古文英译的重点篇目全汇总

古文英译得重点篇目全汇总

《道德经》

道德经1/3/5章英译文

第一章

道可道，非常道；名可名，非常名。

无名，天地之始；有名，万物之母。

故常无欲，以观其妙；常有欲，以观其徼。

此两者，同出而异名，同谓之玄。

玄之又玄，众妙之门。

ChapterI

Thedivinelawmaybespokenof,

butitisnotthecommonlaw>

Thingsmaybenamed,

butnamesarenotthethings>

Inthebeginningheavenandeartharenameless;

whennamed,allthingsbecomeknown>

Soweshouldbefreefromdesires

inordertounderstandtheinternal

mysteryofthedivinelaw;

andweshouldhavedesires

inordertoobserveitsexternalmanifestations>

Internalmysteryandexternalmanifestations

comefromthesameorigin,

buthavedifferentnames,

Theymaybecalledessence、

Theessentialoftheessence

isthekeytotheunderstandingofallmysteries>

第三章

不尚贤，使民不争；不贵难得之货，使民不为盗；不见可欲，使民心不乱。

就是以圣人之治，虚其心，实其腹；弱其志，强其骨。常使民无知无欲，使夫智

不敢为也。为无为，则无不治。

Chapter3

Honoronman

asthatnonewouldcontendforhonor>

Valuenoraregoods

sothatnonewouldstealorrob>

Displaynothingdesirable

lestpeoplebetemptedanddisturbed>

Thereforethesagerules

bypurifyingpeople，ssoul,

filingtheirbellies,

weakeningtheirwills

andstrengtheningtheirbones>

Healwayskeepsthemknowledgeless

anddesireless

sothatthecleverdarenotinterfere>

Wherethereisnotinterference,

thereisorder>

第五章

天地不仁，以万物为刍狗；圣人不仁，以百姓为刍狗。

天地之间，其犹橐畲！虚而不屈，动而愈出。

多言数穷，不如守中。

Chapter5

Heavenandearthareruthless,

theytreateverythingasstrawordog^

Thesageisruthless,

hetreatseveryoneasstrawordog>

Arenotheavenandearth

likeapairofbellows?

Empty,itwon，tbeexhausted;

Forced,moreairwillcomeout>

Ifmoreissaidthandone,

itwouldbebettertotakethemean>

道德经8/25/29章英译

第八章

上善若水，水善利万物而不争。处众人之所恶，故几于道。

居善地，心善渊，与善仁，言善信，正善治，事善能，动善时。

夫唯不争，故无尤。

Chapter8

Thehighestgoodislikewater

Waterbenefitseverythingbygiving

withouttakingorcontending>

Itlikestheplaceothersdislike,

soitfollowscloselythedivinelaw>

Theplaceshouldbelow,

themindbroad,

thegiftskind,

thespeechtrustworthy,

therulesound,

thedeedwell-done,

theactiontimely、

Withoutcontention,

amanisblameless、

有物混成，先天地生。寂兮寥兮，独立不改，周行而不殆，可以为天下母。吾不

知其名，强字之曰道，强为之名曰大。大曰逝，逝日远，远曰反。

故道大，天大，地大，人亦大。域中有四大，而人居其一焉。

人法地，地法天，天法道，道法自然。

Chapter25

TherewasachaoticlumpthathadbeenformedpriortotheHeavenand

theEarth、Itissoundlessandshapeless,butitexistsindependently

forlongandwouldneverstop>Itmovesinendlesscycles,andcanbe

theoriginofeverythingintheuniverse、Idonotknowitsname,and

makedowiththemarktheDao,ortheWay,andnameitDa,ortheGreat

Itisvastandflowsroundwithoutstopping,andextendstothefarthest,

andthenreturnstoitsorigin、DaisalsocalledShi(i>e、constantly

onthemove)>ShiisalsocalledYuan(i>e>far-reaching),andYuan

isalsocalledFan(i、e、returningtotheverybeginning)

Therefore,theWayisgreat,theHeavenisgreat,theEarthisgreat,the

Manisalsogreat>Intheuniversetherearefourgreats,andtheMan

isoneofthefour>

TheMancopiestheEarthasexample,theEarthcopiestheHeavenasexample,

theHeavencopiestheWayasexample,andtheWayjustcopiestheGreat

Nature、

将欲取天下而为之，吾见其不得已。天下神器，不可为也，不可执也。为者败之，

执者失之。就是以圣人无为故无败，无执故无失。

故物或行或随，或嘘或吹。或强或羸，或载或栗。就是以圣人去甚，去奢，去泰。

Chapter29

Rulingacountrymustbebasedontheprincipleofnature>Governing

inawaynotaccordingtonaturewillnotwork>

Rulingacountryisamysteriousthing、Itcannotbedonedogmatically>

Norcanitbedonestubbornly>

Doingitdogmaticallywillcausefailure,anddoingitstubbornlywill

causefailuretoo>

People'scharacteristicsaredifferent>Somepeoplearepositiveand

somenegative,somepeoplepreferwarmandsomecool,somepeopleare

strongandsomeweak,somepeopleareinpeaceandsomeindanger>

Therefore,whenasagerulesacountry,hehandlesthingsbasedon

people'suniquecharacteristicsinthemostnaturalway,deletingthe

extremeandsuperfluous,lettingnotalenttobeneglectedandnomaterial

tobewasted>

道德经(重点篇目)英译333436章

知人者智，

自知者明。

胜人者有力，

自胜者强。

知足者富。

强行者有志，

不失其所者久，

死而不亡者寿。

Chapter33

Itiswisdomtoknowothers;

Itisenlightenmenttoknowone'sself>

Theconquerorofmenispowerful;

Themasterofhimselfisstrong、

Itiswealthtobecontent;

Itiswillfultoforceone'swayonothers>

Enduranceistokeepone,splace;

Longlifeitistodieandnotperish>

大道泛兮，

其可左右。

万物恃之以生而不辞，

功成而不名有。

衣养万物而不为主，

常无欲可名于小；

万物归焉而不为主，

可名为大。

以其终不自为大，

故能成其大。

Chapter34

TheGreatTaoflowseverywhere,

(Likeaflood)itmaygoleftorright>

Themyriadthingsderivetheirlifefromit,

Anditdoesnotdenythem>

Whenitsworkisaccomplished,

Itdoesnottakepossession、

Itclothesandfeedsthemyriadthings,

Yetdoesnotclaimthemasitsown>

Often(regarded)withoutmindorpassion,

Itmaybeconsideredsmall>

Beingthehomeofallthings,yetclaimingnot,

Itmaybeconsideredgreat>

Becausetotheenditdoesnotclaimgreatness>

Itsgreatnessisachieved、

将欲歙之，

必固张之。

将欲弱之，

必固强之。

将欲废之，

必固兴之。

将欲取之，

必固与之。

就是谓微明。

柔弱胜刚强。

鱼不可脱于渊，

国之利器，

不可以示人。

Chapter36

Inhale

beforeyouexhale!

Strengthen

whatistobeweakened!

Raise

whatistofall!

Give

beforeyoutake!

Suchisthetwilightbeforetheday>

Thesoftandweakmayovercomethehardandstrong、

Fishshouldnotgooutofdeepwater>

Thesharpestweaponofastate

shouldnotbeshowntoothers>

道德经494542章英译

道生一，

一生二，

二生三，

三生万物。

万物负阴而抱阳，

冲气以为与。

人之所恶，

唯孤、寡不毂，

而王公以为称。

故物或损之而益，

或益之而损。

人之所教，

我亦教之，

强梁者不得其死。

吾将以为教父。

Chapter42

TheWaybegotone,

Andtheone,two;

Thenthetwobegotthree

Andthree,allelse>

Allthingsbeartheshadeontheirbacks

Andthesunintheirarms;

Bytheblendingofbreath

Fromthesunandtheshade,

Equilibriumcomestotheworld>

Orphaned,orneedy,ordesolate,these

Areconditionsmuchfearedanddisliked;

Yetinpublicaddress,theking

Andthenoblesaccountthemselvesthus>

Soalosssometimesbenefitsone

Orabenefitprovestobeloss、

Whatothershavetaught

Ialsoshallteach:

Ifaviolentmandoesnotcome

Toaviolentdeath,

Ishallchoosehimtoteachme、大成若缺，

其用不弊；

大盈若冲，

其用不穷。

大直若屈，

大巧若拙，

大辩若讷。

静胜躁，

寒胜热。

清静为天下正。

Chapter45

Perfectiondoesnotseemflawless,

butitcanbeusedforlong>

Whatisfullstillhasvacancy,

butitcanbeusedendlessly、

Thestraightmayseemcrooked;

themostskillfulmayseemclumsy;

themosteloquentmayseemslowofspeech>

Becalmratherthanrash;

becoolratherthanhot>

Serenityistherightwayintheworld>

圣人无常心，

以百姓心为心。

善者吾善之，

不善者吾亦善之，

德善。

信者吾信之，

不信者吾亦信之，

德信。

圣人在天下，

歙歙焉；为天下浑其心。

百姓皆注其耳目，

圣人皆孩之。

Chapter49

TheSagehasnodecidedopinionsandfeelings,1

Butregardsthepeople'sopinionsandfeelsashisown>

ThegoodonesIdeclaregood;

ThebadonesIalsodeclaregood>

ThatisthegoodnessofVirtue、

ThehonestonesIbelieve;

TheliarsIalsobelieve;

ThatisfaithofVirtue、

TheSagedwellsintheworldpeacefully,harmoniously>

Thepeopleoftheworldarebroughtintoacommunityofheart,

AndtheSageregardsthemallsohisownchildren^

1、Hsin,lit>“heart、"Boththinkingandfeelingaredenotedbythis

word>Itisimpossibletosaya“decidedheart、"

道德经第606364章英译

治大国，

若烹小鲜。

以道莅天下，

其鬼不神；

非其鬼不神，

其神不伤人；

非其神不伤人，

圣人亦不伤人。

夫两不相伤，

故德交归焉。

Chapter60

Governingagreatstateislikecookingsmallfish>

LetthekingdombegovernedaccordingtotheTao,andthemanesofthe

departedwillnotmanifesttheirspiritualenergy>Itisnotthatthose

maneshavenotthatspiritualenergy,butitwillnotbeemployedtohurt

men>Itisnotthatitcouldnothurtmen,butneitherdoestheruling

sagehurtthem>

Whenthesetwodonotinjuriouslyaffecteachother,theirgoodinfluences

convergeinthevirtue(oftheTao)>

为无为，

事无事，

味无味。

大小多少，

报怨以德。

图难于其易，

为大于其细；

天下难事，

必作于易，

天下大事，

必作于细。

就是以圣人终不为大，

故能成其大。

夫轻诺必寡信，

多易必多难。

就是以圣人犹难之，

故终无难矣。

Chapter63

Actthroughnon-action,

Handleaffairsthroughnoninterference,

Tastewhathasnotaste,

Regardthesmallasgreat,thefewasmany,

Repayresentmentwithintegrity、

Undertakedifficulttasksbyapproachingwhatiseasyinthem;

Dogreatdeedsbyfocusingontheirminuteaspects、

Alldifficultiesunderheavenarisefromwhatiseasy,

Allgreatthingsunderheavenarisefromwhatisminute>

Forthisreason,

Thesageneverstrivestodowhatisgreat、

Therefore,

Hecanachievegreatness、

Onewholightlyassentswillseldombebelieved;

Onewhothinkseverythingiseasywillencountermuchdifficulty>

Forthisreason,

Eventhesageconsidersthingsdifficulty

Therefore,

Intheendheiswithoutdifficulty>

其安易持，

其未兆易谋。

其脆易泮，

其微易散。

为之于未有，

治之于未乱。

合抱之木，

生于毫末；

九层之台，

起于累土；

千里之行，

始于足下。

为者败之，

执者失之。

就是以圣人无为故无败；

无执故无失。

民之从事，

常于几成而败之。

慎终如始，

则无败事，

就是以圣人欲不欲，

不贵难得之货；

学不学，

复众人之所过，

以辅万物之自然，

而不敢为。

Chapter64

Whatissecureiseasilygrasped,

Whathasnoomensiseasilyforestalled,

Whatisbrittleiseasilysplit,

Whatisminusculeiseasilydispersed、

Actbeforethereisaproblem;

Bringorderbeforethereisdisorder、

Atreethatfillsthearms'embraceisbornfromadownyshoot;

Aterraceninelayershighstartsfromabasketfulofearth;

Anascentofahundredstridesbeginsbeneathone'sfoot>

Whoactsfails;

Whograspsloses、

Forthisreason,

Thesagedoesnotact>

Therefore,

Hedoesnotfail>

Hedoesnotgrasp>

Therefore,

Hedoesnotlose>

Inpursuingtheiraffairs,peopleoftenfailwhentheyareclosetosuccess>

Therefore,

Ifoneisascautiousattheendasatthebeginning,therewillbeno

failures、

Forthisreason,

Thesagedesirestobewithoutdesireanddoesnotprizegoodsthatare

hardtoobtain;

Helearnsnottolearnandrevertstowhatthemassespassby>

Thus,

hecanhelpthemyriadcreaturesbenatural,butdaresnotact>

道德经英译第6670节

江海所以能为百谷王者，

以其善下之，

故能为百谷王。

就是以圣人欲上民，

必以言下之；

欲先民，

必以身后之。

就是以圣人处上而民不重，

处前而民不害。

就是以天下乐推而不厌。

以其不争，

故天下莫能与之争。

Chapter66

Theriverandseacanbekingsofthehundredvalleystreamsbecausethey

aregoodatlyingbelowthem>

Forthisreason,

Theycanbekingsofthehundredvalleystrearns>

Forthisreason,too,

Ifthesagewantstobeabovethepeople,

inhiswords,hemustputhimselfbelowthem;

Ifhewishestobebeforethepeople,

inhisperson,hemuststandbehindthem>

Therefore,

Heissituatedinfrontofthepeople,

buttheyarenotoffended;

Heissituatedabovethepeople,

buttheydonotconsiderhimaburden、

Allunderheavenhappilypushhimforwardwithoutwearying>

Isthisnotbecauseheiswithoutcontention?

Therefore,

Nooneunderheavencancontendwithhim>

吾言甚易知，

甚易行。

天下莫能知，

莫能行。

言有宗，

事有君。

夫唯无知，

就是以不我知。

知我者希，

则我者贵。

就是以圣人被褐怀玉。

Chapter70

Mywordsareveryeasytounderstand,veryeasytopractice、

Butnooneisabletounderstandthem,

Andnooneisabletopracticethem>

Wordshaveauthority>

Affairshaveanancestry>

Itissimplybecauseoftheirignorance,thattheydonotunderstandme;

Thosewhounderstandmearefew,thusIamennobled、

Forthisreason,

Thesagewearscoarseclothingoverhisshoulders,butcarriesjadewithin

hisbosom、

道德经73/80

第73、80章

勇于敢，则杀，

勇于不敢，则活。

此两者或利或害。

天之所恶，

孰知其故？

就是以圣人犹难之。

天之道，

不争而善胜，

不言而善应，

不召而自来，

^然而善谋。

天网恢恢，

疏而不失。

Chapter73

Hewhoisbraveindaringwillbekilled,

Hewhoisbraveinnotdaringwillsurvive>

Oneofthesetwocoursesisbeneficial,

Theotherisharmful

Whoknowsthereasonforheaven'sdislikes?

TheWayofheaven

doesnotwaryetisgoodatconquering,

doesnotspeakyetisgoodatanswering,

isnotsummonedyetcomesofitself,

isrelaxedyetgoodatmakingplans、

Heaven?snetisvast;

Thoughitsmeshesarewide,nothingescapes、

小国寡民，

使有什伯之器，

而不用。

使民重死，

而不远徙。

虽有舟舆，

无所乘之。

虽有甲兵，

无所陈之。

使民复结绳而用之。

至治之极。

甘美食，

美其服，

安其居，

乐其俗。

邻国相望，

鸡犬之声相闻，

民至老死

不相往来。

Chapter80

Lettherebeasmallstatewithfewpeople,

wheremilitarydevicesfindnouse;

Letthepeoplelooksolemnlyupondeath,

andbanishthethoughtofmovingelsewhere^

Theymayhavecartsandboats,

butthereisnoreasontoridethem;

Theymayhavearmorandweapons,

buttheyhavenoreasontodisplaythem、

Letthepeoplegobacktotyingknotstokeeprecords>

Let

theirfoodbesavory,

theirclothesbeautiful,

theircustomspleasurable,

theirdwellingssecure、

Thoughtheymaygazeacrossataneighboringstate,andhearthesounds

ofitsdogsandchickens,

Thepeoplewillnevertravelbackandforth,tilltheydieofoldage>

《孙子兵法与三十六计》

诸子（孙子兵法：计篇）英译

孙子日：

兵者，国之大事，死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也。

故经之以五事，校之以计，而索其情：一曰道，二曰天，三曰地，四曰将，五曰

法。道者，令民于上同意，故可与之死，可与之生，而不畏危；天者，阴阳、寒

暑、时制也；地者，远近、险易、广狭、死生也；将者，智、信、仁、勇、严也；

法者，曲制、官道、主用也。

凡此五者，将莫不闻，知之者胜，不知之者不胜。

故校之以计而索其情，曰：主孰有道？将孰有能？天地孰得？法令孰行？兵众孰

强？士卒孰练？赏罚孰明？吾以此知胜负矣。

将听吾计，用之必胜，留之；将不听吾计，用之必败，去之。

计利以听，乃为之势，以佐其外。势者，因利而制权也。

兵者，诡道也。故能而示之不能，用而示之不用，近而示之远，远而示之近。利

而诱之，乱而取之，实而备之，强而避之，怒而挠之，卑而骄之，佚而劳之，亲

而离之，攻其无备，出其不意。此兵家之胜，不可先传也。

夫未战而庙算胜者，得算多也；未战而庙算不胜者，得算少也。多算胜，少算不

胜，而况于无算乎！吾以此观之，胜负见矣。

MakingAssessments

Sunzisaid:

Warisaquestionofvitalimportancetothestate,amatteroflifeand

death,theroadtosurvivalorruin>Hence,itisasubjectwhichcalls

forcarefulstudy>

Toassesstheoutcomeofawar,weneedtoexaminethebelligerentparties

andcomparethemintermsofthefollowingfivefundamentalfactors:

Thefirstistheway（dao道）；thesecond,heaven（tian天）；thethird,

earth（di地）；thefourth,command（jiang将）；andthefifth,rulesand

regulations（fa法）、

By"theway”,Imeanmoralinfluence,orthatwhichcausesthepeopleto

thinkinlinewiththeirsovereignsothattheywillfollowhimthrough

everyvicissitude,whethertoliveortodie,withoutfearofmoralperil、

By"heaven”,Imeantheeffectsofnightandday,ofgoodandbadweather,

ofwinter'scoldandsummer，sheat;inshort,theconductofmilitary

operationsinaccordancewiththechangesofnaturalforces、

By"earth”,Imeandistance,whetheritisgreatorsmall;theterrain,

whetheritistreacherousorsecure;theland,whetheritisopenor

constricted;andtheplace,whetheritportendslifeordeath、

By"command”,Imeanthewisdom,trustworthiness,benevolence,courage

andfirmnessofthecommander>

By"rulesandregulations^,Imeantheprinciplesguidingtheorganization

ofarmyunits,theappointmentandadministrationofofficersandthe

managementofmilitarysuppliesandexpenditures^

Thereisnogeneralwhohasnotheardofthesefivefactors>Yetitis

hewhomastersthemthatwinsandhewhodoesnotthatloses>Therefore,

whenassessingtheoutcomeofawar,comparethetwosidesintermsof

theabovefactorsandappraisethesituationaccordingly>

Findoutwhichsovereignpossessesmoremoralinfluence,whichgeneral

ismorecapable,whichsidehastheadvantagesofheavenandearth,which

armyisbetterdisciplined,whosetroopsarebetterarmedandtrained,

whichcommandismoreimpartialImetingoutrewardsandpunishments,and

Iwillbeabletoforecastwhichsidewillbevictorious>

Thegeneralwhoemploysmyassessmentmethodsisboundtowin;Ishall

thereforestaywithhim>Thegeneralwhodoesnotheedmywordswill

certainlylose;Ishallleavehim>

Havingpaidheedtomyassessmentoftherelativeadvantagesand

disadvantages,thegeneralmustcreateafavorablestrategicsituation

whichwillhelpbringthevictorytofunction>BythisImeanbeing

flexibleandmakingthemostoftheadvantagestogaintheinitiativein

war>

Warisagameofdeception>Therefore,feignincapabilitywheninfact

capable;feigninactivitywhenreadytostrike;appeartobefarawaywhen

actuallynearby,andviceversa、Whentheenemyisgreedyforgains,hand

outabaittolurehim;whenheisindisorder,attackandovercomehim;

whenheboastssubstantialstrength,bedoublypreparedagainsthim;and

whenheisformidable,evadehim>Ifheisgiventoanger,provokehim>

Ifheistimidandcareful,encouragehisarrogance>Ifhisforcesare

rested,wearthemdown>Ifheisunitedasone,dividehim、Attackwhere

heisleastprepared、Takeactionwhenheleastexpectsyou>

Hereinliesastrategist'ssubtletyofcommandwhichisimpossibleto

codifyinhard-and-fastrulesbeforehand>

Hewhomakesfullassessmentofthesituationattheprewarcouncilmeeting

inthetemple(translator，snote:anancientChinesepractice)ismore

likelytowin>Hewhomakesinsufficientassessmentofthesituationat

thismeetingislesslikelytowin、Thisbeingthecase,whatchances

hasheofwinningifhemakesnoassessmentatall?Withmyassessment

method,Icanforecastwhoislikelytoemergeasvictor>

《孙子兵法：作战》英译

孙子曰：凡用兵之法，驰车千驷，革车千乘，带甲十万，千里馈粮。则内外之费，

宾客之用，胶漆之材，车甲之奉，日费千金，然后十万之师举矣。

其用战也胜，久则钝兵挫锐，攻城则力屈，久暴师则国用不足。夫钝兵挫锐，屈

力弹货，则诸侯乘其弊而起，虽有智者，不能善其后矣。故兵闻拙速，未睹巧之

久也。夫兵久而国利者，未之有也。故不尽知用兵之害者，则不能尽知用兵之利

也。

善用兵者，役不再籍，粮不三载，取用于国，因粮于敌，故军食可足也。国之贫

于师者远输，远输则百姓贫；近师者贵卖，贵卖则百姓财竭，财竭则急于丘役。

力屈、财弹，中原内虚其家，百姓之费，十去其七；公家之费，破军罢马，甲胄

矢弩，戟楣蔽橹，丘牛大车，十去其六。

故智将务食于敌，食敌一钟，当吾二十钟；［什忌］杆一石，当吾二十石。

故杀敌者，怒也；取敌之利者，货也。故车战得车十乘以上，赏其先得者，而更

其旌旗，车杂而乘之，卒善而养之，就是谓胜敌而益强。

故兵贵胜，不贵久。

故知兵之将，生民之司命，国家安危之主也。

WagingWar

SunziSaid:

Generally,awaroperationrequiresonethousandlightchariots,asmany

heavychariotsandahundredthousandarmouredsoldierswithprovisions

enoughtocarrythemathousandli>Whatwiththeexpensesathomeand

inthefield,stipendsfortheentertainmentofstateguestsand

diplomaticenvoys,thecostofmaterialssuchasglueandlacquer(for

maintenanceofequipment)andsumsforthemaintenanceofchariotsand

armour,thetotalexpenditurewillamounttoonethousandpiecesofgold

aday、Onlyafterallthismoneyisinhandcananarmyofonehundred

thousandmenberaised、

Inawarwhichinvolvessuchahugearmy,themainobjectiveshouldbe

aquickvictory>Ifthewarisprolonged,theweaponswillbeblunted

andthemen，smoralewillbedampened>Whentheystormcities,their

strengthwillbeexhausted、Protractedcampaignswillbeaseriousstrain

onthetreasury>Now,whenyourweaponsarebluntedandyourmorale

dampened,yourstrengthexhaustedandyourtreasuryspent,the

neighboringstateswilltakeadvantageofyourdistressandstrike>In

thatcase,noone,howeverwise,willbeabletoavertthedisastrous

consequenceswhichensue、

Thus,whilewehaveheardofblunderinginseekingswiftdecisionsinwar,

wehaveyettoseeasmartoperationthatdragsonendlessly>Forthere

hasneverbeenaprolongedwarfromwhichacountryhasbenefited>Those

whoarenotfullyawareoftheharminwagingwarareequallyunableto

understandfullythemethodofconductingwaradvantageously>

Thoseadeptinwagingwardonotrequireasecondconscriptionor

replenishmentofprovisionsfromthehomecountry>Theyobtaintheir

militarysuppliesfromhomebutcommandeerprovisionsfromtheenemy

territory>Thustheirarmywillalwaysbeplentifullysupplied>When

acountryisimpoverishedbymilitaryoperations,itisbecauseofthe

longdistancetransportationinvolved、Transportingsuppliesoverlong

distancesrenderthepeopledestitute、Proximityofanarmycausesprices

togoup,andhighpricesareadrainonthepeople,sresources>When

theresourcesareexhausted,exactionsandleviesareboundtoincrease、

Withmilitarystrengththusdepletedandwealthconsumed,thepeople，s

homeswillbestrippedbare、Seventypercentofthepeople，sincomeis

dissipatedandsixtypercentofthegovernment，srevenuegoestopayfor

maintenanceofbrokendownchariots,worn-outhorses,armourandhelmets,

arrowsandcrossbows,halberdsandbucklers,spearsandshields,draught

oxenandheavywagons

Therefore,awisegeneraldoeshisbesttofeedhistroopsontheenemy's

grain,foronezhong(1,000litres)ofgrainobtainedfromenemyterritory

isequivalentto20zhongshippedfromhomecountry,andonedan(60kilos)

offodderfromenemyterritoryto20danfromhome>

Inordertoemboldenyourmentoannihilatetheenemy,youmustboosttheir

morale;inordertoencourageyourmentoseizeenemyprovisions,youmust

givethemmaterialrewards>Therefore,inachariotbattle,whenmore

thantenchariotshavebeencaptured,rewardthosewhocapturedthefirst

oneandreplacetheenemybannersandflagswithyourown>Thecaptured

chariotsshouldbeusedtogetherwithyours>Prisonerofwarshouldbe

treatedkindlyandtakenintoyourranks>Thisiswhatismeantbyboosting

one'sownstrengthintheprocessofoverpoweringtheenemy、

So,whatisimportantinwarisquickvictory,notprolongedoperations>

Thus,thecommanderwhoknowshowtoconductawaristhearbiterofthe

people，sfate,themanonwhomthenation'ssecuritydepends>

古文英译-孙子兵法《谋攻》

孙子曰：凡用兵之法，全国为上，破国次之；全军为上，破军次之；全旅为上，

破旅次之；全卒为上，破卒次之；全伍为上，破伍次之。

就是故百战百胜，非善之善也；不战而屈人之兵，善之善者也。故上兵伐谋，其

次伐交，其次伐兵，其下攻城。攻城之法为不得已。修橹幅编具器械、三月而

后成，距又三月而后已。将不胜其忿，而蚁附之，杀士三分之一而城不拔者，

此攻之灾也。故善用兵者，屈人之兵而非战也，拔人之城而非攻也，毁人之国而

非久也，必以全争于天下，故兵不顿而利可全，此谋攻之法也。

故用兵之法，十则围之，五则攻之，倍则分之，敌则能战之，少则能逃之，不若

则能避之。故小敌之坚，大敌之擒也。

夫将者，国之辅也。辅周则国必强，辅隙则国必弱。故君之所以患于军者三：不

知军之不可以进而谓之进，不知军之不可以退而谓之退，就是为縻军；不知三军

之事而同三军之政者，则军士惑矣；不知三军之权而同三军之任，则军士疑矣。

三军既惑且疑，则诸侯之难至矣，就是谓乱军引胜。

故知胜有五：知可以战与不可以战者胜；识众寡之用者胜；上下同欲者胜；以虞

待不虞者胜；将能而君不御者胜。此五者，知胜之道也。故曰：知己知彼，百战

不贻；不知彼而知己，一胜一负；不知彼不知己，每战必贻。

AttackingbyStratagem

Sunzisaid:

Generallyinwar,thebestpolicyistotaketheenemystatewholeand

intact,todestroyitisnot、Tohavetheenemy，sarmysurrenderinits

entiretyisbetterthantocrushit;likewise,totakeabattalion,a

companyorafive-mansquadintactisbetterthantodestroyit>

Therefore,tofightahundredbattlesandwineachandeveryoneofthem

isnotthewisestthingtodo、Tobreaktheenemy，sresistancewithout

fightingis>Thus,thebestpolicyinwaristothwarttheenemy'sstrategy>

Thesecondbestistodisrupthisalliancesthroughdiplomaticmeans>

Thethirdbestistoattackhisarmyinthefield、Theworstpolicyof

allistoattackwalledcities、Attackawalledcityonlywhenthereis

noalternative>Forittakesatleastthreemonthstomakemantletsand

shieldedvehiclesreadyandpreparethenecessaryarmsandequipment;for

ittakesanotherthreemonthstobuildtheearthenmoundsforsoldiers

toascendthewalls>Thecommanderwholoseshisimpatienceordershis

troopstoassaultlikeswarmingants,withtheresultthatonethirdof

hismenareslainandthecityremainuntaken、Suchisthecalamityof

attackingwalledcities>Therefore,hewhoisskilledinwarsubduesthe

enemy，sarmywithoutfighting、Hecapturestheenemy，scitieswithout

assaultingthem>Heoverthrowstheenemykingdomwithoutprolonged

operationsinthefield>Bytakingallunderheavenwithhis"wholeand

intactstrategy,/zhewinstotalvictorywithoutwearingouthistroops>

Thisisthemethodofattackingbystratagem、

Consequently,theartofusingtroopsis:whenyououtnumbertheenemy

tentoone,surroundhim;whenfivetoone,attackhim;whentwotoone,

dividehim;andifequallymatched,standuptohim>(tr、:Anotherversion

ofthetextreads"whentwotoone,standuptohim;andifequallymatched,

dividehim、〃)Ifyouarefewerthantheenemyinnumber,retreat、If

youarenomatchforhim,trytoeludehim>Fornomatterhowstubbornly

asmallforcemayfight,itmustintheendsuccumbtogreaterstrength

andfallcaptivetoit、

Thecommanderisthecountry'sbulwark>Hisproficiencyinwarcanmake

thecountrystrong,hisdeficiencymakesitweak^Therearethreeways

bywhichasovereignmaybringdisastertohisarmy:One,hearbitrarily

ordershisarmytoadvanceorretreatwheninfactitshouldnot,thus

hamperingtheinitiativeofthearmy>Two,heinterfereswiththe

administrationofthearmywhenheisignorantofitsinternalaffairs,

thuscausingconfusionamongtheofficersandmen>Three,heinterferes

withtheofficers，command,unawareoftheprinciplethatanarmyshould

adoptdifferenttacticsaccordingtodifferentcircumstances>Thiswill

createmisgivingsinthemindsoftheofficersandmen>Whenanarmyis

confusedandfraughtwithmisgivings,neighboringstateswilltake

advantageofthesituationandattack、Thiswilldisruptthearmyand

helptheenemytowin、

Therefore,therearefivefactorstoconsiderinanticipatingwhichside

willwin,namely:Thesidewhichknowswhentofightandwhennottowill

win;Thesidewhichknowsthedifferencebetweencommandingalargearmy

andasmal1armywillwin;Thesidewhichhasunityofpurposeamongits

officersandmenwillwin;Thesidewhichengagese