时,从句的谓语用复数;但是当one前有the(only)时,从句谓语要用单数。17.which→that/which前加in或去掉which。18.Those后加who。19.第二个who→that。当主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时,定语从句常用that引导,以避免重复。20.which→when或which前加in。定语从句单句语法填空之真题训练：1．when[由句子结构可以判断这是一个定语从句，先行词是表示时间的inthemid－1980s，从句中缺少状语，因此填写关系副词when。]2．who/that[考查定语从句的关系代词，先行词是acomedianandactor，在从句中做主语，所以用who或者that。]3．which[考查定语从句。介词后跟关系代词，先行词为images，所以用which。]4．who[考查定语从句。后面是非限制性定语从句，先行词指人，故用who。]5．who[考查定语从句。先行词为MillerKing，故用who。]6．whose[考查定语从句。句意：我住在一对夫妇的隔壁，他们的孩子经常弄出很大的噪音。先行词为couple，由句意可知children与couple之间为所属关系，故用关系代词whose。]7．which[考查非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语，先行词是前面的整个句子。]8．which[考查非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语，先行词是melatonin。]9．whom[考查定语从句的用法。句意：很多年轻人前往偏远地区去追逐他们的梦想，他们中的很多人都受过良好教育。根据句子结构可知，此处为定语从句，先行词为Manyyoungpeople，作介词of的宾语，故要用whom。]10．which[考查定语从句。句意：科学家们已经提出许多关于人类为什么哭泣会流泪的